W. David Yates - Safety professional's reference and study guide (2020).pdf

Safety Professional’s Reference and Study Guide Taylor & Francis Taylor & Francis Group http://taylorandfrancis.com Safety Professional’s Reference and Study Guide Third Edition W. David Yates CRC Press Taylor & Francis Group 6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300 Boc...

Safety Professional’s Reference and Study Guide Taylor & Francis Taylor & Francis Group http://taylorandfrancis.com Safety Professional’s Reference and Study Guide Third Edition W. David Yates CRC Press Taylor & Francis Group 6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300 Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742 © 2020 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, an Informa business No claim to original U.S. Government works Printed on acid-free paper International Standard Book Number-13: 978-0-367-26363-8 (Hardback) This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the author and publisher cannot assume responsibility for the validity of all materials or the consequences of their use. The authors and publishers have attempted to trace the copyright holders of all material reproduced in this publication and apologize to copyright holders if permission to publish in this form has not been obtained. If any copyright material has not been acknowledged, please write and let us know so we may rectify in any future reprint. Except as permitted under U.S. Copyright Law, no part of this book may be reprinted, reproduced, transmitted, or utilized in any form by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying, microfilming, and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without written permission from the publishers. For permission to photocopy or use material electronically from this work, please access www. copyright.com (http://www.copyright.com/) or contact the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc. (CCC), 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, 978-750-8400. CCC is a not-for-profit organization that provides licenses and registration for a variety of users. For organizations that have been granted a photocopy license by the CCC, a separate system of payment has been arranged. Trademark Notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: Yates, W. David, author. Title: Safety professional’s reference and study guide, third edition / authored by W. David Yates. Description: Third edition. | Boca Raton : CRC Press, 2020. | Includes bibliographical references and index. Identifiers: LCCN 2019046928 (print) | LCCN 2019046929 (ebook) | ISBN 9780367263638 (hardback) | ISBN 9780429293054 (ebook) Subjects: LCSH: Industrial safety—Examinations—Study guides. Classification: LCC T55. Y38 2020 (print) | LCC T55 (ebook) | DDC 363.11076—dc23 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2019046928 LC ebook record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2019046929 Visit the Taylor & Francis Web site at http://www.taylorandfrancis.com and the CRC Press Web site at http://www.crcpress.com With enormous gratitude to my wonderful and supportive wife, Sharon, who has been there during the late nights; to our children, Joseph, Jason, Katie, Cody, and Jesse; and to our grandchildren, Jonathon Elisha, Jordan Nicole, Jacob Michael, Bailey Addison, Mason Tanner, Madison Olivia, Jagger, Hattie Grace, Aiden, and Riley. I dedicate this book. Taylor & Francis Taylor & Francis Group http://taylorandfrancis.com Contents Preface.............................................................................................................. xxxvii Author............................................................................................................... xxxix 1. The Safety Profession and Preparing for the ASP/CSP Exam.............. 1 Board of Certi!ed Safety Professionals........................................................ 1 De!nitions......................................................................................................... 2 Minimum Quali!cations to Sit for the ASP Examination......................... 4 Academic Requirements............................................................................ 4 Professional Safety Experience................................................................. 4 Minimum Quali!cations to Sit for the CSP Examination.......................... 4 Academic Requirements............................................................................ 5 Professional Safety Experience Requirements....................................... 5 ASP/CSP Process.............................................................................................. 6 Examination Blueprint.................................................................................... 6 Associate Safety Professional Examination Blueprint.......................... 6 Domain #1—Mathematics (18%)........................................................... 6 Domain #2—Safety Management Systems (23%).............................. 7 Domain #3—Ergonomics (13%)............................................................ 7 Domain #4—Fire Prevention and Protection (11%)........................... 7 Domain #5—Occupational Health (11%)............................................ 7 Domain #6—Environmental Management (15%).............................. 7 Domain #7—Training, Education, and Communication (9%)......... 7 Certi!ed Safety Professional (CSP) Examination Blueprint................. 8 Domain #1—Advanced Sciences and Math (9.95%)........................... 8 Domain #2—Management Systems (13.34%)...................................... 8 Domain #3—Risk Management (14.49%)............................................ 9 Domain #4—Advanced Application of Key Safety Concepts (14.69%)................................................................................... 9 Domain #5—Emergency Preparedness, Fire Prevention, and Security (10.59%)................................................................................... 10 Domain #6—Occupational Health and Ergonomics (12.05%)....... 11 Domain #7—Environmental Management Systems (7.38%).......... 11 Domain #8—Training and Education (10.18%)................................. 12 Domain #9—Law and Ethics (7.33%)................................................. 12 Preparing for the ASP/CSP Examinations................................................. 12 Knowing Your Strengths and Weaknesses........................................... 13 Developing an Examination Preparation Plan..................................... 13 References and Resources............................................................................. 14 Test-Taking Strategy...................................................................................... 14 vii viii Contents 2. Regulations.................................................................................................... 17 Occupational Safety and Health Act........................................................... 17 Who Is Covered under the Occupational Safety and Health Act?......... 18 Horizontal and Vertical Standards.............................................................. 18 General Duty Clause..................................................................................... 18 Employer Rights and Responsibilities........................................................ 18 Employee Rights and Responsibilities........................................................ 19 Communications and Correspondence with OSHA................................ 19 OSHA Inspections and Process................................................................... 20 OSHA Citations.............................................................................................. 21 OSHA Citation Penalties............................................................................... 21 Adjustment of Penalties for Good Faith..................................................... 22 Appeals............................................................................................................ 23 Employee Appeals.................................................................................... 23 Employer Appeals..................................................................................... 23 Petition for Modi!cation of Abatement...................................................... 24 Notice of Contest............................................................................................ 24 Review Procedure.......................................................................................... 25 Hazard Communication Standard (29 CFR 1910.1200)............................. 25 Purpose....................................................................................................... 25 Scope and Application.............................................................................. 26 Written Hazard Communication Standard............................................... 26 Label and Other Forms of Warning............................................................ 27 Safety Data Sheets.......................................................................................... 27 Employee Information and Training.......................................................... 28 Training...................................................................................................... 28 Blood-Borne Pathogens Standard (29 CFR 1910.1030)............................... 29 Scope, Application, and De!nitions....................................................... 29 Exposure Control Plan............................................................................. 29 Hepatitis B Vaccination and Postexposure Follow-Up............................. 30 Communication of Hazards.................................................................... 30 Record Keeping.................................................................................... 30 Control of Hazardous Energy Standard (29 CFR 1910.147)...................... 31 Scope, Application, and Purpose............................................................ 31 De!nitions.................................................................................................. 31 Energy Control Program.......................................................................... 33 Periodic Inspection................................................................................... 33 Training and Communication................................................................. 33 Con!ned Space Entry Standard (29 CFR 1910.146)................................... 34 Scope and Application.............................................................................. 34 De!nitions.................................................................................................. 34 General Requirements.............................................................................. 35 Con!ned Space Entry Program.............................................................. 35 Entry Permits............................................................................................. 36 Contents ix Training...................................................................................................... 36 Personal Protective Equipment (29 CFR 1910.132)..................................... 36 Application................................................................................................. 