Restaurationsökologie_VO 2-3 PDF

Restaurationsökologie und ihre Anwendungen im Naturschutz Restoration Ecology Division f. Naturschutzbiologie, Vegetations- und Landschaftsökologie: Thomas Wrbka (Koord.)...

Restaurationsökologie und ihre Anwendungen im Naturschutz Restoration Ecology Division f. Naturschutzbiologie, Vegetations- und Landschaftsökologie: Thomas Wrbka (Koord.) Gert-Michael Steiner Karl Reiter Extern: Arno Cimadom Alois Herzig Bernhard Schön © Th.Wrbka / CVL 09.10.2022 1  Restaurationsökologie und ihre Anwendungen im Naturschutz Restoration Ecology Di 13.15 – 14.45 VO 300363 3 ECTS / VO2 Pflichtmodul MNB5 5 ECTS © Th.Wrbka / CVL 09.10.2022 2  Übersicht: 2022_WS_VO RestÖko_Terminuebersicht_v1.xlsx © Th.Wrbka / CVL 09.10.2022 3  Restaurationsökologie ?  Erfahrungen und Interessen ?  Lernziel  Definitionen Th.Wrbka / CVL 09.10.2022 4  Restaurationsökologie ?  Erfahrungen und Interessen ? – Was assoziieren Sie mit dem Begriff? – Haben Sie konkrete Erfahrungen damit? – Haben Sie spezielle Interessen in diesem Gebiet?  >> Moodle-Forum Th.Wrbka / CVL 09.10.2022 5  Restaurationsökologie ?  Various Textbooks: see library  Specialised publisher „island press“  Online books & journals: Restoration ecology (Wiley)  Soc.Ecol.Restoration - SER Th.Wrbka / CVL 09.10.2022 6  Restaurationsökologie: traditionelle Landnutzungsformen ? Th.Wrbka / CVL 09.10.2022 7  Restaurationsökologie: Renaturierung von Bergbauhalden ? Th.Wrbka / CVL 09.10.2022 8  Restaurationsökologie: standortsgerechte Begrünung? Th.Wrbka / CVL 09.10.2022 9  Restaurationsökologie: Wiederherstellung artenreicher Wiesen? Th.Wrbka / CVL 09.10.2022 10  Restaurationsökologie: „prescribed fire“ in Waldökosystemen? Th.Wrbka / CVL 09.10.2022 11  Restaurationsökologie ?  Lernziele (lt.Studienplan Mitteilungsbl. Univ. Wien, Studienjahr 2006/2007, 32. Stück, ausgegeben am 25.06.2007): – Studierende dieses Moduls haben sich anhand von Beispielen (Moorregeneration, Flussrevitalisierung, Wiedereinbürgerung, Wiederbegrünung) mit den Möglichkeiten restaurativer Naturschutzmaßnahmen auseinandergesetzt und sind befähigt, solche Maßnahmen zweckmäßig einzusetzen und zu planen. – Sie kennen die grundsätzlichen Ansätze der Restauration:  Restaurierung natürlicher Dynamik,  Sicherung spezifischer Nutzungsformen und Pflegemaßnahmen,  Wiedereinbürgerung von Arten. Th.Wrbka / CVL 09.10.2022 12  Restaurationsökologie ?  CBD-Convention of Biodiversity  Aichi-Targets / Strategic Goal D: Enhance the benefits to all from biodiversity and ecosystem services  Target 15: By 2020, ecosystem resilience and the contribution of biodiversity to carbon stocks have been enhanced, through conservation and restoration, including restoration of at least 15 per cent of degraded ecosystems, thereby contributing to climate change mitigation and adaptation and to combating desertification. Th.Wrbka / CVL 09.10.2022 13  Restaurationsökologie ? Ein gemeinsames Ziel Die Dekade unterstützt die Nachhaltigkeitsziele der Vereinten Nationen und ergänzt die UN-Konventionen zur Biodiversität (CBD), zum Klimawandel (UNFCCC) und zur Wüstenbekämpfung (UNCCD). Sie wird koordiniert vom Umweltprogramm der Vereinten Nationen UNEP und der UN-Ernährungs- und Landwirtschaftsorganisation FAO. Offizieller Starttermin der Dekade war der Weltumwelttag am 5. Juni 2021. Sie schließt damit an die UN-Dekade Biologische Vielfalt an, die 2020 zu Ende ging. https://www.decadeonrestoration.org/ https://www.decadeonrestoration.org/what-ecosystem-restoration Th.Wrbka / CVL 09.10.2022 14  Definitionen  restoration ecology = the establishment of a plant and animal community on a disturbed site which existed there prior to the disturbance. – Compare rehabilitation ecology and replacement ecology.  