W9_U7_JO_BBA_S6_Information_Systems_for_Business.pdf

Information Systems for Business Unit – 07 Capturing data and computer input and output Semester-06 Bachelors of Business Administration  Information Systems for Business...

Information Systems for Business Unit – 07 Capturing data and computer input and output Semester-06 Bachelors of Business Administration  Information Systems for Business JGI x UNIT CAPTURING DATA AND COMPUTER INPUT AND OUTPUT Names of Sub-Unit - Keyboard and Pointing Devices,Capture Sound, Picture, and Video,OCR (Optical Character Recognition),Retrieving and Storing Data,Magnetic Tapes and Disks,Micro and Paper Graphics,Screen Output and Audio Output Overview - This unit explores essential aspects of computer input/output technologies, covering keyboard and pointing devices, multimedia capture, OCR, data retrieval and storage, magnetic tapes and disks, micro and paper graphics, and screen/audio output. Gain a comprehensive understanding of how these components facilitate user-machine interaction and data processing. Learning Objectives  Understand the functionality of keyboard and pointing devices in computer systems.  Explore techniques for capturing sound, pictures, and videos.  Comprehend the principles and applications of OCR technology.  Learn about data retrieval, storage methods, and multimedia representation. 2 UNIT 07: Capturing data and computer input and output Learning Outcomes Upon completing this course, participants will  Demonstrate proficiency in using various keyboard and pointing devices.  Apply multimedia capture techniques to capture and manipulate sound, pictures, and video.  Utilize OCR tools for extracting text from images and documents.  Demonstrate competence in retrieving and storing data using different storage media. Pre-Unit Preparatory Material  Title: "Introduction to Computer Input Devices" o Content: Covers the basics of keyboards, pointing devices, and their roles in computer interaction.  Title: "Multimedia and Data Storage Technologies" o Content: Explores the fundamentals of capturing and storing multimedia data, including sound, pictures, and video, as well as different storage media like magnetic tapes and disks. Table of topics 7.1 Keyboard and Pointing Devices 7.2 Capture Sound, Picture, and Video 7.3 OCR (Optical Character Recognition) 7.4 Retrieving and Storing Data: 7.5 Magnetic Tapes and Disks 7.5 Micro and Paper Graphics 7.6 Screen Output and Audio Output 3  Information Systems for Business JGI 7.1 Keyboard and Pointing Devices Keyboard: A keyboard is a primary input device that allows users to input data, commands, and text into a computer. It typically consists of a set of keys, each representing a specific character, function, or command. The standard layout is the QWERTY keyboard, named after the first six letters in the top row. Modern keyboards include additional keys like function keys, numeric keypad, and multimedia controls. The keys on a keyboard are connected to the computer's motherboard through a wired or wireless connection. When a key is pressed, it sends a signal to the computer, allowing it to interpret the input and perform the corresponding action. Keyboards are essential for various tasks, from typing documents to navigating through software interfaces. Pointing Devices: Pointing devices are peripherals that enable users to interact with graphical user interfaces and control the movement of the cursor on a screen. Common pointing devices include: 1. Mouse: A hand-held device with buttons and a scroll wheel. Moving the mouse translates into cursor movement on the screen. Clicking the buttons performs actions like selecting, dragging, and dropping. 2. Trackpad: Found on laptops, trackpads respond to finger movements for cursor control. They often support gestures for scrolling, zooming, and rotating. 3. Trackball: A stationary device with a ball on its surface. Rotating the ball moves the cursor. Trackballs are less common but offer precise control. 4. Joystick: Mainly used in gaming, joysticks provide multidirectional control. They often include buttons for additional functions. 5. Touchscreen: Displays with touch-sensitive surfaces allow direct interaction by tapping, swiping, and pinching gestures. Common in smartphones and tablets. Both keyboards and pointing devices are crucial for user-machine interaction. Keyboards are integral for data entry, while pointing devices enhance navigation and control, making them essential components for effective computer usage. 4 UNIT 07: Capturing data and computer input and output 7.2 Capture Sound, Picture, and Video  Capture Sound: Sound capture involves recording and digitizing audio signals for playback and storage on a computer. Devices like microphones are used to convert analog sound waves into digital data. These digital representations can be saved in various formats such as WAV or MP3. Sound capture is fundamental in applications like voice recording, music production, video conferencing, and podcasting.  