36 Employee-Owned Equipment................................................................. 37 Hazard Assessment and Equipment Selection..................................... 37 Training...................................................................................................... 37 Respiratory Protection Standard (29 CFR 1910.134).................................. 38 Purpose....................................................................................................... 38 De!nitions.................................................................................................. 38 Respiratory Protection Program............................................................. 39 Training and Information........................................................................ 39 Fall Protection Standard (29 CFR 1926.500–503) (Subpart M)................. 40 Scope and Application.............................................................................. 40 De!nitions.................................................................................................. 40 Duty to Have Fall Protection................................................................... 41 Training...................................................................................................... 41 Record Keeping.............................................................................................. 42 OSHA 300, 300-A, AND 301 FORMS (29 CFR 1904.29)........................ 42 How Quickly Must Each Injury or Illness Be Recorded?.................... 42 Annual Summary................................................................................ 43 Providing Records to Government Representatives............................ 43 Reporting Serious Incidents or Fatalities (29 CFR 1904.39)...................... 43 Determining Recordable Injuries or Illnesses...................................... 44 Calculating Total Recordable Incident Rates (TRIR)................................ 44 Calculating Days Away, Restricted, or Transfer Rates............................. 45 Calculating Severity Rates............................................................................ 45 Key Information to Remember on Regulations........................................ 46 Comparison of Hazard Communication Requirements.......................... 47 OSHA Hazard Communication Standard 29 CFR 1910.1200 (HCS) and Globally Harmonized System (GHS).................................. 47 Introduction.......................................................................................... 47 Comparison of Health Hazards................................................................. 114 General Comments................................................................................. 114 Comparison of Physical Hazards.............................................................. 134 Comparison of OSHA HCS and GHS Criteria................................... 134 Comparison of Label Elements................................................................. 153 General Comments................................................................................. 153 GHS and Transport Pictograms................................................................. 157 General Comments................................................................................. 157 Physical and Environmental Hazard Symbols................................... 158 Label Examples........................................................................................ 159 Comparison of MSDS Elements................................................................. 162 General Comments................................................................................. 162 x Contents 3. Math Review................................................................................................ 177 Order of Operations.................................................................................... 177 PEMDAS: “Please Excuse My Dear Aunt Sally”..................................... 177 Correct Method Example....................................................................... 177 Incorrect Method Example.................................................................... 178 Basic Rules of Positive and Negative Numbers....................................... 178 Understanding Exponents..................................................................... 178 Scienti!c Notation........................................................................................ 179 Multiplication and Division Using Scienti!c Notation..................... 179 Engineering Notation.................................................................................. 180 Absolute Values............................................................................................ 181 Logarithms.................................................................................................... 181 Formula or Equation Transpositions........................................................ 182 Factorials....................................................................................................... 184 Euler’s Number............................................................................................ 184 Common Geometric Equations................................................................. 184 Pythagorean Equation................................................................................. 185 Basic Trigonometric Functions................................................................... 186 Sine............................................................................................................ 187 Cosine....................................................................................................... 188 Tangent..................................................................................................... 188 Arcsine, Arccosine, and Arctangent..................................................... 188 Quadratic Equation..................................................................................... 190 Calculator...................................................................................................... 191 Summary....................................................................................................... 191 4. Particulates and Gases............................................................................... 193 Periodic Table of the Elements................................................................... 193 Atomic Number........................................................................................... 193 Atomic Mass................................................................................................. 194 Atoms............................................................................................................. 194 Chemical Bonding....................................................................................... 195 Moles.............................................................................................................. 196 Molecules and Compounds........................................................................ 197 Mixtures........................................................................................................ 197 Chemical Formulas................................................................................. 197 Atomic Weight of Compounds.................................................................. 198 Percentage of Element in a Compound (by Weight)............................... 199 Acids, Bases, and pH’s................................................................................. 199 Gas Laws....................................................................................................... 200 Boyle’s Law............................................................................................... 200 Charles’ Law............................................................................................ 200 Ideal Gas Law.......................................................................................... 201 Conversion Factors for Converting Pressure Units to Atmospheric Pressure Units............................................................. 202 Contents xi Conversion Factors for Converting Units of Volume to Liters..... 202 Converting Grams to Moles.............................................................. 202 Universal Gas Constant.......................................................................... 203 Combined Gas Law................................................................................ 203 Concentrations of Vapors, Gases, and Particulates................................. 204 Standard Temperature and Pressure........................................................ 205 Standards and Regulations........................................................................ 205 Time-Weighted Average.............................................................................. 205 Calculating PELs/TLVs for Periods Greater than 8 h............................. 206 Gaseous Mixtures........................................................................................ 207 Liquid Mixtures........................................................................................... 208 Percentage of TLV Mixture......................................................................... 208 Converting mg/m3 to ppm......................................................................... 209 Converting ppm to mg/m3......................................................................... 209 Lower Flammability Limit of Mixtures.................................................... 210 Referenced Equations.................................................................................. 211 Boyle’s Law............................................................................................... 211 Charles’ Law............................................................................................ 211 Ideal Gas Law.......................................................................................... 211 Combined Gas Law................................................................................ 211 Time-Weighted Average......................................................................... 212 Calculating PELs/TLVs for Periods Greater than 8 h........................ 212 Gaseous Mixtures................................................................................... 212 Liquid Mixtures...................................................................................... 212 Percentage of TLV for Mixtures............................................................ 212 Calculating PEL/TLV for Silica............................................................. 213 Converting mg/m3 to ppm.................................................................... 213 Converting ppm to mg/m3.................................................................... 213 LFLs of Mixtures..................................................................................... 213 Key Information to Remember on Particulates and Gases.................... 214 Reference....................................................................................................... 214 5. Toxicology.................................................................................................... 