Specialized Pharmaceutical Forms Workshop 3 PDF

SPECIALIZED PHARMACEUTICAL FORMS Workshop 3 3°Medicine Professor: Vittoria Carrabs PhD Aa 2024-25 DEVICES… Devices are specialized dosage forms in which the desired administration and targeting of the drug is achieved with the help of the pack...

SPECIALIZED PHARMACEUTICAL FORMS Workshop 3 3°Medicine Professor: Vittoria Carrabs PhD Aa 2024-25 DEVICES… Devices are specialized dosage forms in which the desired administration and targeting of the drug is achieved with the help of the packaging container. SPECIALIZED PHARMACEUTICAL FORMS Transdermal Patch A transdermal patch is a medicated adhesive patch that is placed on the skin to deliver a specific dose of medication through the skin and into the bloodstream. Important characteristic of transdermal patches: Controlled and constant release of the drug into the patient. SPECIALIZED PHARMACEUTICAL FORMS Transdermal Patch can permeate trough different layers Backing Protects the patch from the outer directly placed in environment, is impermeable to the transdermal patch components Membrane Controls the release of the drug Adhesive It binds the components of the has some patch together and the patch to matrix: store the drug and control the components that alter the epidermic the skin. It may contain release of the drug barrier, enhance permeation and permeation enhancers to absorption of the promote skin permeability by drug altering its structure Liner Protects the patch during storage and is peeled off before use drug in liquid form Drugs administered in transdermal patches Drugs: Nitroglycerin (Nitro-Disc®) Estradiol (Estraderm®) Nicotine (Nicorette®) Hyoscine motion sickness scopalamine (Scopoderm®) Fentanyl (durogesic ®) How often should the transdermal patch be changed? Nitroglycerin→every 12h/24h Estradiol→every 3-4days/1week Nicotine→every 12-16h Fentanyl→every 72h Where to stick the transdermal patch? Lower Back Hip Abdomen On the front or side of the chest Upper arm  Where to stick the transdermal patch? The skin area should be: High blood flow Hairless skin area Flat part of the body …AND completely clean and dry Advice for patients Choose a different area of skin each time you apply a new patch. Leave several days before you use the same patch of skin again to avoid irritating that site. Discard the old patch carefully because it will still contain a little of the active ingredient. Anytime you touch the patch for applying or removing wash your hand with soap and water Try not to touch the sticky surface Bathing, swimming, showering or exercising should not affect the patch if it has been correctly applied. Don´t apply heat on the patch:UVA rays, electric blankets... SPECIALIZED PHARMACEUTICAL FORMS Intrauterine Device (IUD) Levonorgestrel-releasing (LNG) Prevents fertilization by: Impairing the viability of the sperm Interfering with sperm movement Hormone content NUVARING: plastic ring, devices that releases 2 hormones with local effect, avoid pregnancies remove after 28 d at the period time and new one after INHALED FORMULATIONS Inhaler Devices for Pulmonary Drug Delivery Drug particles or solution are aerosolized and inhaled with the breath for delivery to the lung. Aerosol: colloidal dispersion of a liquid or a solid in a gas. Oral aerosol inhaler: Used to treat asthma and other respiratory problems. Oral aerosol Inhalers Small-volume Nebulizers (SVN) liq Pressurized Metered-dose Inhalers (pMDIs) Dry-powder inhalers (DPIs) broken capsule The size of the molecules is one of the characteristics that determine whether or not the substance reaches the lungs The choice of each device depends on: Advantages Inhalation route -Drug -Targeted organ -Formulation -Small doses -Desired site of particle delivery -Quick onset of action -Pathophysiology of the lungs -Limited side effects -Patient  Small-volumen Nebulizers (SVN): Is used to administer the medication in the form of a mist inhaled into the lungs. They use oxygen, compressed air or ultrasonic power to break up solutions and suspensions into small aerosol droplets Each administration takes 5-10 minutes https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pEKFKZiLNaA Metered-Dose Inhalers (MDIs) It is a presurized dosage form that deliver the containing