rehabilitation ecology: where it is impossible to restore a site to its original condition, the establishment on it of a community which is similar to the original.  replacement ecology: where it is impossible to restore a site to its original condition, the establishment on it of a community entirely different from the original. A Dictionary of Ecology. Ed. Michael Allaby. Oxford University Press, 2006. Oxford Reference Online. Oxford University Press. Th.Wrbka / CVL 09.10.2022 15 Definitionen  recreatability (salvageability): In conservation, the extent to which a community or ecosystem could be re- established following disturbance (by motorway building, open-cast mining, etc.) without any noticeable change. Certain long-established communities (e.g. in Europe: primary woodlands) are thought not to be recreatable since they would take many hundreds of years to re-establish their present detailed structure and composition and it is virtually impossible to reconstruct the same long-term environmental influences as fashioned their present form. Research continues into ways of recreating the important features of certain communities and some success has been achieved with grassland.  A Dictionary of Ecology. Ed. Michael Allaby. Oxford University Press, 2006. Oxford Reference Online. Oxford University Press. Th.Wrbka / CVL 09.10.2022 16 Definitionen:  replaceability The ease with which an ecosystem can be replaced if it is damaged or lost. Those ecosystems with a low replaceability are regarded as more worthy of selection for conservation. A Dictionary of Ecology. Ed. Michael Allaby. Oxford University Press, 2006. Oxford Reference Online. Oxford University Press. Th.Wrbka / CVL 09.10.2022 17 Definitionen:  Ecological restoration: – is an intentional activity that initiates or accelerates the recovery of an ecosystem with respect to its health, integrity and sustainability – is the process of assisting the recovery of an ecosystem that has been degraded, damaged, or destroyed. SER International Primer on Ecological Restoration. www.ser.org. Th.Wrbka / CVL 09.10.2022 18  Restaurationsökologie ? Th.Wrbka / CVL 09.10.2022 19  Restaurationsökologie ? Th.Wrbka / CVL 09.10.2022 20  Restaurationsökologie ? Th.Wrbka / CVL 09.10.2022 21  Restaurationsökologie ? Th.Wrbka / CVL 09.10.2022 22  Restaurationsökologie ? Th.Wrbka / CVL 09.10.2022 23  Restaurationsökologie ? Th.Wrbka / CVL 09.10.2022 24  Ziele naturschutzfachlicher Restoration Th.Wrbka / CVL 09.10.2022 25  Ziele naturschutzfachlicher Restoration Th.Wrbka / CVL 09.10.2022 26  Ziele naturschutzfachlicher Restoration Th.Wrbka / CVL 09.10.2022 27  Ziele naturschutzfachlicher Restoration Th.Wrbka / CVL 09.10.2022 28  Ziele naturschutzfachlicher Restoration Th.Wrbka / CVL 09.10.2022 29  Ziele naturschutzfachlicher Restoration Th.Wrbka / CVL 09.10.2022 30  Ziele naturschutzfachlicher Restoration Th.Wrbka / CVL 09.10.2022 31  Ziele naturschutzfachlicher Restoration Th.Wrbka / CVL 09.10.2022 32  Ziele naturschutzfachlicher Restoration Th.Wrbka / CVL 09.10.2022 33  Ziele naturschutzfachlicher Restoration Th.Wrbka / CVL 09.10.2022 34  Ziele naturschutzfachlicher Restoration Th.Wrbka / CVL 09.10.2022 35 Erfolgskontrolle bei ökolog.Restoration Th.Wrbka / CVL 09.10.2022 36  Hier weiter Th.Wrbka / CVL 09.10.2022 37  Referenzsysteme u. -informationen Th.Wrbka / CVL 09.10.2022 38  Referenzsysteme u. -informationen Th.Wrbka / CVL 09.10.2022 39  Referenzsysteme u. -informationen Th.Wrbka / CVL 09.10.2022 40  Referenzsysteme u. -informationen Th.Wrbka / CVL 09.10.2022 41  Referenzsysteme u. -informationen Th.Wrbka / CVL 09.10.2022 42  Referenzsysteme u. -informationen Th.Wrbka / CVL 09.10.2022 43  Referenzsysteme u. -informationen Th.Wrbka / CVL 09.10.2022 44  Referenzsysteme u. -informationen Th.Wrbka / CVL 09.10.2022 45  Referenzsysteme u. -informationen Th.Wrbka / CVL 09.10.2022 46  Referenzsysteme u. -informationen Th.Wrbka / CVL 09.10.2022 47  Erfolg / Misserfolg ? Th.Wrbka / CVL 09.10.2022 48  Erfolg / Misserfolg ? Th.Wrbka / CVL 09.10.2022 49  Erfolg / Misserfolg ? Th.Wrbka / CVL 09.10.2022 50  Erfolg / Misserfolg ? Th.Wrbka / CVL 09.10.2022 51 Definitionen:  9 Attributes of an restored ecosystem:  contains a characteristic assemblage of the species that occur in the reference ecosystem and that provide appropriate community structure.  