Acupuncture Biomedical Foundation W1-2, Physiological Chemistry and Processes PDF

Acupuncture Biomedical Foundation Acupuncture 1160 W1-2, Physiological chemistry and processes Di Wu, R.TCM.P. Course objectives Learn ten major anatomical systems and their normal physiological functions Recognize and palpate bone landmarks and their lo...

Acupuncture Biomedical Foundation Acupuncture 1160 W1-2, Physiological chemistry and processes Di Wu, R.TCM.P. Course objectives Learn ten major anatomical systems and their normal physiological functions Recognize and palpate bone landmarks and their location Identify and palpate muscle groups in the surface of the human body Introduction Human Anatomy (Macroscopic) Human Physiology Human Histology (Microscopic) Structure Function Organization of the body Different levels of structural organization and complexity of human body 1. Chemical level 2. Cell level 3. Tissue level 4. Organ level 5. System level The basic unit that makes up the human body is the cell. （30 trillion cells in the human body) Organization of the body  Functional classification Systems Cardiovascular System Transport systems Lymphatic System Nervous System Communication Internal communication Endocrine System External Special Senses communication Intake of raw materials and Respiratory System Digestive system elimination of waste Urinary System Protection and continuation of Musculoskeletal System Reproductive System the species SkinOrganization and immunityof the body Anatomical terms Anatomical Position Directional term Meaning Medial Nearer to the midline Lateral Further from the midline or at the side of the body Nearer to a point of attachment of a limb, or origin of a body Proximal part Further from a point of attachment of a limb, or origin of a Distal body part Anterior or ventral Nearer the front of the body Posterior or dorsal Nearer the front of the body Superior Nearer the head Inferior Further from the head Body Planes Organization of the body Anatomical terms Organization of the body Review and revise List A List B _____ (a) Pedal 1. Head _____ (b) Axillary 2. Thigh _____ (c) Femoral 3. Wrist _____ (d) Cephalic 4. Arm _____ (e) Thoracic 5. Armpit _____ (f) Frontal 6. Chest _____ (g) Carpal 7. Foot _____ (h) Brachial 8. Forehead Organization of the body Atoms, Molecules and Compounds Atoms, Molecules and Compounds Atomic Structure Electric Particle Mass Charge Proton 1 unit 1 positive Neutron 1 unit Neutral Electron Negligible 1 negative Characteristics of subatomic particles Atoms, Molecules and Compounds Molecules and Compounds Compounds containing carbon and hydrogen are classified as organic, all others as inorganic A water molecule, showing the covalent bonds between hydrogen and oxygen atoms The ionic bond in NaCl Atoms, Molecules and Compounds Electrolytes Important electrolytes include sodium (Na+), chloride (Cl-), potassium (K+), calcium (Ca2+), bicarbonate ( HCO- 3) and phosphate (PO3-4 ) In the body electrolytes: permit the generation and conduction of action potentials, electrical signals essential for muscle and nerve function exert osmotic pressure, keeping body fluids in their own compartments act as buffers to resist pH changes in body fluids. Atoms, Molecules and Compounds Acids, bases and pH The measuring system used to express the concentration of hydrogen ions [H+], in a fluid is pH, which is an indicator of its acidity or alkalinity. pH: 7.35-7.45 Atoms, Molecules and Compounds Important biological molecules: Carbohydrates contain carbon, oxygen and hydrogen Functions of sugars include: a ready source of energy to fuel cell metabolism energy storage, e.g. glycogen forming an integral part of the structure of DNA and RNA acting as receptors on the cell surface Atoms, Molecules and Compounds Amino acids and proteins contain carbon, oxygen, hydrogen and nitrogen The amino acids found in human proteins have a common structure, including an amino group (NH2), a carboxyl group(COOH) and a hydrogen atom (H) Atoms, Molecules and Compounds Lipids contain carbon, oxygen and, hydrogen The most important groups of lipids include: Fats Phospholipids Certain vitamins Prostaglandins Steroid hormones Atoms, Molecules and Compounds Nucleotides A B Adenosine triphosphate and adenosine diphosphate. (A) Structures. (B) Conversion cycle. Atoms, Molecules and Compounds Enzymes Atoms, Molecules and Compounds The internal environment and homeostasis Homeostasis Homeostasis and Negative/Positive Feedback - YouTube Negative feedback mechanisms Nearly all are controlled by negative feedback mechanisms. Positive feedback mechanisms Examples include blood clotting and uterine contractions during labor negative feedback mechanism: control of body temperature The internal environment and homeostasis Body fluids Movement of substances within body fluids Diffusion. A spoonful of sugar Osmosis across a semipermeable membrane. The in a cup of coffee. (A) Before pores in the membrane are too small to allow the diffusion. (B) After diffusion. sugar molecules through, so only water can pass Body fluids Fluid compartments Intro to fluid compartments: ECF and ICF - YouTube Body fluids