Week 3: Evolution of Nursing Theories PDF

WEEK 3: THE EVOLUTION OF NURSING THEORIES INTUITIVE PERIOD (PRIMITIVE ERA - 6TH CENTURY) Nursing was \"untaught\" and instinctive. It was performed of compassion for others, out of the wish to help others. Nurse\'s role was instinctive and directed toward comforting, practicing midwifery and be...

WEEK 3: THE EVOLUTION OF NURSING THEORIES INTUITIVE PERIOD (PRIMITIVE ERA - 6TH CENTURY) Nursing was \"untaught\" and instinctive. It was performed of compassion for others, out of the wish to help others. Nurse\'s role was instinctive and directed toward comforting, practicing midwifery and being wet nurse to a child. A wet nurse is a woman who breastfeeds and cares for another\'s child.\ Nursing was a function that belonged to women.\ No care giving training is evident.\ Primitive men believed that illness was caused by the invasion of the victim\'s body of evil spirits. Believed that medicine man was called shaman or witch doctor having the power to heal using white magic. Shamans - gain their power from spirits.\ Witch Doctor - gain their powers from life and health.\ Music or singing was often used to drive away spirits. Trephination: is one of the oldest surgical procedures known to humanity and refers to a surgical procedure in which a circular piece of bone is drilled and excised, most commonly from the human skull. It has been a medical technique used to relieve intracranial pressure and headaches.\ Prehistoric Medical Practice a. Use of mercury - it used as anti-parasitic drugs, anti-syphilis, antipruritic, antiseptics, anti-inflammatory drugs, diuretics, dental amalgams, and substitutes. Blood Letting with the use of leeches - the application of a living leech to the skin in order to initiate blood flow or deplete blood from a localized area of the body. Lobotomies. Heroin for headaches. Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT). Trephining Cannibalistic Medical Practices. the consumption of parts of the human body, dead, or alive, to treat or prevent diseases. The medical trade and pharmacological use of human body parts and fluids often arose from the belief that because the human body is able to heal itself, it can also help heal another human body. RISE OF THE EARLY CIBILIZATION AND ANCIENT CITIES AND THEIR CONTRIBUTION TO MEDICINE Mesopotamia No distinction between rational science and magic. Diagnostic Handbook introduced the methods of therapy and cause. The text contains a list of medical symptoms and often detailed empirical observations along with logical rules used in combining observed symptoms on the body of a patient with its diagnosis and prognosis. Asipu - Medical Authority/Exorcist-Healer Prophylaxis - an attempt to prevent diseases. Mental Illness is associated with Deities. Deities - a god or goddess. Egypt Egyptians are considered \"The Healthiest of all men\" Public Health System Medical information in the Edwin Smith Papyrus may date to a time as early as 3000 BC. It details cures ailment and anatomical observation.\ Edwin Smith Papyrus is an ancient textbook on surgery almost completely devoid of magical thinking and describes in exquisite detail the examination, diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis of numerous ailments. The KahunGynaccological Papyrus treats women\'s complaints, including problems with conception. The earliest known physician is also credited to ancient Egypt (\"Chief of Dentists and Physicians\" for King Djoser in the 27h century BCE)\ Peseshet -Earliest known woman physician. India The Atharvaveda\....: Medicine Ancient text dealing with Charaka and Sushruta - 2 most famous medical textbooks that describes physical examinations, diagnosis, treatment and prognosis and several surgical procedures. Suscutasambita -- Describes several surgical procedures. China Huangdi neijing The foundational text of Chinese medicine written 5th century to 3d century BC. Basis of traditional chinese medicines, acupuncture and moxibustion. Greece and Roman Empire They are good in wound treatment. The Romans attempted to maintain vigorous health, because illness was a sign of weakness. Care of the ill was left to the slaves or Greek physicians. Both groups were looked upon as inferior by Roman society. THE APPRENTICE PERIOD 6TH CENTURY - 18TH CENTURY) Period of \"on the job\" training. From the founding of the Religious orders in the 11th century up to 1836 with the establishment of the Kaiserwerth Institute for training of Deaconesses. a\. Deaconesses - a woman in various Christian churches who is chosen to assist in the church ministry. Nursing performed without any formal education and by people