215 De!nitions..................................................................................................... 215 Routes of Entry............................................................................................. 216 Inhalation................................................................................................. 216 Ingestion................................................................................................... 217 Absorption............................................................................................... 217 Percutaneous and Intravenous Injections........................................... 217 Dose–Response Relationship..................................................................... 218 Exposures to Chemical Combinations..................................................... 218 Stages of Cancer........................................................................................... 219 Initiation................................................................................................... 220 Latency Period......................................................................................... 220 xii Contents Promotion................................................................................................. 220 Progression............................................................................................... 220 Types of Poisons........................................................................................... 220 Ames Testing................................................................................................ 220 Cohort Study................................................................................................. 221 Advantages.............................................................................................. 221 Disadvantages......................................................................................... 221 Case–Control Study..................................................................................... 221 Cross-Sectional Study................................................................................. 221 Common Occupational Diseases and Disorders Caused by a Contributing Agent or Substance.............................................................. 222 Asbestosis and Asbestos-Related Illnesses......................................... 222 Brucellosis................................................................................................ 223 Benzene-Related Illnesses...................................................................... 223 Byssinosis................................................................................................. 223 Arsenic-Related Illnesses....................................................................... 224 Berylliosis and Beryllium-Related Illnesses........................................ 225 Copper-Related Illnesses....................................................................... 225 Cadmium-Related Illnesses................................................................... 226 Chromium-Related Illnesses................................................................. 226 Coal Dust-Related Illnesses................................................................... 227 Cobalt-Related Illnesses......................................................................... 227 Acute Exposure.................................................................................. 227 Chronic Exposure............................................................................... 227 Formaldehyde-Related Illnesses........................................................... 228 Lead-Related Illnesses............................................................................ 228 Manganese-Related Illnesses................................................................ 229 Mercury-Related Illnesses..................................................................... 230 Pneumoconiosis...................................................................................... 231 Silica-Related Illnesses........................................................................... 231 Zinc-Related Illnesses............................................................................. 231 Aluminum-Related Illnesses................................................................. 232 Antimony-Related Illnesses................................................................... 233 Dust-Related Illnesses............................................................................ 233 Common Environments for Contracting Dust-Related Illnesses.................................................................... 234 Thallium-Related Illnesses.................................................................... 234 Pesticide-Related Illnesses..................................................................... 235 Key Information to Remember on Toxicology......................................... 235 References..................................................................................................... 236 6. Industrial Hygiene Air Sampling........................................................... 239 Anticipation of Hazards............................................................................. 239 Recognition of Hazards.............................................................................. 240 Evaluation of Hazards................................................................................. 240 Contents xiii Control of Hazards...................................................................................... 240 De!nitions..................................................................................................... 240 Air Sampling................................................................................................ 241 Sampling Methodology.......................................................................... 242 Equipment Selection.................................................................................... 242 Air Sampling Pumps.............................................................................. 243 Piston and Bellow Air Pumps............................................................... 243 Direct-Reading Instruments.................................................................. 243 Cyclones.................................................................................................... 244 Sampling Media........................................................................................... 244 Filters......................................................................................................... 245 Sorbent Tubes........................................................................................... 245 Sample Collection Bags or Canisters........................................................ 246 Passive Samplers.......................................................................................... 246 Sampling Pump Calibration....................................................................... 246 Determining Minimum and Maximum Sample Volumes.................... 248 Determining the Minimum Number of Samples to Collect................. 250 The Sampling Process............................................................................ 250 Industrial Hygiene Sampling and Record-Keeping Procedures.......... 252 Spiramid........................................................................................................ 254 Medgate......................................................................................................... 255 Process MAP................................................................................................. 255 Key Information to Remember on Industrial Hygiene Air Sampling.......................................................................................... 255 References..................................................................................................... 257 7. Ventilation.................................................................................................... 259 Purpose for Using Ventilation................................................................... 259 Types and Selection of Ventilation............................................................ 259 General Ventilation................................................................................. 260 Dilution Ventilation................................................................................ 260 Local (Exhaust) Ventilation.................................................................... 260 General Concepts of Ventilation Notes..................................................... 260 Principles of Air Movement....................................................................... 261 Calculating for Volumetric Air Flow................................................... 261 Calculating Static Pressure, Velocity Pressure, and Total Pressure......261 Calculating Velocity of Air.................................................................... 262 Contaminant Generation....................................................................... 263 Calculating Purge Rates......................................................................... 265 Steady-State Concentration.................................................................... 266 Calculating Rate of Generation for Liquid Solvents.......................... 267 Calculating Vapor or Gaseous Concentrations................................... 268 Calculating Room Air Changes............................................................ 268 Calculating Concentration of a Contaminant with Dilution Ventilation................................................................................................ 269 xiv Contents Local Exhaust Ventilation........................................................................... 270 Canopy Hood........................................................................................... 270 Down Draft Hood................................................................................... 271 Enclosure Hood....................................................................................... 271 Receiving Hood....................................................................................... 271 Openings.................................................................................................. 271 Calculating Hood Entry Losses............................................................ 272 Calculating Air #ow Velocity................................................................ 273 Calculating Capture Velocity for Plain Opening Hood.................... 274 Ducts......................................................................................................... 275 Fans........................................................................................................... 276 Calculating Static Pressure of the Fan (SPh)................................... 276 Air-Cleaning Devices............................................................................. 277 Ventilation Measurement Equipment....................................................... 277 Pitot Tubes................................................................................................ 