Water-Soluble Vitamins PDF

Chapter 10 The Water- Soluble Vitamins: B Vitamins and Vitamin C  The Vitamins—An Overview A- Support nutritional health B- Differences from energy-yielding nutrients: B1- Structure:  Individual units, B2- Function:  No energy yielded B3- Food contents C...

Chapter 10 The Water- Soluble Vitamins: B Vitamins and Vitamin C  The Vitamins—An Overview A- Support nutritional health B- Differences from energy-yielding nutrients: B1- Structure:  Individual units, B2- Function:  No energy yielded B3- Food contents C- Prevent deficiency and toxicity: – DRI (Nutrient intake values established as goals for individuals or groups for good nutrition and health, it include: RDA, AI, UL, EAR) a o  The Vitamins—An Overview 1 1009 a psy bioavailability: the rate at and the extent to which a nutrient is absorbed and used, factors: E 1- Efficiency of digestion and time of transit through the GI tract. Is 31 his music 2- Previous nutrient intake and nutrition status. 3- Method of food preparation. (raw, cooked, or processed) 3W 4- Source of the nutrient (synthetic, fortified, or naturally occurring) What’s the difference? 5- Other foods consumed at the same time.1 V0 ie It s I s p jan to is is I i 91 Wy it Jp  Synthetic vs Organic Vitamins Synthetic Vitamin Organic Vitamin Source chemical compounds From whole food produced in a lab. Bioavailability Less, therefore it's harder More, as they are readily for the body to absorb and recognized by the body. use them efficiently. go.is ewhs's m T.si Note: Synthetic vitamin usually contain very high amounts of nutrients to make up for the body's inability to absorb them these high dosages could lead to health issues due to overdosing. How can we tell if a supplement is organic or synthetic???  The Vitamins—An Overview 4011 167 Precursors: substances that precede others – Compounds that can be converted from inactive form into active form vitamins; also known as provitamins. Example: Provitamin A" is a name for β-carotene which has only about 1/6 so the biological activity of retinol (vitamin A); the body uses an enzyme to convert β-carotene to retinol. we Dose Levels and Effects ws it W Is Video  Solubility and Precursors Match these With these Answer: a  c; d a) Precursors Kida) Affects absorption, a ba cb b) Solubility a transport, storage, de c) Organic b excretion d) Toxicity e b) Readily destroyed Explanation: c) Inactive forms that Solubility: Two kinds of solubility: are converted to fat and water soluble. active forms Toxicity: “More is better” is not the case. d) E.g., beta-carotene Excessive intake of vitamins, including e) Adverse effects in water-soluble vitamins, high doses, use UL from supplements can be harmful.  Bioavailability 1. Define bioavailability. Answer: 1. The amount of a nutrient 2. Bioavailability is influenced by: absorbed and used by the body a) Efficiency of 2. a) digestion b) Nutrition b) Previous nutrient intake and c) Preparation status c) (e.g., Raw, cooked) Explanation: Sources of the nutrient, e.g., synthetic or fortified, and foods consumed at the same time also influence bioavailability.  The B Vitamins B vitamins “give” us energy. Answer: b a) True b) False Explanation: Recall from the TI.it we 1 4 citric acid cycle, B vitamins play a role in releasing energy from carbohydrates, fat, and protein.  The B Vitamins Without B vitamins, the body would lack energy – Help body use macronutrients for fuel Coenzymes – Assist enzymes with energy release  Without coenzyme, enzyme cannot function RDAs ( the average daily intake level sufficient to meet the nutrient requirement of nearly all (97 to 98 percent) healthy individuals in a particular life stage and gender group). AI(a recommended intake value based on observed or experimentally determined approximations or estimates of nutrient intake by a group (or groups) of apparently healthy people that are assumed to be adequate—used when an RDA cannot be determined.)  sw Coenzyme Action c o I YI 2 M IN 1  The B Vitamins 1. Several B vitamins form. Without this, Answer: 1. Coenzymes; enzymes cannot synthesize or dismantle 2. RDA compounds. 2. Most vitamins have enough data to establish a/an RDA , others have an adequate intake (AI). Thiamin(B1) Food Sources we Video  Important to enter TCA cycle TPP play role in converting pyruvate to acetyl CoA  Thiamin (B1) Part of coenzyme thiamin Answer: 1. Metabolism pyrophosphate (TPP) 2. Pyruvate 1. Assists in energy. IF 2. Conversion of to acetyl CoA. – TCA cycle – Nerve activity and muscle activity  Thiamin Deficiency and Toxicity It win Malnourished, homeless, and Answer: 1. Beriberi alcoholics 2. Dry; wet 1. Thiamin deficiency disease is called. 