Pagsisinungaling: Types of Lies

• Pagsisinungaling is the lack of favor and conformity to the truth.
• It is a poison that hinders openness and clarity of a thing or situation that should prevail among people in a group or society.

Types of Lies

• There are 3 main types of lies

Jocose Lies

• It is what that is said or mentioned to bring only pleasure.
• It is expressed to give comfort but the lie is not intentional
• Example: A mother's lying about Santa Claus giving gifts to children who obey their parents, or A teacher's promise to give extra points to those who are quiet but not doing it

Officious Lies

• Refers to something that conveys to defend oneself or to create a shameful topic to divert attention.
• It is a real lie no matter how serious the reason.
• Examples: Denying eating fried chicken leg on the table, even though they really ate it, or Excusing absences from class for a few days by claiming the death of a father who had been dead for a year, or An employee with two simultaneous job offers is forced to choose between the two and comes up with a weighty reason to avoid conflict

Pernicious Lies

• Occurs when it damages the reputation of a person who favors the interests or welfare of others.
• Example: Spreading false accusations of stealing a classmate's wallet who did not take it, or Suspecting a woman of being a call girl because of jealousy and many admiring men admire her beauty.

Meaning of Secret, Mental Reservation, and Principle of Confidentiality

• A secret is the concealment of information that has not yet been disclosed or revealed.
• It is a person's claim to the true events or stories they know and can never reveal in many occasions without the permission of the person who knows it.

Secrets That Should Not Be Revealed

• There are several secrets that should not be easily revealed:

Natural Secrets

• Secrets rooted in natural moral law.
• The truths written here will cause people great grief and pain to each other.
• The weight of the wrongdoing (guilt) depends on the gravity of the negligence committed.
• Examples: Hiding an ambitious woman who is an adopted child who is trying to cover up the past, it may cause embarrassment to her personality, or A former prisoner who is trying to rehabilitate in another place to hide his old life.

Promised Secrets

• These are secrets promised by the person who trusted it.
• The promise happened after the secret was revealed.
• An example is concealing a good business that is being started until it succeeds and not telling the important details.

Committed or Entrusted Secrets

• Became secret before the information and knowledge of something was revealed.
• Agreements to keep it secret can be:
• Explicit: If the secret is promised or said orally or even in writing. Example: A doctor's secretary keeps a patient's medical records confidential.
• Implicit: This happens when no specific promise is made but is kept secret by the person who knows because of his position in a company or institution. Often this is a professional and official matter.