Capture Picture: Capturing pictures involves using devices like digital cameras or webcams to capture visual information and convert it into digital format. Digital cameras use sensors to record light patterns, creating digital images that can be stored in formats like JPEG or PNG. Webcams, integrated into computers or external devices, are commonly used for video conferencing, live streaming, and online communication.  Capture Video: Video capture involves recording a sequence of moving images along with accompanying audio. Video cameras, webcams, or smartphones equipped with video recording capabilities capture visual and auditory information simultaneously. The recorded data is saved in video file formats like MP4 or AVI. Video capture is essential for creating content, video conferencing, surveillance, and various multimedia applications. capturing sound, pictures, and video involves converting analog signals into digital data for storage and manipulation on computers. These processes play a crucial role in multimedia content creation, communication, and entertainment. 7.3 OCR (Optical Character Recognition) Definition: Optical Character Recognition (OCR) is a technology that converts different types of documents, such as scanned paper documents, PDFs, or images captured by a digital camera, into editable and searchable data. OCR enables computers to recognize and extract text characters from these documents, making the content accessible for various applications. Key Components: 1. Image Capture: OCR begins with the capture of an image containing text. This can be achieved through scanners, cameras, or other imaging devices. The quality of the image affects the accuracy of OCR, so factors like resolution and clarity are crucial. 5  Information Systems for Business JGI 2. Preprocessing: Before OCR analysis, the captured image undergoes preprocessing. This includes tasks like noise reduction, image enhancement, and the removal of artifacts to ensure a clean and clear representation of the text. 3. Text Recognition: The core of OCR involves recognizing individual characters and words in the image. Pattern recognition algorithms identify the shapes and patterns that correspond to letters and words. Machine learning techniques have enhanced OCR accuracy by enabling systems to learn from a vast dataset of diverse fonts and writing styles. 4. Character Segmentation: OCR systems need to separate individual characters from each other. Character segmentation involves determining the boundaries between letters and words, ensuring accurate recognition of the text structure. 5. Post-Processing: After recognition, post-processing techniques refine the extracted text. This may involve correcting errors, improving formatting, and enhancing overall accuracy. Human verification may also be included to ensure the correctness of the recognized text. Applications: 1. Document Digitization: OCR is widely used to convert printed or handwritten documents into digital formats, enabling easy storage, retrieval, and editing. 2. Data Extraction: In business and research, OCR is employed to extract specific information from documents, such as invoices, forms, or research papers, automating data entry processes. 3. Accessibility: OCR plays a crucial role in making printed or handwritten materials accessible to individuals with visual impairments by converting text into speech or Braille. 4. Searchable Archives: Organizations use OCR to create searchable archives from scanned documents, making it easier to locate and retrieve information. OCR technology transforms static images containing text into dynamic and editable digital data, opening up a wide range of applications in document management, data extraction, and accessibility. 6 UNIT 07: Capturing data and computer input and output 7.4 Retrieving and Storing Data: Storing Data: 1. Storage Devices: Storage devices are hardware components that store data in a persistent and retrievable form. Common storage devices include hard disk drives (HDDs), solid-state drives (SSDs), USB drives, optical discs, and cloud storage. These devices differ in terms of capacity, speed, and portability. 2. File Systems: File systems are structures that organize and manage how data is stored and retrieved on storage devices. Common file systems include NTFS, FAT32, and exFAT for Windows, HFS+ for macOS, and ext4 for Linux. They define how files are named, organized, and accessed. 3. Data Organization: Data is organized into files and folders for efficient storage and retrieval. Files store information, while folders provide a way to organize and categorize related files. File hierarchies make it easier to locate and manage data. 4. Databases: Databases are specialized systems for organizing and storing large volumes of structured data. They use database management systems (DBMS) to structure, organize, and retrieve data efficiently. SQL (Structured Query Language) is commonly used to interact with relational databases. Retrieving Data: 1. File Retrieval: Users retrieve data by accessing files stored on storage devices. File browsers or operating system commands provide ways to navigate through directories and open files. The file's metadata, including its location, is used to retrieve it. 2. Search and Indexing: Search mechanisms enhance data retrieval by allowing users to find specific files or information quickly. Indexing systems create searchable catalogs of data, improving search speed. Search engines, both on local systems and the internet, use indexing for efficient retrieval. 