277 Rotating Vane Anemometers................................................................ 277 Thermal Anemometers.......................................................................... 277 Key Information to Remember on Ventilation........................................ 277 References..................................................................................................... 278 8. Noise and OSHA’s Hearing Conservation Program........................... 279 OSHA’s Hearing Conservation Program.................................................. 279 Who Is Included in the Hearing Conservation Program?................ 279 Monitoring............................................................................................... 280 Sound-Measuring Instruments............................................................. 280 Employee Noti!cation............................................................................ 280 Audiometric Testing............................................................................... 280 Standard Threshold Shift....................................................................... 281 Training Program.................................................................................... 281 Record Keeping....................................................................................... 281 Noise-Related De!nitions........................................................................... 282 Noise......................................................................................................... 282 Continuous Noise................................................................................... 282 Intermittent Noise................................................................................... 282 Sound........................................................................................................ 282 Frequency (f)........................................................................................... 282 Period........................................................................................................ 283 Speed or Velocity of Sound (c)............................................................... 283 Wavelength (!)......................................................................................... 283 Anatomy and Physiology of the Ear......................................................... 284 Types of Hearing Loss................................................................................. 284 Major Causes of Hearing Loss................................................................... 285 OSHA Permissible Noise Exposures........................................................ 285 Entities of Noise........................................................................................... 286 Sound Power (Lw).................................................................................... 286 Contents xv Sound Pressure (Lp)................................................................................ 286 Sound Intensity (LI)................................................................................. 287 Noise Calculations....................................................................................... 287 Calculating Permissible Noise Exposures........................................... 287 Calculating Noise Dosage...................................................................... 288 Converting Noise Dosage into TWA.................................................... 289 Combining Noise Levels........................................................................ 289 Calculating Sound Levels at Various Distances................................. 291 Calculating Sound Power Level (Lw).................................................... 292 Calculating Sound Pressure (Lp) Levels (or SPL)................................ 292 Calculating Sound Intensity Levels (LI)............................................... 293 Calculating Room Absorption.............................................................. 294 Calculating Absorption along a Transmission Path.......................... 295 Key Information to Remember on Noise and the Hearing Conservation Program................................................................................ 295 References..................................................................................................... 296 9. Biological Hazards..................................................................................... 297 Bacterial Diseases........................................................................................ 297 Anthrax..................................................................................................... 297 Brucellosis................................................................................................ 298 Leptospirosis............................................................................................ 298 Plague....................................................................................................... 299 Tetanus...................................................................................................... 299 Tuberculosis............................................................................................. 299 Tularemia................................................................................................. 300 Cat Scratch Fever (Cat Scratch Disease)............................................... 300 Viral Diseases............................................................................................... 301 Hepatitis A............................................................................................... 301 Hepatitis B................................................................................................ 301 Orf (Sore Mouth Disease)....................................................................... 302 Rabies........................................................................................................ 303 Rickettsial and Chlamydia Diseases......................................................... 304 Psittacosis (Ornithosis)........................................................................... 304 Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever............................................................ 304 Q Fever...................................................................................................... 305 Fungal Diseases........................................................................................... 306 Aspergillus............................................................................................... 306 Candidiasis.............................................................................................. 307 Coccidioidomycosis................................................................................ 307 Histoplasmosis........................................................................................ 308 Biological Safety........................................................................................... 308 Laboratory Practice and Technique........................................................... 309 Safety Equipment......................................................................................... 309 Facility Design and Construction.............................................................. 311 xvi Contents Biosafety Levels............................................................................................ 311 Biosafety Level I...................................................................................... 311 Biosafety Level II..................................................................................... 312 Biosafety Level III................................................................................... 312 Biosafety Level IV................................................................................... 312 Key Information to Remember on Biological Hazards.......................... 312 References..................................................................................................... 313 10. Fire Protection and Prevention................................................................ 315 De!nitions..................................................................................................... 315 Transfer of Heat............................................................................................ 316 Heat Transfer by Radiation......................................................................... 316 Heat Transfer by Convection...................................................................... 316 Heat Transfer by Conduction..................................................................... 317 Fire Tetrahedron........................................................................................... 317 Classi!cation of Fires.................................................................................. 318 Class A Fires............................................................................................ 318 Class B Fires............................................................................................. 318 Class C Fires............................................................................................. 318 Class D Fires............................................................................................ 318 Class K Fires............................................................................................. 318 Portable Fire Extinguishers........................................................................ 319 Hydrostatic Testing (Portable Fire Extinguishers)............................. 321 Fire Extinguisher Inspections and Service Requirements................ 321 Automatic Sprinkler Systems..................................................................... 322 Dry Pipe Systems.................................................................................... 322 Wet Pipe Systems.................................................................................... 322 Deluge Systems........................................................................................ 323 Pre-action Systems.................................................................................. 323 Water Spray Systems............................................................................... 323 Foam Water Sprinkler Systems............................................................. 323 Fire Hydrants................................................................................................ 323 Fire Detection............................................................................................... 324 Heat Detectors......................................................................................... 324 Rate-of-Rise Heat Detectors................................................................... 324 Rate-Compensation Detectors.............................................................. 324 Smoke Detectors...................................................................................... 325 Fire Hydrants........................................................................................... 325 Flammable and Combustible Liquids....................................................... 325 Flash Point................................................................................................ 