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# Chemical Equilibrium ## 15.1 The Concept of Equilibrium ### Equilibrium * Chemical equilibrium occurs when a reaction and its reverse reaction proceed at the same rate. * Rate of forward reaction = Rate of reverse reaction * Concentrations of reactants and products remain constant * Reac...

# Chemical Equilibrium ## 15.1 The Concept of Equilibrium ### Equilibrium * Chemical equilibrium occurs when a reaction and its reverse reaction proceed at the same rate. * Rate of forward reaction = Rate of reverse reaction * Concentrations of reactants and products remain constant * Reactants are still converted to products and products back to reactants, but there is no net change in concentration * Chemical equilibrium is a dynamic process ### Equilibrium Constant $aA + bB \rightleftharpoons cC + dD$ $K = \frac{[C]^c[D]^d}{[A]^a[B]^b}$ * K = equilibrium constant * [A] = concentration of reactant A at equilibrium, etc. * a, b, c, d are stoichiometric coefficients ### Magnitude of K * If K >> 1, the equilibrium lies to the right; products are favored. * If K K, the reaction will proceed to the left (towards reactants). * If Q = K, the reaction is at equilibrium. ### Calculating Equilibrium Concentrations * If the equilibrium constant and initial concentrations are known, the equilibrium concentrations can be calculated. * An ICE table is often useful for determining equilibrium concentrations. * The quadratic equation may be needed to solve for x. ## 15.5 Le Chatelier's Principle ### Le Chatelier's Principle * If a system at equilibrium is subjected to a change, the system will adjust itself to counteract the change and restore a new equilibrium. ### Change in Concentration * If the concentration of a reactant is increased, the equilibrium will shift to the right (towards products). * If the concentration of a product is increased, the equilibrium will shift to the left (towards reactants). ### Change in Pressure * If the pressure of a system is increased, the equilibrium will shift towards the side with fewer moles of gas. * If the pressure of a system is decreased, the equilibrium will shift towards the side with more moles of gas. ### Change in Temperature * If the temperature of a system is increased, the equilibrium will shift in the direction that absorbs heat (endothermic direction). * If the temperature of a system is decreased, the equilibrium will shift in the direction that releases heat (exothermic direction). ### Catalyst * A catalyst speeds up the rate of both the forward and reverse reactions. * A catalyst does not affect the equilibrium. * A catalyst only affects how quickly equilibrium is reached. The image appears to be notes on chemical equilibrium, covering topics such as the concept of equilibrium, the equilibrium constant, heterogeneous equilibria, calculating equilibrium constants, applications of equilibrium constants, and Le Chatelier's principle. It includes definitions, formulas, examples, and explanations of how different factors affect equilibrium.