consists of indigenous species to the greatest practicable extent. – In restored cultural ecosystems, allowances can be made for exotic domesticated species and for non-invasive ruderal and segetal species that presumably co-evolved with them.  All functional groups necessary for the continued development and/or stability of the restored ecosystem are represented or, if they are not, the missing groups have the potential to colonize by natural means. SER International Primer on Ecological Restoration. www.ser.org. Th.Wrbka / CVL 09.10.2022 52 Definitionen:  9 Attributes of an restored ecosystem (ctd.):  The physical environment of the restored ecosystem is capable of sustaining reproducing populations of the species necessary for its continued stability or development along the desired trajectory  The restored ecosystem apparently functions normally for its ecological stage of development, and signs of dysfunction are absent  The restored ecosystem is suitably integrated into a larger ecological matrix or landscape, with which it interacts through abiotic and biotic flows and exchanges SER International Primer on Ecological Restoration. www.ser.org. Th.Wrbka / CVL 09.10.2022 53 Definitionen:  9 Attributes of an restored ecosystem (ctd.):  Potential threats to the health and integrity of the restored ecosystem from the surrounding landscape have been eliminated or reduced as much as possible  The restored ecosystem is sufficiently resilient to endure the normal periodic stress events in the local environment that serve to maintain the integrity of the ecosystem.  The restored ecosystem is self-sustaining to the same degree as its reference ecosystem, and has the potential to persist indefinitely under existing environmental conditions. – Nevertheless, aspects of its biodiversity, structure and functioning may change as part of normal ecosystem development, and may fluctuate in response to normal periodic stress and occasional disturbance events of greater consequence. As in any intact ecosystem, the species composition and other attributes of a restored ecosystem may evolve as environmental conditions change. SER International Primer on Ecological Restoration. www.ser.org. Th.Wrbka / CVL 09.10.2022 54  Peat Bog Restoration in Quebec / Canada Before After Th.Wrbka / CVL 09.10.2022 55  Restauration von Stromtalwiesen Oberrhein / D Before After Th.Wrbka / CVL 09.10.2022 56  Restoration of „Tall Grass“-Prairie Iowa / US Before After Th.Wrbka / CVL 09.10.2022 57  Restoration of open- cast coalmine Spain Before After Th.Wrbka / CVL 09.10.2022 58  Restoration of formerly eroded riverbank Idaho / US Before After Th.Wrbka / CVL 09.10.2022 59  Revegetation of trampled sand dunes California / US Before After Th.Wrbka / CVL 09.10.2022 60  Restoration of native scrub vegetation Newzealand Before After Th.Wrbka / CVL 09.10.2022 61  Reclamation and restoration of tidal salt marshes San Francisco / US Before After Th.Wrbka / CVL 09.10.2022 62  Restoration - a matter of ambition Th.Wrbka / CVL 09.10.2022 63  Restoration – succes criteria Th.Wrbka / CVL 09.10.2022 64  Restaurationsökologie ?  