326 Vapor Pressure......................................................................................... 326 Fire Point.................................................................................................. 327 Flammable and Explosive Limit Ranges.................................................. 327 Autoignition Temperature..................................................................... 328 Speci!c Gravity....................................................................................... 329 Contents xvii Vapor Density.......................................................................................... 329 Evaporation Rate..................................................................................... 329 Water Solubility....................................................................................... 329 Boiling Point............................................................................................ 329 Storage Requirements for Flammable and Combustible Liquids......... 330 Inside Storage Rooms for Flammable or Combustible Liquids....... 330 Key Information to Remember on Fire Protections and Prevention............................................................................................ 331 References..................................................................................................... 331 11. Thermal Stressors....................................................................................... 333 Heat Stress..................................................................................................... 333 Sources of Heat Stress............................................................................ 333 Human Body Reaction to Heat............................................................. 334 Safety-Related Issues of Heat................................................................ 335 Health-Related Issues of Heat............................................................... 335 Heat Rash............................................................................................. 335 Heat Cramps....................................................................................... 335 Heat Syncope...................................................................................... 336 Dehydration........................................................................................ 336 Heat Exhaustion................................................................................. 336 Heat Stroke.......................................................................................... 337 Control Methods.......................................................................................... 337 Engineering Controls............................................................................. 337 Administrative and Work Practice Controls....................................... 338 Acclimation or Acclimatization....................................................... 338 Fluid Replacement.............................................................................. 338 Work/Rest Cycles............................................................................... 338 Personal Protective Equipment............................................................. 342 Training.................................................................................................... 342 Prevention of Heat Stress Injuries........................................................ 343 Cold Stress.................................................................................................... 343 Safety Problems Related to Cold............................................................... 344 Cold-Related Injuries and Illnesses........................................................... 344 Chilblains................................................................................................. 344 Immersion Injuries (Trench Foot)......................................................... 345 Hypothermia........................................................................................... 346 Frostbite.................................................................................................... 346 Wind Chill Factor......................................................................................... 347 Personal Protective Clothing................................................................. 348 Nutrition and Activity............................................................................ 348 Fluid Replacement.................................................................................. 349 Training and Discipline......................................................................... 349 Susceptible Groups................................................................................. 349 xviii Contents Treatment of Cold-Related Injuries...................................................... 349 Key Information to Remember on Thermal Stressors............................ 350 References..................................................................................................... 350 12. Personal Protective Equipment............................................................... 351 Hazard Assessment..................................................................................... 351 Head Protection (29 CFR 1910.135)............................................................ 353 Classi!cation............................................................................................ 354 Proper Fit and Wear of Head Protection............................................. 354 Inspection and Maintenance................................................................. 355 Training.................................................................................................... 356 Eye and Face Protect (29 CFR 19101.133)................................................... 356 Fitting........................................................................................................ 358 Inspection and Maintenance................................................................. 358 Hearing Protection (29 CFR 1910.95)......................................................... 358 Hearing Protector Attenuation............................................................. 358 Training.................................................................................................... 360 Respiratory Protection (29 CFR 1910.134)................................................. 360 Purpose..................................................................................................... 361 De!nitions................................................................................................ 361 Respiratory Protection Program........................................................... 362 Training and Information...................................................................... 362 Torso Protection........................................................................................... 363 Arm and Hand Protection (29 CFR 1910.138)........................................... 363 Glove Selection Chart............................................................................. 364 Foot and Leg Protection (29 CFR 1910.136)............................................... 368 Key Information to Remember on Personal Protective Equipment..... 368 References..................................................................................................... 369 13. Statistics for the Safety Professional...................................................... 371 Descriptive Statistics................................................................................... 371 Mean......................................................................................................... 371 Mode......................................................................................................... 372 Median...................................................................................................... 372 Variance.................................................................................................... 372 Normal Distribution.................................................................................... 374 Calculating Correlation Coef!cient.......................................................... 375 Spearman’s Rank Coef!cient of Correlation............................................ 376 Calculating the t Test for Comparing Means........................................... 378 Chi-Square (" 2) Statistic.............................................................................. 379 Degrees of Freedom..................................................................................... 379 p Values.......................................................................................................... 380 Permutations and Combinations............................................................... 380 Permutations with Repetition............................................................... 381 Permutations without Repetition.......................................................... 381 Contents xix Combinations............................................................................................... 382 Z-Score........................................................................................................... 383 Coef!cient of Determination and Coef!cient of Correlation................ 385 Reliability...................................................................................................... 385 Component Reliability........................................................................... 385 Probability of Failure (Component)...................................................... 386 System Reliability.................................................................................... 386 Series Reliability...................................................................................... 387 Parallel Reliability................................................................................... 387 Probability of Failure (System).............................................................. 388 Reference....................................................................................................... 388 14. Electrical Safety.......................................................................................... 389 Electricity Basis............................................................................................ 389 Voltage...................................................................................................... 389 Current...................................................................................................... 390 Resistance................................................................................................. 390 Series and Parallel Circuits......................................................................... 390 Series Circuits.......................................................................................... 390 Parallel Circuits....................................................................................... 390 Direct and Alternating Currents............................................................... 