2. There are two forms. , DVY which affects the nervous system. , which affects the cardiovascular system Toxicity WE – No adverse effects – No UL Riboflavin (B2)in Selected Foods o i  Riboflavin (B2) Serves as coenzyme in energy metabolism – Flavin mononucleotide (FMN) – Flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) Deficiency – Inflammation of membranes Mouth, skin, eyes, and GIT Toxicity – No UL  Riboflavin (2 of 2) Choose the incorrect answer: Answer: d a) Nutritional yeast is a good source of riboflavin. b) Milk is good source of riboflavin. Explanation: Riboflavin is heat c) Riboflavin is sensitive to ultraviolet stable. However, it is destroyed by light. it is wise ultraviolet light. This is why milk is no longer d) Riboflavin is destroyed by cooking. sold in clear glass bottles. c 3,13 B1 E inpl Niacin in Selected Foods GI  Niacin (B3) Two chemical structures – Nicotinic acid – Nicotinamide  Major form of niacin in blood Two coenzyme forms—metabolic reactions – Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD)  Carries hydrogens and their electrons – NADP (the phosphate form)  Niacin Needs and Results of Deficiency Recommendations – RDA stated in niacin equivalents (NE) Body makes niacin from amino acid tryptophan – Occurs only after protein synthesis needs are met – 60 mg of tryptophan= 1 mg of Niacin. Deficiency – Pellagra  Symptoms (4 D’s)  diarrhea, dermatitis, dementia, and eventually death  Caused deaths in the U.S. south in the early 1900s  591 41 j.si 3 D 5m51 1 10 4 5 I j.tl a 0.8 85 10004 35 Well 1pm 800 219.5 jQs Sri 60 5 is ÉEfeljéj 18 5 13 158411154s was 13mg 8 Niacin-Deficiency Symptom—The Dermatitis of Pellagra  Niacin Toxicity Potential health benefits of large doses of nicotinic acid – raise HDL cholesterol Food sources – Less vulnerable to food preparation losses than other vitamins  Niacin Toxicity Choose the incorrect answer: Answer: b a) Naturally occurring niacin doesn’t cause toxicity. Explanation: b) Nicotinic acid from supplements Large doses of doesn’t causes toxicity. nicotinic acid from supplements cause a c) “Niacin flush” occurs in doses variety of three to four times the RDA. pharmacological effects including d) Nicotinamide doesn’t cause “niacin “niacin flush.” flush.”  Pantothenic Acid (B5) Part of chemical structure of coenzyme A – Acetyl CoA – Metabolism and synthesis of essential compounds Recommendations – Widespread in foods – Readily destroyed by freezing, canning, and refining processes Deficiency is rare (Perodoxine )Vitamin B6 in Selected Foods  Active in more than 100 reaction, including all macronutrient metabolism an 7 Wm n c  Pyrodxine Vitamin B6 Three forms – Pyridoxal, pyridoxine, and pyridoxamine All can convert to coenzyme PLP – Carbohydrate, amino acid, and fatty acid metabolism – Transfer amino groups → nonessential amino acids – Conversion of tryptophan to niacin or serotonin – often Synthesis of heme, nucleic acids, and lecithin  More Facts About B6 Stored exclusively in muscle tissue C Deficiency – Alcohol, isoniazid medication for treating tuberculosis, contraceptive causes B6 loss. Toxicity – Neurological damage E 2 grams of vitamin B6 daily so muscle  Biotin (B7) Coenzyme in metabolism – Carries activated carbon dioxide  Critical in TCA cycle  Delivers carbon to pyruvate to form oxaloacetate – Gluconeogenesis and fatty acid synthesis – Breakdown of fatty acids and amino acids Widespread in food Toxicity – No UL I Folate in Selected Foods  I e  Folate (B9) Primary coenzyme form—THF (tetrahydrofolate) – Transfers 1-carbon compounds during metabolism DI 15 1 1- Converts vitamin B12 to coenzyme form 2- Synthesizes DNA 3- Regenerates methionine(Amino Acid) from homocysteine (Amino Acid). B12 7 Ie jbiis.al  More Facts About Folate Liver incorporates excess folate into bile  Reabsorbed repeatedly  GI tract injuries increase loss  Effects of Folate Deficiency: Neural tube defects – Pregnancy → folate-rich foods or supplement  One month before conception through first trimester – Fortified grain products Other birth defects Enhance formation of blood clots Note: increased need during pregnancy. atherosclerotic lesions. Folate’s Absorption and Activation Two folate forms 11m – Monoglutamate versus Two a polyglutamate  Foods versus Fortified food or supplements Bioavailability differs based on source:  From food 50%.  From supplement on empty stomach 100%  Other Facts About Folate Deficiency – Primary: Macrocytic or megaloblastic anemia – Secondary deficiency, because of: Anticancer drugs Toxicity – UL from fortified foods and supplements – High-doses can obscure vitamin B12 deficiency Food sources dark green, leafy vegetables – Heat and oxidation destroy folate Benefits: Reduce the risk of panceriatic cancer.  