3. Database Queries: In database systems, data retrieval is accomplished through queries. Users or applications use SQL queries to request specific information from databases. The DBMS processes these queries and returns the relevant data based on specified conditions. 4. Data Access Methods: Different storage devices and file systems employ various data access methods, such as sequential access, random access, or direct access. These methods determine how data is located and retrieved, affecting retrieval speed and efficiency. 7  Information Systems for Business JGI Applications: 1. Personal Computing: Retrieving and storing data is fundamental to personal computing for tasks like document management, file sharing, and multimedia storage. 2. Enterprise Systems: Large organizations use sophisticated data storage and retrieval systems, including databases and network-attached storage, to manage vast amounts of business data efficiently. 3. Web Applications: Web applications retrieve data from databases to provide dynamic content, such as user profiles, search results, and product information. 4. Scientific Research: In scientific research, data retrieval and storage are critical for managing experimental data, simulations, and research findings. retrieving and storing data involve the organized placement and efficient retrieval of information, whether in personal computing, enterprise systems, web applications, or scientific research. Various storage devices, file systems, and retrieval methods play crucial roles in these processes. 7.5 Magnetic Tapes and Disks Magnetic Tapes: 1. Overview: Magnetic tapes are sequential-access storage media that use a thin strip of plastic coated with a magnetic material to store data. They are commonly wound onto reels and read or written to using tape drives. Magnetic tapes were historically popular for backup and archival purposes due to their high capacity and cost- effectiveness. 2. Structure: The tape is typically made of a plastic base coated with a magnetic material, often iron oxide. Data is recorded in parallel tracks along the length of the tape. Tapes can be single-reel or cartridge-based, with the latter providing convenience and protection. 3. Sequential Access: Magnetic tapes offer sequential access, meaning that data is read or written sequentially from the beginning to the end of the tape. While this makes random access slower compared to disks, tapes are efficient for large-scale backup and archival tasks where data is accessed sequentially. 4. Use Cases: Magnetic tapes are still used in scenarios requiring long-term archival storage, such as large-scale backup systems, data archiving, and compliance with 8 UNIT 07: Capturing data and computer input and output regulatory requirements. Their durability and cost-effectiveness make them suitable for organizations with massive data storage needs. Magnetic Disks: 1. Overview: Magnetic disks, commonly known as hard disk drives (HDDs), are non- volatile storage devices that use magnetic fields to store and retrieve digital information. HDDs consist of one or more rotating disks (platters) coated with a magnetic material, read/write heads, and an actuator arm. 2. Structure: The platters are stacked on a spindle, and data is stored on both sides of each platter. The read/write heads are positioned above and below each platter, and they move across the spinning disks to read or write data. Disk capacity is determined by factors like the number of platters, data density, and rotational speed. 3. Random Access: Unlike magnetic tapes, magnetic disks offer random access to data. This means that data can be accessed directly without having to read through the entire storage medium sequentially. Random access makes disks well-suited for applications requiring quick access to specific pieces of information. 4. Use Cases: HDDs are widely used in personal computers, servers, and data centers for primary storage. They are suitable for a variety of applications, including operating system storage, application installation, and general file storage. Solid-state drives (SSDs), a type of storage that uses flash memory, are increasingly popular due to their faster access times. Comparison:  Access Speed:  Magnetic tapes offer sequential access, making them slower for random access compared to magnetic disks.  Magnetic disks, with their random access capability, provide faster data retrieval for specific locations on the disk.  Capacity:  Magnetic tapes traditionally have higher capacities, making them suitable for long-term archival storage.  Magnetic disks, while offering substantial capacity, may have limitations compared to the highest-capacity tapes.  Use Cases:  Magnetic tapes are often used for archival backup and data storage where data is accessed sequentially.  Magnetic disks, particularly HDDs, are used for primary storage in various computing environments where random access speed is crucial. 