391 Direct Currents........................................................................................ 391 Alternating Currents.............................................................................. 391 Calculating Values of Voltage, Current, and Resistance (Ohm’s Laws)............................................................................................ 391 Calculating Voltage in DC Circuits...................................................... 391 Calculating Voltage in AC Circuits...................................................... 392 Calculating Power in DC Circuits........................................................ 393 Calculating Power in AC Circuits......................................................... 393 Calculating Resistance in DC Circuits................................................. 393 Calculating Resistance in AC Circuits................................................. 394 Resistors........................................................................................................ 394 Calculating the Resistance in a Series Circuit.................................... 394 Calculating the Resistance in a Parallel Circuit................................. 395 Capacitors...................................................................................................... 395 Calculating Capacitance in a Series Circuit........................................ 395 Calculating Capacitance in a Parallel Circuit..................................... 396 Inductors....................................................................................................... 396 Calculating Inductance in a Series Circuit.......................................... 397 Calculating Inductance in a Parallel Circuit....................................... 397 Electrical Shock Hazard.............................................................................. 398 Burns Caused by Electricity....................................................................... 398 Arc Blasts.................................................................................................. 399 Electrical Fires......................................................................................... 400 Controlling Electrical Hazards.................................................................. 400 xx Contents Exposed Electrical Parts......................................................................... 400 Overhead Power Lines........................................................................... 400 Inadequate Wiring.................................................................................. 400 Defective or Damaged Cords and Wires............................................. 401 Use of Flexible Cords................................................................................... 401 Improper Grounding................................................................................... 401 Ground Fault Circuit Interrupters............................................................. 402 Assured Equipment Grounding Conductor Program........................... 402 Overloaded Circuits.................................................................................... 403 Safety-Related Work Practices.................................................................... 403 Planning................................................................................................... 403 Training.................................................................................................... 404 Key Information to Remember on Electrical Safety............................... 404 References..................................................................................................... 405 15. Mechanics..................................................................................................... 407 Energy............................................................................................................ 407 Kinetic Energy......................................................................................... 407 Potential Energy...................................................................................... 408 Elastic Potential Energy......................................................................... 409 Force............................................................................................................... 410 Contact Forces.......................................................................................... 410 Action-at-a-Distance Forces................................................................... 411 De!ning Mass and Weight......................................................................... 411 Amount of Force.......................................................................................... 412 Frictional Force........................................................................................ 412 Force and Distance...................................................................................... 413 Momentum................................................................................................... 414 Work............................................................................................................... 415 Modi!ed Work............................................................................................. 415 Newton’s Laws of Motion........................................................................... 417 Speed.............................................................................................................. 417 Velocity.......................................................................................................... 417 Calculating Final Velocity.......................................................................... 418 Calculating Displacement........................................................................... 419 Key Information to Remember on Mechanics......................................... 420 Reference....................................................................................................... 421 16. Hydrostatics and Hydraulics.................................................................... 423 Water Properties........................................................................................... 423 Hydrostatic Pressure................................................................................... 424 Torricelli’s Law............................................................................................. 425 Head Pressure.............................................................................................. 427 Velocity Head............................................................................................... 428 Velocity Pressure at Constant Laminar Velocity..................................... 428 Contents xxi Flow Rates and Pressure Drops................................................................. 430 Flow Rates and Pressures........................................................................... 431 Calculating Pressure Loss Due to Friction.......................................... 432 Bernoulli’s Principle.................................................................................... 433 Key Information to Remember on Hydrostatics and Hydraulics......... 435 References..................................................................................................... 435 17. Training........................................................................................................ 437 Principles of Adult Learning...................................................................... 437 Adult Learners Are Autonomous and Self-Directed......................... 438 Adult Learners Have a Foundation of Life Experiences and Knowledge............................................................................................... 438 Adult Learners Are Goal Oriented....................................................... 438 Adult Learners Are Relevancy Oriented............................................. 438 Adult Learners Are Practical................................................................. 438 Adult Learners Need to Be Respected................................................. 438 Safety Training Program............................................................................ 439 Delivery Methods........................................................................................ 439 Instructor-Led Training......................................................................... 440 Self-Paced Learning................................................................................ 440 Structured On-the-Job Training............................................................ 441 Training Needs Analysis....................................................................... 441 Type of Needs Analysis......................................................................... 441 Techniques.................................................................................................... 442 Training Program Development................................................................ 442 Written Performance Objectives................................................................ 443 Developing Course Outline........................................................................ 443 Selection of Training Delivery Method.................................................... 444 Development of Course Materials............................................................. 444 Testing and Evaluation................................................................................ 444 Pretests...................................................................................................... 445 Review Tests............................................................................................. 445 Posttests.................................................................................................... 445 Media Presentations.................................................................................... 445 PowerPoint Presentations........................................................................... 445 Charts and Graphs....................................................................................... 446 Key Information to Remember on Training............................................ 446 Reference....................................................................................................... 447 18. Engineering Economics............................................................................. 449 Simple Interest.............................................................................................. 449 Compound Interest...................................................................................... 450 Future Value of Money................................................................................ 451 Loan Balance................................................................................................. 452 Time Value of Money................................................................................... 453 xxii Contents Series Compound Amount Factor............................................................. 454 Sinking Fund Factor.................................................................................... 