who were directed by more experienced nurses. Founding of religious order. Philippines The sickmneeded a spin doctor (\"herbolario\" or \"albolario\") to drive the: Dwarves Witches Omens - is a phenomenon that is believed to foretell the future, often signifying the advent of change. Curses c\. Evil Spirits\ THE BEGINNING OF RELIGIOUS WAR Religious War Also known as a Holy War. - Is a war primarily caused or justified by differences in religion. - The Crusades - they were Holy Wars waged in an attempt. to recapture Holy Land from the Turks who denied\ Christ\'s pilgrims permission to visit Holy Sepulcer. MILITARY RELIGIOUS ORDERS AND THEIR WORK Knights of St. John of Jerusalem (Italian) 囗 Also known as \"Knight Hosnitalers\" They founded hospitals. Teutonic Knights (German) Established tent hospitals for the wounded. Knights of St. Lazarus ロ Founded primarily for nursing care of lepers in Jerusalem. Lepers - a person who is suffering from leprosy. The Alexian Brothers members of a monastic order founded 1348. NCMA110 - C X TN (WEEK 1 X 29%0 \+ 企.. - They established the Alexian Brothers Hospital School of Nursing the largest School of Nursing under religious order. - It operated exclusively for men in United States. - THE RISE OF SECULAR ORDER There was the rise of Religious Nursing Orders for women. Although Christianity promoted equality to all men, women were still concentrated in their roles as wives and mothers.\ Religious taboos and social restrictions influenced nursing at the time of the religious Nursing Orders. - SECULAR ORDERS FOUNDED DURING THE PERIOD OF CRUSADES - que - Order of St. Francis of Assisi (1200-Present). - The Beguines - composed of lay nurses who devoted their lives to the service of suffering humanity. - c. - d. - The Oblates (12th Century) - Benedictines - c\. Ursulines\ IMPORTANT NURSING PERSONAGES - St. Clare - ロ - Founder of the second order of St. Francis of Assisi. - St. Elizabeth of Hungary - Known as the \"Patroness of Nurses\" - She was the daughter of the Hungarian king. - She lived her life frugally despite her wealth. - St. Catherine of Siena - The first lady with the lamp. - She was hospital nurse, prophetess, researcher, and a reformer of society and the church. - THE RISE OF PROTESTANTISM (1520-1562) - From 1520 onwards, Martin Luther\'s ideas and works could be found in France - they even influenced the court of Francis I. - The king\'s sister, Marguerite of Angoulême asked the Bishop of Meaux to reform his diocese so he asked James Lefevre dEtaples to come and join him.\ He was the author of a French version of the New Testament which had been considered heretical by the Sorbonne and was the founder of the Circle of Reformers in Meaux which had been forbidden by the Church. - Luther\'s works were translated into French, mostly printed in Switzerland and passed from one person to another in secret. - The Protestants, who were called \"Lutherans\" at the time, belonged to the higher, literate class of society and were condemned as heretics by the Church. - Persecution began in 1521: they had to pay fines, were sent to prison and even burnt at the stake.\ RENAISSANCE PERIOD (DARK PERIOD - 17TH TO\ 19TH CENTURY) - Also known as the Period of Reformation and American\ Civil War.\ Hospitals were closed. ロロロロ Nursing was the works of least desirable people. Nurses were uneducated, filthy and overworked. Mass exodus of nurses. Nurses don\'t have to stay where they are not valued. Nurses have options. Nurses are sick of not being heard. Theodore Fliedner Reconstituted the deaconesses Florence Nightingale had her first formal training for 3 months as a nurse. 151 TRAINING SCHOOL OF NURSING United States of America Bellevue Hospital School of Nursing Founded in 1873 in New York. It was the first school of nursing in the United States to be founded on the principles of nursing established by Florence Nightingale. Philippines Hoilo Mission Hospital School of Nursing Established in 1906 it is the first hospital in the Philippines which trained Filipino nurse. 19TH CENTURY - THE HUMANISTIC INFLUENCE OF NIGHTINGALE In the mid 1800s in England, Pastor Theodore and Friederike Fliedner started a hospital in Kaiserworth, Germany. 口 They created training programs for nurses when they realized there was no work force for the hospital. It was with Fliedner\'s program that Florence Nightingale\*trained\". Florence Nightingale Born on May 12, 1820. Born to a wealthy English parents. 