Water Tank and Retaining Structure PDF

WATER RETAINING STRUCTURES Lecturer: Assoc Prof. Ir. Dr. Mohd Fairullazi Ayob 1  Water Tanks container for storing water the need is as old as civilisation storage of water for – drinking water,...

WATER RETAINING STRUCTURES Lecturer: Assoc Prof. Ir. Dr. Mohd Fairullazi Ayob 1  Water Tanks container for storing water the need is as old as civilisation storage of water for – drinking water, – irrigation agriculture, – fire suppression, – agricultural farming, – both for plants and livestock, – manufacturing, – food preparation – many other applications 2  Water Tanks - History Material - wood, ceramic and stone Indus Valley Civilization (IVC) was a Bronze Age civilization (3300–1300 BCE; mature period 2600–1900 BCE) extending from what today is northeast Afghanistan to Pakistan and northwest India prominent in hydraulic engineering had many water supply and sanitation devices that were the first of their kind 3 Water Tanks -History Mohenjo-daro is one of the best excavated and studied settlements from this civilization The Great Bath might be the first of its kind in pre- historic period 4  Water Tanks - History This ancient town had more than 700 wells Most houses had one private well 5  Water Tanks - History Dholavira, located in Gujarat, India, had a series of water storing tanks and step wells, and its water management system has been called "unique“ completely built out of stone 6  Water Tanks - History storing the fresh water brought by rains to store the water diverted from two nearby rivulets advantage of the slope of the ground within the large settlement, drop of 13 m from northeast to northwest cut through stones vertically 7 Water Tanks - History 8  Water Tanks - Islam “Have not those who disbelieve known that the heavens and the earth were joined together as one united piece, then We parted them? And We have made from water every living thing. Will they not then believe?” [Qur’an 21:30] 9  Water Tanks - Islam “And have you seen the water that you drink? Is it you who brought it down from the clouds, or is it We who bring it down? If We willed, We could make it bitter, so why are you not grateful?” [Qur’an 56: 58-70] 10 Water Tanks - Islam “Say: shall I give you glad tidings of things far better than those? For the righteous are Gardens in nearness to their Lord with rivers flowing beneath; herein is their eternal home; with spouses purified and the good pleasure of Allah, for in Allah's sight are (all) His servants”. [Qur’an 3:15] 11  Water Tanks - Islam The issue of purification is a topic that is discussed rigorously in Islam with the Prophet Muhammad (saw) informing Muslims that cleanliness is half your deen (religion). The Messenger of Allah (SAWS) said: "Cleanliness is half of faith..." [Sahih Muslim Book 2, Number 0432] 12  Water Tanks three kinds of water tanks, resting – on ground 13 Water three kinds of water tanks, resting – underground Tanks 14 Water three kinds of water tanks, resting – elevated Tanks 15 Water Tanks How a water tower works: 1. Pump station 2. Reservoir 3. Water user 16  Water Tanks Reservoir in the tower may be: 1. spherical, 2. cylindrical, or 3. ellipsoid 1. Water tower in Rochester, 3. Tri-axial 2. Water Minnesota pai ellipsoid with Tower nted as an ear distinct semi-axis 17 in Gyöngyös of corn lengths c>b>a Hungary Water Tanks - material -plastics (polyethylene, polypropylene), 18 Water Tanks - material plastics (polyethylene, polypropylene), 19  Water Tanks - material Plastics (polyethylene, polypropylene), – light, – variety of colours and – long serviceable life – material is made from petrochemicals – take generations to break down and – will release toxins as it does so – easily recycled after 15 years https://www.millerplastics.com/how-to-choose-the-right-kind-of- plastic-water-storage-tank/ 20  https://www.pipeco.com.my/products/grp-sectional-water-tank/ Fiberglass, – composite material made of a plastic matrix reinforced by glass fibre, woven into a mat Water Tanks - – watertight – strong lightweight material material – its raw materials are much cheaper – readily moulded into complex shapes – resistant to UV exposure and weather elements – thicker and more durable than plastic – storage in extended depths – easy Installation 21  Water Tanks - material fiberglass, – tend to allow more light in than other types of tank materials, this can encourage the growth of algae – brittle, leaving it prone to cracks 22 Water Tanks fiberglass - material 23  Water Tanks - material Fiberglass – typical storage tank has an inlet, an outlet, a vent, an access port, a drain, and an overflow nozzle access ladder level gauges – size of FRP (Fibreglass Reinforced Plastics) Vessels is rarely limited by manufacturing technology, but rather by economics 24 Water Tanks - materia l Fiberglas s 25 Water Tanks - material FIBERGLASS 26  Water Tanks - material Fiberglass 27  Water Tanks - material Concrete – Advantages Easily adaptable to different shapes & architectural treatments Many contractors have the capability to place reinforced concrete Durability Proven track record of over 100 years 28  Water Tanks - material Concrete – Disadvantages Owner preferences may dictate against using reinforced concrete Cost considerations due to quantity of materials required