Water Soluble Vitamins PDF

# Classification of Vitamins ## Classification - **Water Soluble Vitamins** - **B-complex (includes vitamins)** - **Energy releasing vitamins** - Thiamine (Vit. B₁) - Riboflavin (Vit. B₂) - Niacin (Vit. B₃) - Biotin (Vit. B₇)...

# Classification of Vitamins ## Classification - **Water Soluble Vitamins** - **B-complex (includes vitamins)** - **Energy releasing vitamins** - Thiamine (Vit. B₁) - Riboflavin (Vit. B₂) - Niacin (Vit. B₃) - Biotin (Vit. B₇) - Pantothenic acid (Vit. B₅) - Lipoic acid - **Hemopoietic vitamins** - Folic acid (Vit. B₉) - Cobalamin (Vit. B₁₂) - **Non B-complex** - Vitamin C (L-ascorbic acid) - **Fat soluble vitamins** - Vitamin A (Retinol, retinal and retinoic acid) - Vitamin D (Cholecalciferol and ergocalciferol) - Vitamin E (Tocopherols) - Vitamin K (Phylloquinones and menaquinones) ## Water Soluble Vitamins - Folate - Vitamin B12 - Vitamin C - Pyridoxine (B6) - Pantothenic Acid (B5) ## General properties of Water soluble vitamins - They are extracted in water of cooked food. - Easily absorbed from the intestine and not affected by bile salts. - No carrier protein. - They are not be stored in the body. - So, manifestation of deficiency appear early after dietary restriction. - Easily excreted in urine. - Manifestation of hypervitaminoses are rare. ## Vitamin C (Antiascarbiotic Vitamin) - The image shows a visual representation of vitamin C with various sources like oranges, lemons, kiwis, papaya, broccoli, and peppers surrounding a large vitamin C capsule. ## Vitamin C Sources - Fruits especially citrus fruits (lemon, orange), melon and strawberry. - Vegetables especially green leafy vegetables as lettuce, tomatoes, potatoes, raw cabbage and green peppers. - Guava is very rich in vitamin C. ## Vitamin C General Features - Ascorbic acid is derived from glucose (carbohydrate in origin) via the uronic acid pathway. - L-gulonolactone oxidase (conversion of gulonolactone to ascorbic acid) is absent in primates making ascorbic acid required in the diet. - Heatlabile (destroyed by heat) ## Ascorbic acid structure - The image shows the structure of L-ascorbic acid and Dehydroascorbic acid. ## Ascorbic acid Functions - **1- a coenzyme for many hydroxylase enzymes:** - Osteocalcin synthesis. (Bone & teeth) - Carnitine synthesis: fatty acid oxidation In mitochondria. (Energy) - Epinephrine synthesis from tyrosine metabolism (Neurotransmitter) - **2. Formation of collagen protein:** - Ascorbic acid is essential for the conversion of the procollagen (immature collagen) into collagen through catalyzing hydroxylation of its proline and lysine residues. - Function of Collagen is essential for the synthesis of connective tissue, bone, cartilage and teeth. - The image shows the process of collagen synthesis in the body. - **3-Vitamin C is a potent reducing agent** - It gives electrons to Ferric and metal ions bound to various cytochrome and oxygen. - Thus it important for absorption, storage and mobilization of iron from its stores (ferritin system). - The image illustrates the process of iron absorption using vitamin C. - **3-Vitamin C is a powerful antioxidant** - It protect against toxic effects of some oxidant that may lead to cancer. - The image shows a visual representation of how vitamin C acts as an antioxidant protecting the body from oxidative stress and various health problems. ## Ascorbic acid Functions - **↑ Carnitine (metabolic energy)** - **↑ Collagen (barrier integrity)** - **↑ Catecholamines (hormonal regulation)** - **↑ Amidated peptides (hormonal regulation)** - **↓ Hypoxia-inducible factor (gene transcription)** - **↓ DNA methylation (epigenetic regulation)** - **↓ Histone methylation (epigenetic regulation)** ## Vitamin C Deficiency (Scurvy) - Scurvy is characterized by easily bruised skin, muscle fatigue, soft swollen gums, decreased wound healing and hemorrhaging, osteoporosis, and anemia. - The image showcases different symptoms of scurvy. ## Vitamin C Deficiency - **Poor wound healing** - Bleeding of the skin and mucous - **Defect in bone and teeth** - Gingivitis, loose teeth - **Rough, dry skin** - **Joint and body aches** - **Fatigue, depressions** - **Behavioral changes, emotional