9  Information Systems for Business JGI Both magnetic tapes and disks play essential roles in data storage, with their suitability depending on factors such as access requirements, capacity needs, and cost considerations. 7.5 Micro and Paper Graphics Micrographics: 1. Overview: Micrographics involves the reduction of large documents or images to a much smaller size for storage and retrieval. This process is particularly useful for managing large volumes of documents in a compact form. Micrographics technologies include microfilm and microfiche. 2. Microfilm:  Usage: Microfilm is a roll of film that contains miniaturized images of documents. It is often used for archiving and preserving historical records, newspapers, and other documents.  Process: Documents are photographed or scanned, and the images are then reduced in size and recorded onto the microfilm. This film can be stored in reels for easy access. 3. Microfiche:  Usage: Microfiche is a flat sheet of film or transparent material that holds multiple micro-images. It's commonly used for storing sets of documents, like library catalogs or archival collections.  Process: Similar to microfilm, documents are reduced in size and arranged on a single sheet of film. Users can retrieve specific documents by using a microfiche reader to magnify and view the images. 4. Benefits:  Micrographics enable significant space savings, allowing for the storage of a large number of documents in a compact format.  Preservation of documents for long periods, as microfilm and microfiche are durable and resistant to environmental degradation. Paper Graphics: 1. Overview: Paper graphics refer to printed or hand-drawn images on paper. This traditional form of graphics is still widely used for various purposes, from artistic creations to technical drawings and diagrams. 2. Printing Techniques:  Inkjet Printing: Common for high-quality photo prints and documents, inkjet printers deposit ink onto paper to create images. 10 UNIT 07: Capturing data and computer input and output  Laser Printing: Laser printers use toner powder and heat to fuse the powder onto the paper, producing sharp text and graphics.  Offset Printing: Often used for large-scale printing, this technique transfers ink from a plate to a rubber blanket and then onto paper. 3. Artistic and Technical Drawings:  Artistic Drawings: Paper remains a canvas for artists, whether for sketches, illustrations, or paintings.  Technical Drawings: Engineers and architects use paper graphics for technical drawings, blueprints, and schematics. 4. Physical Representation:  Brochures and Documents: Printed materials, such as brochures, books, and reports, are common applications of paper graphics.  Maps and Charts: Paper is still widely used for printed maps, charts, and diagrams for easy reference. Comparison:  Medium:  Micrographics involve the reduction of documents onto film or transparent sheets for compact storage.  Paper graphics use paper as the medium for printed or hand-drawn images.  Purpose:  Micrographics are often used for archival and space-saving purposes.  Paper graphics serve a wide range of applications, including artistic expression, technical documentation, and printed materials.  Accessibility:  Retrieving information from micrographics often requires specialized equipment like microfilm readers.  Paper graphics are easily accessible by simply viewing or handling the physical paper. Both micrographics and paper graphics have their unique applications, with micrographics focusing on efficient storage and preservation, while paper graphics continue to serve diverse needs in various fields. 7.6 Screen Output and Audio Output Screen Output: 11  Information Systems for Business JGI 1. Overview: Screen output, also known as display output, refers to the visual information that a computer or electronic device presents on its screen or monitor. It encompasses graphical user interfaces, images, videos, text, and any other visual content generated by the device. 2. Display Technologies:  CRT (Cathode Ray Tube): Older technology that uses electron beams to generate images on a phosphorescent screen.  LCD (Liquid Crystal Display): Common in flat-panel monitors, uses liquid crystals and backlight to display images.  LED (Light-Emitting Diode) and OLED (Organic Light-Emitting Diode): Modern technologies with improved brightness, contrast, and energy efficiency. 3. Graphics Processing:  GPU (Graphics Processing Unit): Responsible for rendering and processing graphical data, enhancing the display's performance.  Resolution: The number of pixels displayed horizontally and vertically, determining the clarity and detail of the screen output. 4. Applications:  User Interfaces: Operating systems, software applications, and websites present information through graphical interfaces.  Media Playback: Videos, images, and multimedia content are displayed on screens.  Gaming: Graphics-intensive games rely on screen output for immersive experiences. Audio Output: 1. Overview: Audio output refers to the sound produced by a computer or electronic device. It includes various types of auditory information, such as music, speech, system sounds, and other audio effects. 