口 Known as \"The mother of modern nursing\", \"The Lady with the Pioneer\". Lamp\" and \"Professional Nurse - Most famous for her work during the Crimean War (1854-1856). - Under Florence\'s leadership, the brought cleanliness, sanitation, nutritious food and comfort to the patients. Nightingale was known for providing the kind of personal care, like writing letters home for soldiers, that comforted them and improved their psychological health.\ Her group of nurses transformed the hospital into a healthy environment within six months, and as a result, the death rate of patients fell from 40 to 2 percent.\ In 1857, Florence returned home a heroine.\ It was the soldiers in Crimea that initially named her the\ \"Lady with the Lamp\" because of the reassuring sight of her carrying around a lamp to check on the sick and wounded during the night, and the title remained with her.\ Published in 1859 Notes on Nursing provides a simple but practical discussion of good patient care, along with helpful hints.\ According to Florence Nightingale, hygiene, sanitation, fresh air, proper lighting, a good diet, warmth, quietness and attentiveness were necessary conditions for hospitals and were to be ensured by trained nurses.\ Nightingale implemented hand washing and other hygiene practices in the war hospital in which she worked.\ More soldiers die because from infection than from bullets she advocated sanitary living conditions as of great importance.\ EDUCATION PERIOD (18TH - 20T\" CENTURY)\ Florence Nightingale was one of the pioneers in establishing the idea of nursing schools from her base at St. Thomas\' Hospital, London in 1860 when she opened the Nightingale Training School for Nurses\', now part of King\'s College London. NIGHTINGALE SCHOOL OF NURSING 口 During the war a public subscription fund was set up for Florence Nightingale to continue her education of nurses in England, and the Nightingale Training School at St. Thomas\' Hospital opened in 1860. The education of recruits involved a year of practical instruction in the wards, supplemented with courses of lecturing, and followed by two years of work experience in the hospital. After graduation, many of the students staffed British hospitals, and others spread the Nightingale education system CONCEPT IN THE NIGHTINGALE SYSTEM OF EDUCATION 1. Government funds should be allotted to nursing education.\ First nurse political activist. 2. Training schools of Nursing should be in close affiliation. 3. 4. Professional nurses should train nurses. Nursing students should be provided with residence near their training hospitals. Written orders of doctors were insisted.\ 0.0 6. Nurses should go with doctors during their rounds. All nurses must be trained, in a regular civil hospital. Civil Hospital - Public Hospital Training was fundamentally on the apprenticeship model: hands-on, in the wards, under the ward sister. 1. Classes, given by medical doctors, augmented training in the wards. 2. The \"home sister\" or \"mistress of probationers\" organized the training. 3. District nurses had to be hospital trained (or they would not see enough serious cases). 4. Midwifery nurses had to be hospital trained. 1l. 12. Training was required for administrative positions. Probationers kept diaries and case notes of their work, examined by the matron and home sister, and often by Nightingale. 1. A major component of training was moral: ethical standards for patient care. 2. Technical training had to be updated 3. A Probationers\' Home should be provided, with a private room for each, comfortable(common) living. 4. Responsibility for probationers\' health and safety, including rules to prevent septicemia and ongoing monitoring of probationers\' health. 5. Certificates and letters of reference had to be dated and were relevant only for a short time. 6. A matron should have a housekeeper under her so that she could concentrate on the nursing and the nurse training. 7. The superintendent herself must have the highest knowledge of nursing, be herself resident in the hospital, make the training in nursing her first object, and be herself a trained nurse of the highest order.\ CONTEMPORARY PERIOD (21ST CENTURY) Nursing After World War 1 World War I - World War I (often abbreviated as WWI or WW1), also known as the First World War or the Great War, was a global war originating in Europe that lasted from 28 July 1914 to 11 November 1918. Conflict between the great powers of Europe were divided into two coalitions: the Triple Entente-consisting of France, Russia and Britain and the Triple Alliance of Germany, Austria-Hungary and Italy The silver lining of the great war. A sign of hope or a positive aspect in an otherwise negative c) d) e\) \| g) The nurses performed triage as patients came in on ambulance trains, directed corps men who had little medical training, managed entire wards