disturbance** - **Increased susceptibility to infection** - **Muscle weakness** ## Vitamin C Hypervitaminosis - Ascorbic acid can converted into oxalic acids, which on higher level leads to oxalurea. Calcium oxalate causes kidney stones. - **Nausea** - **Stomach cramps** - **Diarrhea** ## Recommended dietary requirements of vitamin C: - 1-3 months infants: 30 mg/day - Growing boys: 80 mg/day - Pregnant and lactating women: 100 mg/day ## Thiamin VITAMIN B1 - The image shows the chemical structure of Thiamine and various foods that are good sources of Vitamin B1 like cereal, milk, cheese, eggs, beef and beef liver. - **Wet Beriberi** - Swelling of legs - Shortness of breath - Fast heart rate and cardiac problems - **Dry Beriberi** - Peripheral neuritis - Severe leg pain - Paralysis ## Thiamin Sources - Whole green cereals, unpolished rice - Heat labile - All water soluble vitamins are heat stable except Vitamin C, B1 - **1. Lean Pork Chops:** 96% DV (1.1mg), in a 6oz chop: 332 calories - **2. Fish (Salmon):** 48% DV (0.6mg), per 6oz fillet: 350 calories - **3. Flax Seeds:** 39% DV (0.5mg), per oz: 152 calories - **4. Navy Beans:** 36% DV (0.4mg), per cup: 255 calories - **5. Green Peas:** 35% DV (0.4mg), per cup cooked: 134 calories - **6. Firm Tofu:** 33% DV (0.4mg), per cup: 363 calories - **7. Brown Rice:** 30% DV (0.4mg), per cup: 248 calories - **8. Acorn Squash:** 29% DV (0.3mg), per cup cooked: 115 calories - **9. Asparagus:** 24% DV (0.3mg), per cup cooked: 40 calories - **10. Mussels:** 21% DV (0.3mg), per 3oz: 146 calories ## Thiamin STRUCTURE - The image showcases the structure of Thiamine and the conversion of thiamin into its active form, Thiamin pyrophosphate (TPP). ## Thiamin Functions - **(1) It gives TPP coenzyme necessary for CHO metabolism:** - **a) Decarboxylation of a-keto acids which includes:** - Oxidative decarboxylation of Pyruvate to Acetyl CoA by Pyruvate dehydroenase. - Oxidative decarboxylation of a-ketoglutarate to succinyle CoA by a-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase - Simple decarboxylation of pyruvate to acetaldehyde by decarboxylase enzyme. (in yeast). - **b) coenzyme for transketolation reaction by transketolase enzyme in HMP shunt (i.e. transfere of ketol group** - **(2) Keeps the healthy function of brain and nervous system:** - B1 is necessary for optimal growth of infants and children - B1 increases the activity of acetyl choline at nerve endings by inhibiting acetyl choline esterase enzyme. - Thiamin triphosphate act as phosphate donor in Na-transport channel of nerve membrane ## Thiamin Deficiency (BERI BERI) - **Causes:** - Dietary restriction - People with long term of renal dialysis - Those of chronic fever - Certain types of raw fish contain thiaminase enzyme that destroys thiamin. - **Beriberi (man)/ polyneuritis (chick):** Accumulation of intermediates of carbohydrate metabolism (lactate, pyruvate & oxaloglutarate) causes neuritis - Chicks sit on flexed legs & draws head backward-star gazing - **Polioencephalomalacia (ruminants):** Thiamin hydrolyzed by thiaminase in rumen- Circling movements, opistotonus, convulsion & death - **Dry Beri beri:** - Peripheral polyneuritis with numbness - Anorexia, nausea, vomiting, muscle wasting and loss of weight - **Wet Beri beri:** - Short of breath - Increase heart rates - Edema - **Extreme thiamin deficiency lead to neural degeneration and development of:** - Wernicke disease: Occular disturbance and ataxia - Korsakoff syndrome: Defective memory and impaired learning ability ## Riboflavin (Vitamin B2) SOURCES - Good sources of Riboflavin: Cereal, nuts, milk, eggs, green leafy vegetables and lean meat - Liver, yeast ## Riboflavin (Vitamin B2) STRUCTURE - The image shows the structure of Riboflavin, showing D-ribitol and the Isoalloxazine (Flavin nucleus) part. ## Riboflavin (Vitamin B2) COENZYMES - The image shows the process of FMN and FAD formation from Riboflavin where Riboflavin kinase (RFK) converts Riboflavin into FMN and FAD synthase (FLAD1) converts FMN to FAD. ## Riboflavin (Vitamin B2) FUNCTIONS - **(1) It is the precursor for FMN and FAD.