2. Audio Output Devices:  Speakers: Most common audio output devices, converting electrical signals into sound waves.  Headphones and Earphones: Provide a more private listening experience.  Soundbars and Home Theater Systems: Enhance audio quality for a more immersive experience.  Built-in Speakers: Some devices, like laptops and smartphones, have integrated speakers. 12 UNIT 07: Capturing data and computer input and output 3. Audio Processing:  Sound Cards: Process and convert digital audio signals into analog signals for speakers.  DAC (Digital-to-Analog Converter): Converts digital audio signals into analog signals for high-fidelity output. 4. Applications:  Entertainment: Music playback, movie watching, and gaming rely on quality audio output for a complete experience.  Communication: Audio output is essential for voice and video calls, as well as listening to podcasts and audiobooks.  Alerts and Notifications: System sounds and notifications use audio output to alert users about events or errors. Integration: 1. Multimedia Experience:  Screen output and audio output work together to provide a multimedia experience, enhancing the user's interaction with devices.  Combining high-quality visuals with clear and immersive audio contributes to a more engaging and enjoyable experience. 2. Accessibility:  Both screen output and audio output play crucial roles in making technology accessible to individuals with visual or hearing impairments.  Features like screen readers assist visually impaired users, while captioning and transcriptions support those with hearing impairments. screen output and audio output are essential components of user interaction with electronic devices, providing visual and auditory information that contributes to a rich and engaging user experience. The integration of these elements is fundamental to multimedia content consumption and effective communication. 7.7 Conclusion: In the ever-evolving landscape of computer technology, the synergy between input devices like keyboards and pointing devices, multimedia capture technologies, OCR for text recognition, efficient data retrieval and storage methods, and diverse output mechanisms such as screens and audio, continues to shape our digital experiences. From the archival reliability of magnetic tapes to the artistic expression through micro and paper graphics, 13  Information Systems for Business JGI these elements collectively form the backbone of seamless and interactive computing, illustrating the intricate dance between hardware and human interaction in the digital realm. 7.8 Glossary:  Keyboard: A hardware input device consisting of keys used for entering data, commands, and text into a computer.  Pointing Devices: Input devices, such as mice or touchpads, used to move a cursor on a screen and interact with graphical user interfaces.  OCR (Optical Character Recognition): Technology that converts printed or handwritten text into machine-encoded text for digital processing.  Retrieving Data: The process of accessing stored information from a computer or storage medium.  Magnetic Tapes: Storage media using a thin strip of plastic coated with a magnetic material for sequential data storage.  Micrographics: Techniques like microfilm and microfiche that reduce and store large volumes of documents in a compact format.  Screen Output: Visual information displayed on a computer monitor, including text, images, and graphical user interfaces. 14  UNIT 07: Capturing data and computer input and output  Audio Output: Sound produced by a computer or electronic device through speakers, headphones, or other audio output devices.  Data Storage: The process of storing digital information in various formats using storage devices like hard disks, tapes, or SSDs.  Paper Graphics: Printed or hand-drawn images on paper, used for artistic, technical, or informational purposes. Self- Assessment questions Descriptive Questions: 1. How do OCR technologies contribute to making printed or handwritten documents more accessible in a digital environment? 2. What are the key differences between magnetic tapes and disks in terms of storage capacity, access speed, and use cases? 3. How do keyboards and pointing devices enhance user-machine interaction in various computing applications? 4. Explain the significance of micrographics in preserving and managing large volumes of documents. 5. How does the integration of screen output and audio output contribute to a multimedia-rich computing experience? Post Unit Reading Material 1. "Understanding Optical Character Recognition (OCR)" - https://www.abbyy.com/en/ocr/ 2. "Magnetic Tape Data Storage" - https://www.ibm.com/storage/tape 15  Information Systems for Business JGI Topics for Discussion forum 1. "The Future of Input and Output Technologies": Explore emerging trends in input and output devices, discussing how they shape the evolving landscape of user interaction with computers. 2. "Balancing Act: Accessibility and Innovation in Computing": Discuss the challenges and opportunities in designing technologies that balance innovation with accessibility for users with diverse needs. 16 UNIT 07: Capturing data and computer input and output 17