solution or suspension of drug(s) to the lung by forming an aerosol at the time of administration. They deliver a measured amount of drug through the generation of an aerosol spray MDIs deliver either quick-relief medication or everyday controller medications to treat asthma. MDI delivery depends on the patient’s: -Inspiratory flow rate -Breathing pattern -Hand-mouth coordination Most patients need to be trained for proper use of the MDI… Metered Dose Inhaler (MDI) How to use MDIs without a spacer? https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tp479j15x6Q Metered Dose Inhaler (MDI) Spacers They are used with typical MDIs inhalers A spacer is a tube that lengthens the space between the inhaler mouthpiece and the user’s mouth Main goal: improve drug delivery and reduce side effects (aphonia and oral thrush) Advantage: minimize drug particle deposition on the upper airway (oropharynx) → ↓ the amount of medication that is swallowed and increase deposition in the lungs Metered Dose Inhalers (MDI) Spacers Who should use a spacer? Children, patients who are impaired or unconscious, and any individual who has difficulty holding the breath or mastering the hand-mouth- breathing coordination required for effective MDI delivery https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Y8F63PSTk_I Metered Dose Inhalers (MDI) Using the MDI and Spacer with a Mask They are useful when a patient isn't reliably inhaling through the mouth. This will help to maximize inhalation of drug and ensure optimal drug delivery to the lungs. Mask come in a variety of sizes and can be used with patients of all ages, including children and adults with cognitive impairment. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Y52QUekiG5U Dry-powder inhalers (DPIs) DPIs generate aerosols through the force of a patient’s inhalation rather than through the use of a propellant Compared with MDIs, DPIs are easier to use They require a rapid rate of inhalationto provide necessary energy for aerosolization → not recommended in pediatric or elderly patients How are DPIs named? Medicine brand name Device name https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=q_Nrzgj6mPE DRY-POWDER INHALERS, DPIs TURBUHALER DRY-POWDER INHALERS, DPIs Diskus or Accuhaler Advantages  Doses are counted  Doses are homogeneous  Protected against humidity  Easy to use DRY-POWDER INHALERS, DPIs HANDIHALER DRY-POWDER INHALERS, DPIs BREEZHALER  DRY-POWDER INHALERS, DPIs GENUAIR Characteristic Multidoses DPI activated by inhalation Safety information: doses indicator, overdose prevention Easy use https://www.nationalasthma.org.au/living-with- asthma/how-to-videos/how-to-use-genuair DRY-POWDER INHALERS, DPIs ELLIPTA DRY-POWDER INHALERS, DPIs NEXTHALER  Characteristic Mechanism activated by inhalation Dry powder inhalers, DPIs Respimat AUTO-INJECTION DEVICES AIM: To allow the patient him/herself or a non-qualified person to be able to correctly inject the medication Medications available in this dosage form: insulins,glucagon, heparins, methotrexate, adrenaline… PARENTERALS: INSULINS INSULIN THERAPY Goal: to achieve tight blood glucose control by mimicking insulin secretion by the normal pancreas (basal and bolus insulin secretion) Basal insulin: small amount secreted continuously by the pancreas suppresses hepatic glucose production between meal and overnight Intermediate-acting or long-acting insulin Bolus insulin: extra insulin secreted in response to postprandial rise of blood glucose levels Rapid-acting or short-acting insulin How to administer Insulin? Insulin syringe: subcutaneous tissue Insuline is destroyed in the GI tract Insulin Pen: A popular alternative to the insulin syringe Multiple doses of Insulin https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dVKeS6F_WgU INSULINE PUMP An insulin pump is a small device with the ability to deliver insulin continuously (basal) or quickly (bolus) for carbohydrate intake. It has been shown that an insulin pump can improve diabetes control and lessen the risk of hypoglycemia. Many people find increased flexibility in the timing of meals and exercise when wearing an insulin pump. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZoH8U5HqyWE How are insulins named? Medicine brand name Device name ONSET PEAK DURATION