RÖ = Teil der angewandten Forschung  RÖ = gibt wichtige Impulse an die Grundlagenforschung Aus- Keimung / bringung Samenbank Mäh- technik Futter- Populat. Gefährd wert.Arten Erfolgs- Natur- kontrolle tourismus Entomo -fauna Th.Wrbka / CVL 09.10.2022 65  Restaurationsökologie ?  RÖ = Teil der angewandten Forschung – RÖ = entwickelt Verfahren  Restaurations“technik“ – Aussaat, Beweidung, Flämmen, Herbizidanwendung, Bodenbearbeitung,...  Erfolgskontrolle / Monitoring – Permanent plots, Versuchsvarianten, Zielarten, landscape-scale monitoring,...  Projektbegleitung / Öffentlichkeitsarbeit – Projektmanagement, Kommunikation, Medienarbeit, Einbindung v. „stakeholdern“, Wissensaustausch m.Praxispartnern,... – RÖ = stark projektorientiert Th.Wrbka / CVL 09.10.2022 66  Restaurationsökologie ?  RÖ = Teil der angewandten Forschung – RÖ = entwickelt Verfahren – RÖ = stark projektorientiert:  „learning by doing“  Konkrete Probleme sollen gelöst werden  Zusammenarbeit mit Praktikern notwendig  Flächenbereitstellung durch Grundeigentümer bzw. „land-manager“  Zieldefinition und Erfolgskontrolle in praxisnahen Projekten leichter möglich  Ergebnisse aus praxisnahen Projekte sind üblicherweise auch leichter zu kommunizieren Th.Wrbka / CVL 09.10.2022 67  Restaurationsökologie ?  RÖ = gibt wichtige Impulse an die Grundlagenforschung – Landschaftsökologie  „Landscape scale restoration“ – Transkontinentaler Biotopverbund (Gr.Band, Y2Y,..) – Restoration von Flussauen (FBGP Donau) – Large scale disturbance (Feuergeprägte Wälder und Gebüsche, Erosion in Gebirgsökosystemen,..)  Histor.Landschaftszustände als Referenz  Inter- und transdisziplinäre Arbeitsansätze gefragt Th.Wrbka / CVL 09.10.2022 68  Restaurationsökologie ?  RÖ = gibt wichtige Impulse an die Grundlagenforschung – Ökosystemforschung  „Nutrient cycles“ – Moorregeneration – Restoration feuergeprägter Wälder, Gebüsche und Grasländer  „Time scales“ – Grünlandrestitutierung auf Ackerbrachen – Restoration oligotraphenter Heiden – Dünen- u. Ästuarrestoration  „Tresholds“ / critical loads – Moorhydrologie – ungepufferte Gewässer Th.Wrbka / CVL 09.10.2022 69  Restaurationsökologie ?  RÖ = gibt wichtige Impulse an die Grundlagenforschung – „community ecology“  Ziel- bzw. Referenzgemeinschaften  Artenzusammensetzung bzw „Community structure“ – Schlüsselarten – Invasive Arten – Funktionelle Gruppen / Strategietypen  Habitateignung bzw. modellierung – Wiedereinbürgerungsprojekte – Invasivität  Konkurrenz, Nischenbildung Th.Wrbka / CVL 09.10.2022 70  Restaurationsökologie ?  RÖ = gibt wichtige Impulse an die Grundlagenforschung – „population ecology“  Demographie – Störungsgeprägte Systeme mt Kohortendynamik – Umwandlung v.Wirtschaftswäldern  Populationsgenetik – Wiedereinbürgerungsprojekte – Invasive Arten  Seed-rain, seed-bank, establishment of seedlings – Grünlandrestoration – Wiedereinräumg v.Agrarlandschaften – Rekultivierung v.Bergbaufolgelandschaften  Ausbreitungsbiologie – Weiderestoration Th.Wrbka / CVL 09.10.2022 71  Dynamics Dynamics of species replacement have been predicted to take many different forms. Four general patterns of trajectories, each with two starting points (assemblages A and B) are shown here: (1) Convergent trajectories where initial variability eventually converges to similar species composition, often termed the (D) equilibrium “climax” community. (2) Initially divergent trajectories that eventually converge to one equilibrium state. (3) Divergent trajectories that never converge and never reach a permanent state. (4) Divergent trajectories that go to two different stable states (C and D) and, in the case of C, experience an abrupt shift to a third state. Th.Wrbka / CVL 09.10.2022 72  Dynamics 1. Schnelle Sekundärsukzession (zB eutrophe Ackerbrachen) 2. Langsame Sekundärsukzession (zB oligotrophe Grünlandbrachen) 3. Durch höherfrequente ähnliche Störungsprozesse unterbrochene Sukzession unterschiedlicher Standorte (zB Auenökosysteme, Weideökosysteme..) 