WBC Morphology.ppsx

WBC MORPHOLOG Y Laboratory Procedures ATE 2368 In a zoo in California , a mother tiger gave birth to a rare set of triplet tiger cubs. Unfortunately, due to complications in the pregnancy, the cubs were born prematurely and due to their tiny size, they died shortly after birth. The mother tiger, aft...

WBC MORPHOLOG Y Laboratory Procedures ATE 2368 In a zoo in California , a mother tiger gave birth to a rare set of triplet tiger cubs. Unfortunately, due to complications in the pregnancy, the cubs were born prematurely and due to their tiny size, they died shortly after birth. The mother tiger, after recovering from the delivery, suddenly started to decline in health, although physically she was fine. The veterinarians felt that the loss of her litter had caused the tigress to fall into a depression. The doctors decided that if the tigress could surrogate another mother's cubs, perhaps she would improve. After checking with many other zoos across the country, the depressing news was that there were no tiger cubs of the right age to introduce to the mourning mother. The veterinarians decided to try something that had never been tried in a zoo environment. Sometimes a mother of one species will take on the care of a different species. The only “orphans” that could be found quickly, were a litter of weanling pigs. The zookeepers and vets wrapped the piglets in tiger skin and placed the babies around the mother tiger. Would they become cubs or pork chops ? Take A Look Objectives To describe the maturation process of the Leukocytes Classification The of leukocytes function of each WBC in the body Description of each WBC in the immature and the mature form How to perform a differential Common To terminology when referring to leukocytes be able to identify normal leukocytes Review Parts of a CBC Total RBC count Packed Cell Volume Hb Plasma Protein Concentration Total WBC Blood film examination: Differential of WBC ** Erythrocyte morphology Assessment of platelets numbers and morphology Reticulocyte count if patient is anemic Indices Leukocytes 5 Types Neutrophils Eosinophils Basophils Lymphocytes Monocytes  Classified by Three Ways   Type of defense function  Phagocytosis  Inflammation/allergic  Antibody production and cellular immunity Shape of nucleus  Polymorphonuclear  Mononuclear  Pleomorphic Presence or absence of staining cytoplasmic granules  Granulocyte  Agranulocyte General term for the formation of WBC Production begins in the red marrow Leukopoie sis Originate from pluripotent stem cell (PPSC) All cells mature in the bone marrow except some of the lymphocytes In the beginning all the immature WBCs look alike Defend against foreign substances Defense They do their job primarily in the tissues They use the peripheral blood to travel to the site of activity Done constantly to protect the body against foreign substances that attack the body daily Formation of granuolcytes Granulopoie sis Impossible to recognize the different forms in the very early stages of development They are all large cells with lots of cytoplasm and large, round nuclei Initially there are no granules present in the cytoplasm Nonspecific granules form Gradually the specific granules are formed Identification usually occurs at the myelocyte stage Myeloblast Immature Forms Progranuloc yte Myelocyte Metamyeloc yte Band Segmented Maturation Characteristics Size of cell Color of cytoplasm Nucleus shape Chromatin pattern When identifying cells using the criteria listed above will help you distinguish the different cells Maturation Characteristics Size of cell- large to smaller Cytoplasm color: Immature granulocytes will have blue cytoplasm and eventually, as the cell matures the cytoplasm will be colorless Nucleus shape: as the cells mature the nucleus will change from round to a segmented nucleus that takes on many shapes (thin fibers connect these segments) Chromatin pattern: begins very loose and eventually becomes very condensed As the cell matures its segments increase and the chromatin pattern disappears becoming pyknotic (pyknosis) Granulocytes and Agranulocytes Granulocyt es Neutrophil s Eosinophil s Basophils Agranulocyt es Lymphocyt es Monocytes Neutrophil Produced days in the bone marrow over a period of 3-7 Continuous production Remain in the blood a short period of time (10 hrs!) Migrate to tissues or epithelial surfaces (1-4 days) They function as phagocytes Primary defense against microorganisms Inflammation Mature or segmented neutrophils: Irregularly lobed (2-4 segments) Neutral staining granules Chromatin is clumped into large, deeply stained masses separated by lighter staining ground substance Present in normal blood in very small numbers Band Neutrophi ls Nucleus is a curved band having a smooth nuclear membrane and parallel sides Chromatin is less clumped than in the mature cell Commonly seen in patients with bacterial infections Metamyleocytes and more immature cells of the neutrophil line are not normally seen in the peripheral blood Female Sex Chromatin Lobe The nuclei of some neutrophils of the female characteristically reveal a chromatin appendage called the drumstick or Barr body Eosinophils have a strong affinity for the eosin stain, therefore the granules stain red The nucleus may be segmented or poorly lobed and partially obscured by granules Recognizable at the myelocyte stage Eosinop hil Cytoplasm between the granules takes a light blue to pale stain Granules differ between species Dog: round shape, small to large in size, within the same cell, stain lightly; sometimes have vacuoles Cat: small, rod shaped, numerous, stain darkly Horse: large or oval granules (raspberry appearance) Function: They are Eosinophil Function attracted to and inhibit local allergic and anaphylactic reactions (granules have