The Science of Biochemistry PDF
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This document describes the science of biochemistry, focusing on the classification, structure, and importance of carbohydrates. It details various types of carbohydrates including monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides, offering diagrams and examples for each category. The document also touches upon the significance of carbohydrates in energy, nucleic acids, and plant composition.
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The Science of Biochemistry Carbohydrates Lipids Vitamins Proteins Minerals Enzymes Endocrine Glands Human body & Hormones metabolism *...
The Science of Biochemistry Carbohydrates Lipids Vitamins Proteins Minerals Enzymes Endocrine Glands Human body & Hormones metabolism * * Water ( H2O ) Carbo hydrates Carbon C5 H10O5 (C) C4 H8 O4 C:H:O C3 H6 O3 1:2:1 General formula of ; glucose with 6 carbon atoms is ; C6 H 12 O 6 General formula of carbohydrates is ; Cn H2nOn Carbohydrates * A A B Monosaccharides Disaccharides Oligosaccharides Polysaccharides 1 sugar unit 2 sugar units 3-10sugar units >10sugar units up to 10 units up to10.000 units Carbohydrates Aldehyde H B C O Ketone group C=O group Aldoses Ketoses - Carbohydrates are poly hydroxy Aldehydes or Ketones * (have more than one -OH group) Aldehyde Ketone - Could be in the form of ; Long chain or ring structure What is the importance of Carbohydrates? * 1. Carbohydrates consider the main source of Energy Carbohydrates Glucose + O2 CO2 + H2O + Energy 2. Important part of Nucleic acids (DNA,RNA) (ribose) (deoxyribose) 3. Carbohydrates make up about ¾ the dry weight of plants - Consists of only one sugar unit - It is the simplest form of carbohydrates and can not be hydrolyzed into more simpler forms. So, it can be considered the end product of carbohydrate digestion - Nomenclature: ose Function group Number of carbon atoms 3C …tri… H …tetr… C O C=O 4C 5C …pent… 6C …hex… Aldo… Keto… Ketohexose Ribose & Glucose Fructose Galactose Deoxyribose Aldohexose Ketohexose Aldohexose Aldopentose It is the simplest form Enter the structure Of carbohydrates of nucleic acids RNA & DNA Blood sugar Fruit sugar Ribose (RNA) Deoxyribose (DNA) - Consists of only two sugar units Disaccharides Homodisaccharides Heterodisaccharides two sugar units are two sugar units are Similar different Malt Cane Maltose Sucrose sugar sugar (Glucose + Fructose) (Glucose + Glucose) Milk Lactose sugar (Glucose + Galactose) up to10.000 units - Consists of more than > 10 sugar units Homopolysaccharides Polysaccharides Heteropolysaccharides one type more than one type of sugar units of sugar units most common storage Starch polysaccharide in plants Heparin found in the Cell wall Cellulose of nearly all plants Blood anticoagulant major storage Glycogen polysaccharides in animals ( Liver & Muscle ) Dextrin Used in infant feeding replacement therapy in Dextran blood loss formed of Glucose units