4. Episodische Störung unterschiedlicher Standorte (zB Gebigswälder m. Lawinarrinnen,...) Th.Wrbka / CVL 09.10.2022 73  Equilibrium ? A, changes in the slow and fast variables are linear and unidirectional. Insect species diversity increase linearly in a Minnesota old-field with years since abandonment. Increases in aboveground productivity with time is likely the slow variable that drives the change in insect diversity (Siemann et al. 1999). B, a persistent non-equilibrium exists with no predictable trajectory. Total stem length of cordgrass (Spartina foliosa) shows high interannual variability and no directional trends in time since restoration in San Diego Bay, CA (Zedler and Callaway 1999). I C, at a single level of the slow variable there are two possible equilibrial states. Examples of a pattern predicted by this dynamic, shown in Figure 9.1(4), are strong threshold effects as the slow variable changes. For instance, in a fragmented Eucalyptus forest in Australia, the probability that a gecko species (Oedura retiulcata) persists decreases dramatically if the forest remnant contains less than 400 trees (Sarre et al. 1995). Th.Wrbka / CVL 09.10.2022 74  Equilibrium ? Klimaxwälder, Ackerbrachen, Flussauen, oligotrophe Heiden, Wiesen, Gezeitenmarschen, Moore Weideökosysteme, Sanddünen Rohboden- sukzessionen (Berg- Th.Wrbka / CVL baustandorte, etc.) 09.10.2022 75  Transition tresholds Conceptual model of transitions between undegraded and degraded ecosystem states and the presence of biotic and abiotic thresholds (after Whisenant 1999). Th.Wrbka / CVL 09.10.2022 76  Transition tresholds zB Artenreiche Wiesen: Reduktion von Schnitthäufigkeit, Düngeaufwand; Anpassung der Mähtechnik; zB Weideökosysteme: Reduktion oder Anpassung der Viehdichte; Hutweidebetrieb statt Koppelhaltung; Conceptual model of transitions between undegraded and degraded ecosystem states and the presence of biotic and abiotic thresholds (after Whisenant 1999). Th.Wrbka / CVL 09.10.2022 77  Transition tresholds zB Weideökosysteme: Weidepflege durch Schwenden von Problemgehölzen zB Waldökosysteme: Ausdünnen, Durchforsten; Baumartenselektion zB Gewässer: Schilfmahd, Makrophytenernte Conceptual model of transitions between undegraded and degraded ecosystem states and the presence of biotic and abiotic thresholds (after Whisenant 1999). Th.Wrbka / CVL 09.10.2022 78  Transition tresholds zB Umwandlung ehemaliger Äcker in artenreiche Wiesen: Bodenabtrag, Wiederherstellung der Überflutungsdynamik zB oligotrophe Heiden, Moore: Boden-, Vegetationsabtrag; Wiederherstellung des GW- bzw Moorwasserstandes Conceptual model of transitions between undegraded and degraded ecosystem states and the presence of biotic and abiotic thresholds (after Whisenant 1999). Th.Wrbka / CVL 09.10.2022 79  Regeneration of old fields Factors affecting (boxes) different modes of regeneration (ellipses) of tropical old fields. Th.Wrbka / CVL 09.10.2022 80  Regeneration of old fields Lessons from the past: (a) Terraces at Mesa Verde, Colorado, demonstrate proven methods for soil and water conservation in arid lands Th.Wrbka / CVL 09.10.2022 81  Regeneration of old fields Lessons from the past: (b) reservoir at Mesa Verde, Colorado, demonstrate proven methods for soil and water conservation in arid lands Th.Wrbka / CVL 09.10.2022 82  Regeneration of pacific forests Ecosystem trajectory showing that humans represent an ecological force on the landscape.