455 Capital Recovery Factor.............................................................................. 456 Series Present Worth Factor....................................................................... 457 Summary....................................................................................................... 457 Reference....................................................................................................... 458 19. Management Theories............................................................................... 459 Management Theories................................................................................. 459 Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs............................................................... 459 Physiological Needs........................................................................... 459 Safety Needs....................................................................................... 460 Love and Belonging........................................................................... 460 Esteem.................................................................................................. 461 Self-Actualization............................................................................... 461 McGregor’s Theory X and Theory Y.................................................... 461 Theory X.............................................................................................. 461 Theory Y.............................................................................................. 462 Herzberg Motivational Theory............................................................. 462 The Deming Cycle................................................................................... 463 Management by Objectives................................................................... 464 Contingency Theory............................................................................... 464 Systems Theory....................................................................................... 464 Chaos Theory........................................................................................... 464 Management Styles...................................................................................... 465 Directive Democrat................................................................................. 465 Directive Autocrat................................................................................... 465 Permissive Democrat.............................................................................. 465 Permissive Autocrat................................................................................ 465 Key Information to Remember on Management Theories.................... 466 References..................................................................................................... 466 20. Accident Causation and Investigation Techniques............................. 467 Domino Theory............................................................................................ 468 Heinrich’s Axioms of Industrial Safety.................................................... 469 Human Factors Theory............................................................................... 471 Accident and Incident Theory.................................................................... 472 Epidemiological Theory.............................................................................. 473 Systems Theory............................................................................................ 474 Energy Release Theory............................................................................... 475 Behavior Theory........................................................................................... 476 Combination Theory................................................................................... 476 Modern Causation Model........................................................................... 477 Operating Errors..................................................................................... 477 Systems Defects....................................................................................... 478 Contents xxiii Command Error...................................................................................... 478 Safety Program Defect........................................................................... 478 Safety Management Errors.................................................................... 478 Seven Avenues.............................................................................................. 478 Safety Management Error Countermeasures..................................... 479 Safety Program Defect Countermeasures........................................... 479 Command Error Defect Countermeasures......................................... 479 System Defects Countermeasures........................................................ 479 Operating Errors Countermeasures..................................................... 480 Mishap Countermeasures...................................................................... 480 Result Countermeasures........................................................................ 480 Near-Miss Relationship.............................................................................. 480 Accident Investigation Procedures............................................................ 481 Purpose of the Investigation.................................................................. 481 Investigation Procedures....................................................................... 481 Fact Finding............................................................................................. 482 Interviews..................................................................................................... 482 Problem-Solving Techniques (Accident Investigation Techniques).......................................................................................... 483 The Scienti!c Method............................................................................. 483 Gross Hazard Analysis.......................................................................... 484 Job Safety Analysis................................................................................. 484 Failure Modes and Effects Analysis..................................................... 485 Fault Tree Analysis................................................................................. 485 Multilinear Events Sequencing Method.............................................. 486 Report of Investigation................................................................................ 487 Key Information to Remember on Accident Causation and Investigation Techniques............................................................................ 488 References..................................................................................................... 489 21. Workers’ Compensation............................................................................ 491 History of Workers’ Compensation in the United States....................... 491 Current Workers’ Compensation Laws.................................................... 492 Coverage Exemptions.................................................................................. 493 Workers’ Compensation Premiums.......................................................... 494 Calculating Experience Modi!cation Rates............................................. 494 Waiver of Subrogation................................................................................. 495 Safety Professional’s Role and Responsibilities in Workers’ Compensation.............................................................................................. 496 Reporting of Injuries and Claims......................................................... 496 Case Management........................................................................................ 497 Prompt Reporting................................................................................... 497 Return-to-Work/Light Duty Program................................................. 497 Key Information to Remember on Workers’ Compensation................. 499 Reference....................................................................................................... 499 xxiv Contents 22. Ergonomics................................................................................................... 501 De!nitions..................................................................................................... 501 NIOSH Lifting Index................................................................................... 503 Horizontal Component............................................................................... 505 Horizontal Multiplier............................................................................. 505 Vertical Component..................................................................................... 505 Vertical Multiplier................................................................................... 506 Distance Component................................................................................... 506 Asymmetry Component............................................................................. 507 Frequency Component................................................................................ 509 Lifting Duration...................................................................................... 509 Frequency Multiplier.............................................................................. 509 Coupling Component.................................................................................. 509 Coupling Multiplier................................................................................ 509 Lifting Index................................................................................................. 510 Ergonomic Job Analysis Work sheet......................................................... 511 Key Information to Remember on Ergonomics....................................... 515 References..................................................................................................... 516 23. Construction Safety................................................................................... 517 Excavation..................................................................................................... 518 Soil Classi!cations....................................................................................... 519 Protective Systems....................................................................................... 519 Sloping...................................................................................................... 520 Shoring...................................................................................................... 520 Shields (Trench Boxes)............................................................................ 521 RPE-Designed Protective Systems........................................................ 521 Safe Entry and Exit...................................................................................... 521 Most Commonly Cited Trenching Violations.......................................... 522 Electrical Safety in Construction............................................................... 