WBC & Diff Handout.docx

WBC & Differential 5 Types Granulocytes Neutrophils Eosinophils Basophil Agranulocytes Lymphocytes Monocytes Classified by Three Ways ____________________________________ ____________________________________ ____________________________________ Leukopoiesis General term for the _________________...

WBC & Differential 5 Types Granulocytes Neutrophils Eosinophils Basophil Agranulocytes Lymphocytes Monocytes Classified by Three Ways ____________________________________ ____________________________________ ____________________________________ Leukopoiesis General term for the ________________________________of WBC Production begins in the ______________________________ Originate from the same pluripotent stem cell (PPSC) that RBCs do All cells mature in the bone marrow except some of the lymphocytes In the beginning all the immature WBCs look alike Defense Defend against _______________________ substances They do their job primarily in the ______________________ They use the peripheral __________________to travel to the site of activity Done constantly to protect the body against foreign substances that attack the body daily Granulopoiesis ______________________ of granulocytes Differentiation ________________ of the ____________________ ________________ and _________________ of _____________________ ___________________________ pattern _________________________and _______________________of ________________________ Presence or lack of _____________________________ Impossible to recognize the different forms in the very early stages of development They are all large cells with lots of cytoplasm and large, round nuclei Initially there are no granules present in the cytoplasm Nonspecific granules form Gradually the specific granules are formed Identification usually occurs at the myelocyte stage Immature Forms Myeloblast Progranulocyte Myelocyte Metamyelocyte Band Segmented General Criteria Immature granulocytes will have ___________________ cytoplasm and eventually, as the cell matures the cytoplasm will be _________________ As the cells mature the nucleus will change from __________________ to a _________________ nucleus that takes on many shapes (thin fibers connect these segments) Chromatin pattern begins very ________________ and eventually becomes very ___________________ As the cell matures its segments increase and the chromatin pattern disappears becoming ___________________________________ Granulocytes Neutrophil Produced in the bone marrow over a period of 3-7 days _____________________________ production Remain in the blood a __________________________ of time (10 hrs!) Migrate to __________________________ or epithelial surfaces (1-4 days) They function as __________________________ Primary _______________________ against _________________________ ________________________________ Mature or segmented neutrophils: Irregularly lobed (2-5 segments) Neutral staining granules Chromatin is clumped into large, deeply stained masses separated by lighter staining ground substance Most abundant WBC in most mammals Nucleus is irregular and elongated and true filaments between lobes are rare 3 to 5 nuclear lobes are normal Primary function Phagocytosis _______________________ numbers indicate infection or inflammation Female Sex Chromatin Lobe The nuclei of some neutrophils of the female characteristically reveal a chromatin appendage called the drumstick or ___________________________ Hypersegmented Neutrophils ______________________________________ Band Neutrophils Present in normal blood in very __________________numbers Nucleus is a curved band having a smooth nuclear membrane and ___________________ sides Chromatin is _________________________________ than in the mature cell Commonly seen in patients with bacterial infections Metamyleocytes and more immature cells of the neutrophil line are _________________________ seen in the peripheral blood Band Neutrophils Nucleus is ___________________ shaped with large round ends. If constriction makes up more than _______________ the _________________ of the nucleus it is called a segmented neutrophil. Eosinophil Eosinophils have a strong affinity for the eosin stain, therefore the granules stain red The nucleus may be segmented or poorly lobed and partially obscured by granules Recognizable at the ____________________________ stage Cytoplasm between the granules takes a light blue to pale stain Granules differ between species Dog: ____________________, small to large in size, within the same cell, stain lightly; sometimes have vacuoles Cat: small, ____________________ shaped, numerous, stain ______________________ Horse: large or oval granules (raspberry appearance) Eosinophil function ____________________________________ ____________________________________ ____________________________________ Basophils Nuclei similar to monocytes ___________________ seen in dogs, with ___________________ that stain purple to blue black More numerous in horses and cattle Feline with _____________________________ granules and stain a bright lavender___________________ color Function in mediation of the immune system Increased numbers indicate _______________________________ or ________________________ conditions