** - **Flavoproteins:** The enzymes that require FMN or FAD as cofactors. - **Metalloflavoproteins:** Several flavoproteins also contain metal ions. - **Hydrogen carrier in redox reactions, e.g. succinate dehydrogenase (FAD)** - **Xanthine oxidase** - **(2) Lipid metabolism** - **(3) Sterol synthesis** - **(4) Intermediary metabolism of AA, purines and pyrimidines** ## Riboflavin (Vitamin B2) DEFICIENCY - **Deficiency:** - Degeneration of myeline sheath - Lost integrity of epithelium - Curled toe paralysis (poultry): peripheral nerve degeneration - Swine: stiff legs, nerve degeneration, corneal opacity, cataract - The image shows different symptoms of Riboflavin deficiency in the body - Corneal vascularization, Dermatitis, Glossitis, and Cheilosis. ## Niacin (Nicotinic acid, Vitamin B3, Antipellagra factor) SOURCES - As B2 - Meat rich in tryptophan. - Corn poor in tryptophan and vitamin B3 - It can be synthesized endogenously from tryptophan (60 mg of tryptophan gives 1 mg of niacin) - This reaction require vitamin B6 as coenzymes. ## Niacin STRUCTURE AND FUNCTIONS - The image shows the structure of Nicotinamide and Nicotinic acid and the structure of NAD and NADP. ## Niacin FUNCTIONS - Both NAD+ and NADP+ function as cofactors for numerous dehydrogenase - Hydrogen carrier in redox reactions in CHO, lipid and protein metabolism - e.g., lactate and malate dehydrogenases (NAD). - Isocitrate dehydrogenases (NADP). - One hydrogen atom from the subestrate is transferred as a hydride ion to the nicotinamideof the oxidized coenzymes (NAD+, NADP+) to produce the reduced forms (NADH+H+, NADPH+H+) and the other hydrogen atom removed from the substrate becomes hydrogen ion. ## Niacin FUNCTIONS - Lowers plasma cholesterol levels: therapeutic for hypercholesterolemia: The major action of nicotinic acid in this capacity is a reduction in fatty acid mobilization from adipose tissue. - Depletion of glycogen stores and fat reserves in skeletal and cardiac muscle. - Elevation in blood glucose and uric acid production. For these reasons nicotinic acid therapy is not recommended for diabetics or persons who suffer from gout. ## Niacin DEFICIENCY - **Deficiency:** - Black tongue (dogs): inflammation of gums, dark patches on tongue, drooling of bloody saliva - **Pellagra (in Latin words, Pella-rough and agra=skin)** - A deficiency of niacin results in the disease pellagra. - **Deficiency Symptoms** - Diarrhea, abdominal pain, and vomiting - Inflamed, swollen, smooth and bright red tongue - Depression, apathy, fatigue, loss of memory and headache - Rash when exposed to sunlight - **3 D's of pellagra: dermatitis, diarrhea, dementia** ## PELLAGRA - **Causes:** - 1- Decrease Tryptophan, Vitamin B3, B6 - 2-Corn - 3- Hartnup disease: tryptophan absorption is impaired - 4- Malignant carcinoid syndrome (Argintaffinoma): tryptophan metabolism is altered resulting in excess serotonin synthesis - 5- certain drug therapies (e.g. isoniazid) is the primary drug for chemotherapy of tuberculosis, bind with vitamin B6 and excreted in urine. ## Vitamin B6-Or-Rat anti-dermatitis factor Sources and Structure - **SOURCES:** Wheat, corn, meat, egg yolk - **STRUCTURE:** The image shows the structure of Pyridoxine, Pyridoxal, Pyridoxamine and Pyridoxal Phosphate (PLP). ## Vitamin B6 FUNCTION - **Pyridoxal phosphate functions as a cofactor in enzymes involved in CHO, Lipid and protein metabolism** - **(1) CHO metabolism:** glycogenolysis as a cofactor for glycogen phosphorylase. - **(2) Lipid metabolism:** Important in steroid hormones action whre it remove H-R complex from DNA binding terminating hormone action - **(3) protein metabolism:** - **Transamination:** AST, ALT - **Deamination** - **Decarboxylation** - **Heme synthesis** - **Transulfuration** - **Vitamin B3 from tryptophan** - **Formation of sphingolipids** - **Absorption of AA** ## Vitamin B6 Deficiency - Deficiencies of vitamin B6 are rare - **Cause:** Isoniazid and penicillamine (used to treat rheumatoid arthritis and cystinurias) are two drugs that complex with pyridoxal and pyridoxal phosphate resulting in a deficiency in this vitamin. - **Manifestation:** - Pellagra - Convulsion - Anemia - Disturbance in AA metabolism (growth and mental retardation - Breast, uterous, prostate cancer - Homocysteinuria