W14 Animals' Need to Survive (PDF)

# Animals' Need to Survive ## Week 13 and 14 ### Levels of Biological Organization - Cells - Tissues - Organs - Organ Systems - Organisms - Population - Community - Ecosystem - Biosphere ### Animal Cells are Organized Animals cells are organized into specialized groups called tissues with dist...

# Animals' Need to Survive ## Week 13 and 14 ### Levels of Biological Organization - Cells - Tissues - Organs - Organ Systems - Organisms - Population - Community - Ecosystem - Biosphere ### Animal Cells are Organized Animals cells are organized into specialized groups called tissues with distinct functions. Tissues for an organ, which work together to perform a complex job. In most animals, different organs from organ systems. ### Animals... - Obtain their food from others - Have adaptations for escaping predators - Move from place to place - Reproduce through asexual or sexual means ### Animals' Specialized Structures ### Major Organs Systems and their Functions - Integumentary - Skeletal - Muscular - Nervous - Circulatory - Respiratory - Digestive - Excretory - Urinary - Reproductive - Endocrine - Immune ### Animals' Needs for Survival ### The Need for Protection and Support An animal's body is protected by an outer covering called integument. - Reptiles have scales - Birds have feathers - Mammals have hair ### The Need to Provide Body Shape and Support for Internal Organs Most animals have a firm framework called skeleton, which gives support and protection for the body. - **Endoskeleton**: bones inside the human hand - **Exoskeleton**: the shell outside a snail - **Hydrostatic skeleton**: water pressure inside an earthworm ### The Need to Move Muscles allow movement and locomotion. - Cardiac muscle cell - Skeletal muscle cell - Smooth muscle cell ### The Need to Ingest Food All living organisms require food because contain energy and materials essential for movement, growth, and development. ### Pathway of Food in the Body | Number | Organ | Process | | --- | --- | --- | | 1 | Mouth | Ingestion | | 2 | Esophagus | Conduction | | 3 | Stomach | Digestion | | 4 | Small Intestine | Absorption | | 5 | Large Intestine | Elimination | ### The Need to Transport Essential Materials Animals must take in nutrients, exchange essential gases, and remove unwatched products in every cell of the body. - **Amoeba**: Oxygen and other substances from the environment can easily pass through the cell membrane by diffusion. - **Hydra**: Cnidarians, like the Hydra, have a central gastrovascular activity that distributes important substances within its body. - **Humans**: In humans, since there are many cells situated at the center of the body far from the outside environment, oxygen and food materials are distributed through the circulatory system. ### The Need for a Defense System The human body is equipped with an immune system composed of special cells, proteins, tissues, and organs that protect the body from potential dangers of foreign bodies. - Adenoid - Tonsil - Right lymphatic duct entering vein - Bone marrow - Thymus - Lymph nodes - Spleen - Lymph vessel - Lymph node - Masses of lymphocytes and macrophages ### The Need to Respire and Exchange Essential Gases - Respiration is how the body gets oxygen and gets rid of carbon dioxide. - Breathing is the act of taking in oxygen into the lungs and releasing carbon dioxide out of the lungs. | Type of Respiration | Description | |---|---| | Skin | Oxygen and Carbon dioxide are exchanged through the skin | | Tracheal System | Insects use a system of tubes called tracheae to transport oxygen and carbon dioxide | | Gills | Aquatic animals use gills to extract oxygen from the water | | Lungs | Most land animals use lungs to breathe | ### The Need to Regulate and Maintain Internal Body Processes The endocrine system produces chemicals that control the body's daily activities and long-term development. - Pineal Gland - Thymus - Hypothalamus - Pituitary Glad - Thyroid and parathyroid glands - Pancreas - Ovary (in females) - Adrenal glands - Placenta (during pregnancy) - Testicle (in males) ### The Need to Control and Respond to Environmental Changes The Nervous System gathers information from the environment through the sense organs, processes the sensations, and executes a response either through a motor process such as movement or a change in the organism's behavior or physiological state. - Dendrite - Soma - Axon - Scwann Cell - Myelin Sheath - Nucleus - Nerve ending ### The Need to Eliminate Wastes and Other Harmful Substances Excretion maintains homeostasis by keeping the internal environment free from harmful levels of chemical buildup. - **Single-celled organisms**: Contractile vacuoles collect and eliminate waste. - **Insects**: Malpighian tubules filter waste products from the hemolymph. - **Vertebrates**: Kidneys are the primary organs responsible for filtering waste from the blood and producing urine.