Folate Synthetic folate from supplements Answer: and fortified foods is more a bioavailable than naturally occurring folate. Explanation: Synthetic folate a) True (monoglutamates) is 1.7 times more b) False bioavailable than naturally occurring folate (polyglutamates). Intrinsic factor =IF  Vitamin B12 Vitamin B12 and folate depend on each other for activation – Regeneration of methionine – Synthesis of DNA and RNA Individual roles of vitamin B12 – Protect nerve fibers, and bone cell activity Digestion and absorption – Stomach → hydrochloric acid and intrinsic factor – Absorption in small intestine DIOSI MI MI SW'S  Vitamin B12 Deficiency Answer: 1. Most B12 deficiency is due to 1. Absorption inadequate. 2. Elderly; atrophic gastritis; pernicious 2. Deficiency is common among the 3. Absorbed population. Often due to Explanation: (two words) that Without hydrochloric acid, damages stomach cells. vitamin B12 cannot be released from food proteins Deficiency caused by this and a and isn’t able to bind with lack of intrinsic factor lead to intrinsic factor for absorption. Adults using anemia. heartburn medications supress hydrochloric acid 3. Without intrinsic factor, the production, impacting absorption. vitamin cannot be.  Vitamin B12 Deficiency 1. Vitamin B12 is primarily found in foods Answer: 1. Animal of origin. 2. Activate 3. Blood; neurological; 2. Vitamin B12 is required to nerve folate. 3. Rapidly growing cells are first affected by B12 or folate deficiency. Explanation: It may take several years Either vitamin can clear up the for vegans or anaemia, however if it is B12 that is vegetarians to develop deficiency. The needed, symptoms occur. This protective coating is because B12 protects and maintains around nerve cells is called the sheath. the protective coating around fibers. Vitamin C in Selected Foods Active Forms of Vitamin C  Vitamin C as a Cofactor Cofactor in other reactions – Hydroxylation of carnitine (turning fat into energy) – Conversion of tryptophan(amino acid) to serotonin (neurotransmitter) – Conversion of tyrosine (amino acid) to norepinephrine (neurotransmitter) – Making hormones  Other Roles of Vitamin C Stress increases Vitamin C needs – Adrenal glands release Vitamin C and hormones Prevention and treatment of common cold – Slight reduction in cold duration and severity – Deactivates histamine I jipisyti.si visas s Disease prevention and treatment roles – Being studied  Vitamin C Intake 10 mg prevents overt symptoms of scurvy Absorption maximum – 200 mg Smoking increases need – Increased oxidants – Both active and passive smokers RDA 8  Vitamin C Deficiency Notable signs of deficiency Scurvy – Physical and psychological signs – Sudden death from massive internal bleeding  Vitamin C Toxicity Supplementation side effects – Diarrhea – GI distress UL Interference with medical regimens and certain medical conditions Pro-oxidant qualities at high dose  Food Sources of Vitamin C Abundant in fruits and vegetables – Potatoes Vulnerable to heat and oxygen Used as antioxidant by food manufacturers  Vitamin C 1. Vitamin C loses easily, allowing Answer: 1. Electrons it to perform as an antioxidant. 2. Free radicals; 2. Antioxidants are protective against unpaired electron(s) 3. Oxidative stress (two words). These are unstable molecules because they have one or more (two Explanation: Oxidative stress is when words). oxidants or free radical production exceeds the 3. Vitamin C protects cells and tissues body’s ability to prevent from these unstable molecules that damage. can cause (two words), which plays a role in disease development.  Vitamin C 1. Antioxidants neutralize these Answer: 1. Donating electrons substances by (2 words). 2. Recycling 3. Iron 2. Vitamin C can become 4. Collagen; bones reactivated in a process called. Explanation: 3. Vitamin C enhances the Vitamin C recycling absorption of by keeps a reserve of antioxidants in the body. preventing its oxidation. During collagen synthesis, iron and 4. Vitamin C helps form the vitamin C are needed in structural protein of connective an enzyme-dependent reaction involving proline tissue called. This forms and lysine. the matrix for teeth and. The end Thank you, any questions?  References Institute of Medicine (US) Subcommittee on Interpretation and Uses of Dietary Reference Intakes. (1970, January 1). Glossary and abbreviations. DRI Dietary Reference Intakes: Applications in Dietary Assessment.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK222868/#:~:text=or%20adverse%20effect.-, DRI,assessing%20diets%20for%20healthy%20people. Aurora Medical Centre. (2022, May 18). Synthetic vs organic vitamin supplements, which one is better?. Synthetic vs Organic Vitamin supplements, which one is better? https://www.auroramedicalcentre.com.au/post/organic-vs-synthetic-vitamin-supplements-which-one-is- better#:~:text=Organic%20vitamins%20and%20supplements%20come,readily%20recognised%20by%20the %20body.