522 Electrical De!nitions................................................................................... 522 Electrical Injuries......................................................................................... 523 Electrical Shock....................................................................................... 523 Burns......................................................................................................... 523 Falls........................................................................................................... 524 Controlling Electrical Hazards.................................................................. 524 Exposed Electrical Parts......................................................................... 524 Overhead Power Lines........................................................................... 524 Inadequate Wiring.................................................................................. 525 Defective or Damaged Cords and Wires............................................. 525 Use of Flexible Cords.............................................................................. 525 Grounding................................................................................................ 526 Ground Fault Circuit Interrupters........................................................ 526 Assured Equipment Grounding Conductor Program....................... 527 Overloaded Circuits................................................................................ 527 Contents xxv Safety-Related Work Practices............................................................... 527 Planning................................................................................................... 528 Training.................................................................................................... 528 Summary.................................................................................................. 528 Static Electricity............................................................................................ 529 Bonding and Grounding............................................................................ 530 Humidi!cation........................................................................................ 530 Static Controllers (Collectors)................................................................ 530 Additives.................................................................................................. 530 Scaffolds........................................................................................................ 530 Fall Hazards............................................................................................. 531 Falling Object (Struck by) Protection................................................... 531 Elements of Safe Scaffold Construction............................................... 532 Scaffold Training Requirements........................................................... 533 Fall Protection and Prevention in Construction...................................... 533 Physics of a Fall....................................................................................... 534 Fall Prevention and Protection.............................................................. 534 Guardrails (29 CFR 1926.502)............................................................ 534 Positioning Device System (29 CFR 1926.502(e))............................ 535 Warning Line Systems (29 CFR 1926.502(f))................................... 536 Controlled Access Zone System (29 CFR 1926.502(g))................... 537 Safety Monitoring System (29 CFR 1926.502(h))............................. 538 Personal Fall Arrest System (29 CFR 1926.502(d)).......................... 538 Safety Net Systems (29 CFR 1926.502(c))......................................... 540 Cranes and Derrick Safety (29 CFR 1926.550).......................................... 541 Welding, Cutting, and Brazing (29 CFR 1926.350-353)........................... 543 Oxygen-Fuel Gas Welding and Cutting.............................................. 543 Fuel Gas and Oxygen Manifolds (29 CFR 1926.350(e))....................... 545 Hoses (29 CFR 1926.350(f))..................................................................... 545 Torches (29 CFR 1926.350(g)).................................................................. 545 Regulators and Gauges (29 CFR 1926.350(h))...................................... 545 Oil and Grease Hazards (29 CFR 1926.350(i))...................................... 546 Arc Welding and Cutting........................................................................... 546 Manual Electrode Holders (29 CFR 1926.351(a))................................. 546 Welding Cables and Connectors (29 CFR 1926.351(b))....................... 546 Ground Returns and Machine Grounding (29 CFR 1926.351(c))...... 547 Resistance Welding...................................................................................... 547 Fire Prevention (29 CFR 1926.352).............................................................. 547 Ventilation and Protection in Welding, Cutting, and Heating (29"CFR 1926.353).......................................................................................... 548 Hand and Power Tool Safety (29 CFR 1910 Subpart P)........................... 548 Abrasive Grinders (29 CFR 1910.243)......................................................... 549 Wheel Testing.......................................................................................... 550 The Ring Test........................................................................................... 550 The Vibration Test................................................................................... 551 xxvi Contents Portable Circular Saws (29 CFR 1910.243)............................................ 551 Compressed Air Systems (29 CFR 1910.242)........................................ 552 Housekeeping (29 CFR 1926.25)................................................................. 553 Key Information to Remember on Construction Safety........................ 554 References..................................................................................................... 554 24. Risk Assessment and Management........................................................ 555 De!nitions..................................................................................................... 555 Risk Management Process.......................................................................... 556 Hazard Identi!cation.............................................................................. 556 Hazard Assessment................................................................................ 557 Probability........................................................................................... 558 Severity................................................................................................ 558 Risk Assessment Scenario..................................................................... 559 Qualitative Analysis.......................................................................... 560 Quantitative Analysis........................................................................ 560 Controls Development and Decision Making.................................... 561 Types of Controls................................................................................ 561 Criteria for Controls........................................................................... 562 Decision Making................................................................................ 563 Implement Controls................................................................................ 564 Supervise and Evaluate.......................................................................... 565 Key Information to Remember on Risk Assessment and Management................................................................................................. 565 Reference....................................................................................................... 566 25. Hazardous Materials Management........................................................ 567 Hazardous Materials................................................................................... 567 Hazardous Waste......................................................................................... 567 Basic Chemistry Review............................................................................. 568 Solid.......................................................................................................... 568 Liquid........................................................................................................ 568 Gas............................................................................................................. 568 Plasma....................................................................................................... 569 Atomic Mass............................................................................................ 569 Atoms........................................................................................................ 569 De!nitions Related to Matter..................................................................... 569 Periodic Table of the Elements................................................................... 570 Measurements of Concentrations.............................................................. 570 Hazardous Materials/Hazardous Waste Properties.............................. 570 Physical Hazards..................................................................................... 570 Engulfment.............................................................................................. 571 Over-Pressurization................................................................................ 571 Other Physical Safety Hazards............................................................. 571 Fires and Explosions............................................................................... 571 Contents xxvii Corrosion.................................................................................................. 572 Thermal Decomposition........................................................................ 572 Water-Reactive Material Hazards......................................................... 572 Health Hazards Associated with Hazardous Materials........................ 573 Key Regulations Governing Hazardous Materials and Hazardous Wastes....................................................................................... 573 Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (1976)............................... 573 Hazardous Waste Generators........................................................... 574 Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (1980).................................................................................. 574 Superfund Amendment and Reauthorization Act of 1986............... 575 Toxic Substances Control Act (1976)..................................................... 575 Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act (1986)..... 576 Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act (1972).............. 576 Asbestos Hazard Emergency Response Act (1986)............................ 577 Hazard Communication Standard (29