of patients and performed a variety of procedures, including irrigating wounds and managing infection. Dependent to Independent nursing practice. Good Infection control and wound care even with the absence of antibiotics and electricity. American nurses worked on base hospitals, hospital trains, hospital ships, field hospitals, camp hospitals and even evacuation hospitals and mobile units. Mobilizing women and women empowerment. Nurses earned the respect of those they served with, and they were decision- makers. That was very different for them, not just as nurses but as women. NURSING AFTER WORLD WAR II New Opportunities for Women: Wartime and the American Work force. Nurses on the Front Lines. The Scars of War: PTSD in WWIl Nurses (Post Traumatic Stress Disorder). RISE OF THE BSN CURRICULUM The Degree of Bachelor of Science in Nursing: 1941 - 1951. A nursing curriculum which was based on the thesis presented by Julita V. Setcio, graduate of the Philippine General Hospital School of Nursing, tackles on the development of a nursing education within a University-based College of Nursing. When the Japanese occupied the Philippines in1942, training and practice at the hospital schools of nursing in Manila was \"violently disrupted.\" However. US. colonial patterns in Philippine nursing education soon retumed after the U.S. reclaimed the country in 1945 and even after the Philippines gained independence from the U.S. July 4, 1946. The First Colleges of Nursing in the Philippines: University of Santo Tomas-College of Nursing (1946) In 1947, the Bureau of Private Schools permitted UST to grant the title Graduate Nurse to the 21 students who were of advanced standing from 1948 up to the present. Manila Central University-College of Nursing (1947) Maticine dagres in 1947 and served as the dinical fed for practice. University of the Nursing(1948) Philippines Manila-College of The idea of opening the college began in a conference between Miss Julita Socio and UP President. In April 1948, the University Council approved the curriculum, and the Board of Regents recognized the profession as having an equal standing as Medicine, Engineering etc. Miss Julita Seteie was its first dean. NURSING AT PRESENT Nursing at present can be understood as an emerging profession, and an academic discipline. It is also a human science (Mitchell&Codx, 1992). Nursing practice today is an \"interaction of the processes of knowing and doing\" (Lindeman & McAthic, 1999.₽. 35). The nurse of today is a knowledge worker, one who is consciously using knowledge while implementing and evaluating every nursing action (Lindeman & McAthie, 1999). WHERE IS NURSING GOING? Nursing will continue to face the challenges in terms of knowledge development. As an emerging discipline (branch of educational instruction), it was influenced by logical positivism, and thus knowledge generation has stressed traditional, orthodox, and experimental suethods.but this era has challenged this viewpoint because nurses are now torn between emphasizing a humanistic holistic focus or objectively and scientifically derive means of ロ comprehending reality (Mc Ewen& Wills, 2007). It is the contention of Brooks & Klein-Kracht (1983) that nursing has returned to its humanistic philosophical aspects and that it is to\"recapture its roots.\" going back to the basics WHAT IS IT IN SEARCH OF? Nursing to this day is still in search of nursing knowledge. This search is evident in the statement \"The knowledge that constitutes the discipline has not yet been identified and structured, and agreement has not been reached concerning appropriate and needed inclusions. (Schlotfeldt, 1992 as cited by McEwen et al, 2007). ROLES AND FUNCTIONS OF THE NURSE TODAY a\. b. Caregiver Communicator Teacher d\. c. f. Client Advocate Counselor Change Agent Leader Manager i. Case Manager EXPANDED CAREER ROLES FOR NURSE a) Nurse Practitioner Clinical Nurse Specialist Nurse Anesthetist Nurse Midwife Nurse Research Nure dinistrator Nurse Entrepreneur WEEK 4: NIGHTINGALE-WATSON-RAY Florence Nightingale\'s Environmental Theory NOTE:Elorence Nightingale, known as the founder of modern nursing, revolutionized the field with her environmental theory. Let\'s explore her background, contributions, and the impact of her theory on nursing practice. Florence Nightingale\'s Background and Contributions Early Life The Crimean Pioneering Bor in Italy War Reforms in 1820. 口 Nightingale 口 Nightingale gained She defied societal expectations recognition for established the first her work in professional and pursued improving training school her passion for sanitary for nurses and nursing. conditions and advocated for