an antiinflammatory substances) Ingest substances associated with antigen-antibody reactions Minimal phagocytosis and bactericidal function Increased numbers of eosinophils (eosinophilia) can be seen during allergic reactions and parasitic infections 2-10% 100-750/ul Basophils Rarely Can seen in canines, occasionally in felines. be seen in increased numbers when there is an eosinophilia Circulate in the blood stream for a few hours and then migrate to the tissues Function Plays a role in immediate hypersensitivity reactions (urticaria, anaphylaxis, and acute allergy reactions) Involved in the inflammatory process Granules contain histamine and heparin Histamine helps initiate inflammation and acute allergic reactions Heparin acts as a localized anticoagulant to keep blood flowing to an injured or damaged area Nucleus tends to coil with a limited tendency toward lobe formation (2-3 lobes) Basophil Basophilic granules: Canine-granules few discrete dark granules or may be very sparse or absent Feline- granules are unique and contain numerous small, round lavender-stained granules in a light gray cytoplasm 0-.3% 0-300/ul AGRANULOCYT ES Agranulocyte Lymphocyt es Blood lymphocytes originate from the bone marrow or the thymus Pattern of movement is blood -> lymph tissue-> blood Lymphocytes recirculate Survive months to years T lymphocyte Processed in (T cells) the thymus 70% Two Kinds of Lymphocytes B lymphocytes (B Cells) Bone marrow derived Involved in the production of protective proteins called antibodies 30% Function Cells are specific to the immune system Two types of lymphocytes B lymphocytes Differentiate into plasma cells Produce antibodies T lymphocytes Involved in cellular immunity Formation and release of cytokines Circulating lymphocytes serve as memory cells of the immune system Vary in size from small to large Nucleus is round in small lymphocyte and generally fills the entire cell leaving only a narrow rim or crescent of cytoplasm Often eccentric May have a slightly indented nucleus Lymphocyt e Chromatin is clumped and stains deeply Cytoplasm is varying in color but is usually pale blue Large lymphocytes (cow) may be kidney bean shaped Canine 12-30% (1000-4800/ul), Feline 20-55% (15007000/ul) Small vs. large lymphocyte Large have more cytoplasm than the small lymphocyte. The cytoplasm color is “sky blue” They are thought to be younger cells that eventually develop into the smaller lymphocytes Abnormal Terms Reactive Atypical Reactive Lymphocytes Largest cell normally seen in the peripheral blood Monocyt e Originate in the bone marrow There is no storage pool in the bone marrow Released into the blood as immature cells Transported to tissues where they develop into macrophages, epithelioid cells Function Major phagocytic cells When they enter tissues, they are known as tissue macrophages Tissue macrophages are commonly found in filter organs Involved in the initiation of the immune response Clean up cellular debris that remains after the inflammation or infection is cleared Process antigens Ingest foreign substances Characteristic features: Ground glass cytoplasm Cytoplasm is abundant, gray to blue gray in appearance It commonly presents with vacuoles that vary in size and are frequently clustered at one side of the cell Cytoplasm may also reveal few to many dust-like pinkish, azureophilic granules Pleomorphic nucleus Nucleus is extremely variable and is said to be “amoeboid” because it can take on many shapes. It is often broad, irregular, and without lobulation Chromatin streaky, diffuse, or mesh like In cells with confusing nuclear shapes, they can be distinguished by their relatively bluish and denser staining cytoplasm compared to the pale cytoplasm of the neutrophil 3-9% ; 200-1300/ul penia Termssuffixes philia or cytosis Electronic cell counter WBC Differenti al Count Normal values Canine 6,00015,000 (11,500) Feline 5,50019,500 (12,500) Only one part of a complete blood smear Blood smear with a monolayer Using oil objective lens count What is a Differential 100 WBC classifying the cells Broken or smudge cells are to be ignored Quantities of cells are expressed as percentages of the total 100-cell count The absolute value for each cell type is then calculated by multiplying the percent by the total WBC count NRBC are also counted but are not part of the 100 WBC when performing a differential Absolute Value The differential expresses in percentage the relative number of the different cell types Relative values (%) are misleading Percentage of one cell type is increased is it because another cell type is decreased or is the actual cell type increased? You must calculate absolute values in order to interpret values correctly!! Case-Total WBC Count 10,000/ul %/Absolute count/value/ul  Neutrophil 80%/ 8,000  Band Neutrophils 0  Lymphocyte 13%/ 1300  Eosinophils 4%/ 400  Monocytes 2%/  Basophils 1%/ 200 100 Case -Total WBC count 48,000/ul  Neutrophil 80%/ 38,400  Band Neutrophils 0  Lymphocyte 13%/6240  Eosinophils 4%/1920  Monocytes 2%/960  Basophils 1%/480 https://eclinpath.com/hematology/morphologic-feature s/white-blood-cells/ They are reported as NRBCs/100 WBC NRBC NRBC are included in an electronic cell counter and the hemacytometer-this is an error The number of NRBCs encountered while counting 100 WBCs is incorporated into the following equation Corrected WBC Ct =Observed WBC Ct X 100 100 + % NRBC This gives you a corrected leukocyte count NRBC lymphoblasts Review Know where leukocytes are produced You should be able to list the maturation sequence of the leukocytes and be able to differentiate them Understand how WBC are classified Understand the function of each cell Understand how to read a blood smear and begin to do a differential Be able to identify normal WBC and be able to differentiate them