Construction detailing Cracking & durability 29  Concrete – Design consideration Seismic loads Floatation Abnormal pressure loads Retaining elements Influence of adjacent / superimposed structures Integration into existing facilities Security (Access & Defensive) Construction details Water Tanks - Lining systems (waterproofing) material 30  Concrete – design working life of waterworks Water Tanks - structures shall be 50 years – dense impermeable concrete is required material – compaction by vibration is essential – permeability of the thoroughly compacted concrete is dependent on water cement ratio increase in water cement ratio increases permeability, while concrete with low water cement ratio is difficult to compact 31 Water Tanks - material Concrete – causes of leakage in concrete are defects such as segregation and honey combing – joints should be made water-tight as these are potential sources of leakage 32 Water Tanks - material Concrete 33  Water Tanks - material Concrete – Contraction Joint. a movement joint with deliberate discontinuity without initial gap between the concrete on either side of the joint purpose of this joint is to accommodate contraction of the concrete. 34  Water Tanks - material Concrete – Contraction Joint. either complete contraction joint or partial contraction joint complete contraction joint is - both steel and concrete are interrupted 35  Water Tanks - material Concrete – Contraction Joint. partial contraction joint - only the concrete is interrupted, the reinforcing steel running through 36  Water Tanks - material Concrete – Expansion Joint. a joint with complete discontinuity in both reinforcing steel and concrete to accommodate either expansion or contraction of the structure initial gap between the adjoining parts of a structure - closing or opening accommodates the expansion or contraction of the 37 structure  Water Tanks - material Concrete Sliding Joint. – a joint with complete discontinuity in both reinforcement and concrete – special provision to facilitate movement in plane of the joint – provided between wall and floor in some tank designs 38  Water Tanks - material Concrete – Construction Joint. provided for convenience in construction achieve subsequent continuity without relative movement one application of these joints is between successive lifts in a reservoir wall. 39  Waterproofing – ensure the water tightness, preventing flow of water from inside the structure to outside, and infiltration of water from the surrounding soil into Water the structure watertight concrete is achieved by a combination Tanks - of – selective materials, – good workmanship and material – full attention to details – Waterproofing is a treatment of a surface or structure to prevent the passage of water under hydrostatic pressure. Hydrostatic pressure occurs when gravity pushes stagnant-dense (static) water (hydro) against below-grade walls built partially or entirely below the water table or on a hillside. Hydrostatic pressure increases with depth and soil wetness 40  Water Tanks - material Waterproofing – Use to waterproof a foundation. Use a base concrete that laid to avoid cracks and leakages that caused by movements. Movements due to – shrinkage and creep – variation of temperature and humidity – dissipation of heat generated by the concrete in the process of hydration – Damage to the concrete by the percolation of chemically aggressive liquids from outside – Damage due to uneven settlement of foundations – Cracking of concrete caused by rusting of bars – Hydrostatic uplift force 41  Water Tanks - material Waterproofing – types of waterproofing classified under four categories: Capillary Waterproofing Flexible Cementitious Waterproofing Liquid Applied Polymer Coatings Sheet Membranes 42  Water Tanks - material Waterproofing – types of waterproofing classified under four categories: Capillary Waterproofing – Soluble salts react with water and forms crystals which blocks the voids to prevent any moisture migration. – fills voids in concrete to resist water penetration and vapour permeable. – major drawback it cannot https://www.indiamart.com/proddetail/crystalline- survive any cracks waterproofing-service-11015459373.html 43  Water Tanks - material Waterproofing – types of waterproofing classified under four categories: Flexible Cementitious Waterproofing – two-component system, which is a brush-applied and film-forming system. – it can survive minor cracks. – mostly used when protection systems, especially tiles, are applied directly with thin bed application 44  Water Tanks - material Waterproofing – types of waterproofing classified under four categories: Liquid Applied Polymer Coatings – Liquid polysulphide polymers blended with coal tar, but nowadays, acrylic is very commonly available. – requires experienced applicators to have a controlled application 45  Water Tanks - material Waterproofing – types of waterproofing classified under four categories: Sheet Membranes 46 FamilyID=Office_ArchiveTorn Water Tanks - material STONE 47  Water Tanks - material Steel (welded or bolted, carbon, or stainless), – pressed steel sectional rectangular tank is a versatile bulk storage container of water – sectional construction concept consists of bolting up together mass produced tank panels (either 1.22m or 1.0m square) into tanks of various sizes and capacities. 