Agranulocyte Lymphocytes Function Cells are specific to the ____________________ system Two types of lymphocytes _____________________ lymphocytes Differentiate into plasma cells ____________________________ __________________ lymphocytes Involved in ________________________________ Formation and release of cytokines Circulating lymphocytes serve as ____________________________ of the immune system Lymphocytes Variety of sizes Most abundant WBC in _____________________________ Small in dogs and cats, with __________________________ nuclei, coarsely __________________ ___________________, and bluish______________________ cytoplasm Medium to large lymphocytes may have _______________________________ granule in the cytoplasm Major function—production of _________________________________ Increased numbers indicate ___________________________infection. Small vs. large lymphocyte Large have ____________________ than the small lymphocyte. The cytoplasm color is “sky blue” They are thought to be younger cells that eventually develop into the smaller lymphocytes Monocyte Characteristic features: ____________________________________ ____________________________________ ____________________________________ Function ____________________________________ ____________________________________ ____________________________________ Major phagocytic cells When they enter ______________________ they are known as tissue _____________________ Tissue macrophages are most commonly found in filter organs Involved in the initiation of the immune response Clean up __________________ _____________________ that remains after the inflammation or infection is cleared Process ___________________________ ______________________________ foreign substances Monocytes Largest WBC Variably shaped nuclei Kidney-bean shaped or elongated and lobed or amoeboid ______________________chromatin Cytoplasm is ________________________ color and may have _____________________ and small, fine, pink granules. Major function is __________________________ Increased numbers indicate _________________________infection. Terms-suffixes _______________________ _______________________ WBC Count Automated Analyzer ____________________________________ Blood Smears ____________________________________ ____________________________________ ____________________________________ ­­­___________________________________ Differing Angles FIGURE 10-4 The difference in slide angle necessary for making blood smears from anemic or hemoconcentrated blood. A, A large angle is used for anemic blood. B, A small angle is used for hemoconcentrated blood. Differential _____________________ _________________ part of a complete __________________________ Quality blood smear with a monolayer Using oil objective lens count _______________ _______________ classifying the cells Broken or smudge cells are to be ignored Quantities of cells are expressed as ________________________ of the total 100-cell count The _____________________ for each cell type is then calculated by multiplying ______________ by the _________________ ___________________ ___________________ are also counted but are _______________________ of the 100 WBC when performing a differential Systematic Evaluation ____________________________________ ____________________________________ ____________________________________ ­­­___________________________________ Relative Blood Count A minimum of 100 WBCs are counted, identified, and recorded. The number of each WBC is recorded as a percentage. If you do not have cell counter, use stick figures ex llll Absolute Value ____________________________________ ____________________________________ ____________________________________ Absolute Values Relative percentages of cell type for a count may be misleading, especially if the total WBC count is outside of the normal range. After percentages have been determined, the absolute value ____________________be calculated. Multiply the total WBC count by the percentage of each type Example: if 80% neutrophils and total WBC is 6000/µL, then the absolute value of neutrophils is 4800/µL 6000 × 0.80 = 4800 Case -Total WBC count 48,000 Neutrophil 80%/ 38,400 Band Neutrophils 9%/4320 Lymphocyte 8%/3840 Eosinophils 1%/480 Monocytes 1%/480 Basophils 1%/480 Although the relative number (percentage) shows a lymphopenia, monocytopenia, eosinopenia all are within normal limits of the absolute numbers Neutrophils indicate an increase neutrophil numbers in relative and absolute numbers Differential Cell Count Nucleated RBC (NRBC) Less than 5/OIF More than 5 seen must correct WBC count Why? Automated cell counter counts _______________________________________________ as _____________ Therefore, an increased number of NRBC causes a false elevation of the WBC They are reported as _________________________________________ Example ________________ NRBC/100 WBC NRBC are included in an electronic cell counter -this is an ____________ created by the automatic cell counter The number of NRBCs encountered while counting 100 WBCs is incorporated into the following equation Corrected WBC Ct =Observed WBC Ct X 100 100 + % NRBC This gives you a corrected leukocyte count Use this number to __________________ _________________ values!!!!