48 Water Tanks - material Steel (welded or bolted, carbon, or stainless), 49  Steel (welded or Water Tanks - material bolted, carbon, or stainless) 50 Water Tanks - material Steel (welded or bolted, carbon, or stainless), – Mild Steel Panels – Stainless Steel Panels – individual panel hydraulically pressed with a combined double flange at an angle of 450 and 900 to the face of the panel on all 4 sides 51  Water Tanks - material steel (welded or bolted, carbon, or stainless), – mild steel panel Bitumen painted, hot-dipped galvanized, epoxy or polyester, powder coated – internal lining of completed tank High-density polyethylene (HDPE) Fibre glass 52  Water Tanks - design should do no harm to the water Water is susceptible to a number of ambient negative influences, including – bacteria, – viruses, – algae, – changes in pH, – accumulation of minerals, and – accumulated gas 53  Water Tanks - design Tanks resting on ground clear water reservoirs, settling tanks, aeration tanks etc. – are supported on the ground directly – walls are subjected to pressure and – the base is subjected to weight of water and pressure of soil – may be covered on top 54  Water Tanks - Design 55 Water Tanks - design 56  Water Tanks - design Underground tanks purification tanks, Imhoff tanks, septic tanks, and gas holders – walls are subjected to water pressure from inside and the earth pressure from outside – base is subjected to weight of water and soil pressure – may be covered at the top 57 Water Tanks - design 58 Water Tanks - design Elevated tanks – supported on staging which may consist of masonry walls, R.C.tower or R.C. columns braced together – walls are subjected to water pressure – base has to carry the load of water and tank load – staging has to carry load of water and tank also designed for wind forces 59 Water Tanks - design 60  Water Tanks – concrete design dense impermeable concrete is required high quality concrete efficient compaction preferably by vibration is essential increase in water cement ratio increases permeability concrete with low water cement ratio is difficult to compact 61  Causes of leakage in concrete Water Tanks – defects such as segregation - concrete – honey combing design – all joints should be made water-tight 62  Water Tanks - concrete design concrete should not crack tensile stresses in concrete should be within permissible limits 63  Water Tanks - FRP (Fibreglass Reinforced Plastics) design Benefits – do not rust, corrode or rot, and they resist attack from most industrial and household chemicals; provides long life and low maintenance – high strength to weight ratios exceeding those of aluminium or steel – high dimensional stability under varying physical, environmental, and thermal stresses 64  Water Tanks - FRP design Benefits – assembly of several metal parts and associated fasteners, reducing assembly and handling time, simplifying inventory, and reducing manufacturing costs – excellent electrical insulating properties and low moisture absorption – can be pigmented as part of the mixing operation or coated as part of the moulding process, often eliminating the need for painting 65  Water Tanks - FRP design Benefits – tooling cost is normally substantially lower than that of the multiple forming tools required to produce a similar finished part in metal – design flexibility 66 Water Tanks - FRP design 67  WATER TANK VIDEOS A typical water storage tank construction: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xID-zx3FCq8 How to Choose the Right Water Tank - Bunnings Warehouse: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yk5q23UovbM Team Poly Tanks - ThinTanks Slimline Rainwater Tanks: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0UC5ObQl9Ik 12 Steps to Creating the Complete Rain Harvesting System: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ivPUU-Wl--4 How we Waterproofed a new R.C Underground Water Tank: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XQ9E_dtBUxQ 68  Project of the Federal Government of Malaysia to build the Langat 2 Water Treatment Plant To increase treated water to meet the water Empangan shortage beyond 2016 cost of RM 8.65 billion Langat 2 34 water treatment plants in Selangor only produce 4,371 million litres of treated water per day user needs about 4,322 million litres of water a day 69 Empangan Langat 2 70  project of the Federal Government of Malaysia to build the Langat 2 Water Treatment Plant increase treated water to meet the water Empangan shortage beyond 2016 cost of RM 8.65 billion Langat 2 34 water treatment plants in Selangor only produce 4,371 million litres of treated water per day user needs about 4,322 million litres of water a day 71 Empangan Langat 2 72  Empangan Langat 2 Water collected from rivers in Banjaran Titwangsa – Sungai Bentong, – Sungai Telemong, – Sungai Kelau – Sungai Semantan water channelled to a pumping station at Sungai Semantan Water travel in pipes through tunnels to Langat Water Treatment Plant by gravitational force completion end 2016 73 Empangan Langat 2 74 Empangan Langat 2 75 Empangan LANGAT 2 DAM: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2DeiprD9gt8 Langat 2 HULU LANGAT DAM: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vIi9vUaaZBw 76 77