(From Lewis and Anderson 2002) Th.Wrbka / CVL 09.10.2022 83  Regeneration of pacific forests Scale of potential management effects. (From Lewis and Anderson 2002) Th.Wrbka / CVL 09.10.2022 84  Reference Ecosystems Cultural Evidence: Archaeology, Palaeoecosystems Ethnobiology Written records Oral History Landscape Paintings Maps and Photographs Early land surveys and taxation maps Biological Evidence: Biological signs of forest stand history (fire-scars, stumps, coppice,...) Dendrochronology Palynology Landforms Soilhorizons Th.Wrbka / CVL 09.10.2022 85  Reference Ecosystems Cultural Evidence: Archaeology, Palaeoecosystems Ethnobiology Written records Oral History Landscape Paintings Maps and Photographs Early land surveys and taxation maps Biological Evidence: Biological signs of forest stand history (fire-scars, stumps, coppice,...) Dendrochronology Palynology Landforms Soilhorizons Th.Wrbka / CVL 09.10.2022 86  Reference Ecosystems Cultural Evidence: Archaeology, Palaeoecosystems Ethnobiology Written records Oral History Landscape Paintings Maps and Photographs Early land surveys and taxation maps Biological Evidence: Biological signs of forest stand history (fire-scars, stumps, coppice,...) Dendrochronology Palynology Landforms Soilhorizons Th.Wrbka / CVL 09.10.2022 87  Reference Ecosystems Cultural Evidence: Archaeology, Palaeoecosystems Ethnobiology Written records Oral History Landscape Paintings Maps and Photographs Early land surveys and taxation maps Biological Evidence: Biological signs of forest stand history (fire-scars, stumps, coppice,...) Dendrochronology Palynology Landforms Soilhorizons Th.Wrbka / CVL 09.10.2022 88  Reference Ecosystems Cultural Evidence: Archaeology, Palaeoecosystems Ethnobiology Written records Oral History Landscape Paintings Maps and Photographs Early land surveys and taxation maps Biological Evidence: Biological signs of forest stand history (fire-scars, stumps, coppice,...) Dendrochronology Palynology Landforms Soilhorizons Th.Wrbka / CVL 09.10.2022 89  Reference Ecosystems Cultural Evidence: Archaeology, Palaeoecosystems Ethnobiology Written records Oral History Landscape Paintings Maps and Photographs Early land surveys and taxation maps Biological Evidence: Biological signs of forest stand history (fire-scars, stumps, coppice,...) Dendrochronology Palynology Landforms Soilhorizons Th.Wrbka / CVL 09.10.2022 90  Reference Ecosystems Cultural Evidence: Archaeology, Palaeoecosystems Ethnobiology Written records Oral History Landscape Paintings Maps and Photographs Early land surveys and taxation maps Biological Evidence: Biological signs of forest stand history (fire-scars, stumps, coppice,...) Dendrochronology Palynology Landforms Soilhorizons Th.Wrbka / CVL 09.10.2022 91  Reference Ecosystems Cultural Evidence: Archaeology, Palaeoecosystems Ethnobiology Written records Oral History Landscape Paintings Maps and Photographs Early land surveys and taxation maps Biological Evidence: Biological signs of forest stand history (fire-scars, stumps, coppice,...) Dendrochronology Palynology Landforms Soilhorizons Th.Wrbka / CVL 09.10.2022 92  Reference Ecosystems Cultural Evidence: Archaeology, Palaeoecosystems Ethnobiology Written records Oral History Landscape Paintings Maps and Photographs Early land surveys and taxation maps Biological Evidence: Biological signs of forest stand history (fire-scars, stumps, coppice,...) Dendrochronology Palynology Landforms Soilhorizons Th.Wrbka / CVL 09.10.2022 93  Reference Ecosystems Cultural Evidence: Archaeology, Palaeoecosystems Ethnobiology Written records Oral History Landscape Paintings Maps and Photographs Early land surveys and taxation maps Biological Evidence: Biological signs of forest stand history (fire-scars, stumps, coppice,...) Dendrochronology Palynology Landforms Soilhorizons Th.Wrbka / CVL 09.10.2022 94  Captive breeding and reintroduction Chronology of a captive breeding and restoration program. (From Mace et al. (eds.) 1992) Th.Wrbka / CVL 09.10.2022 95  Captive breeding and reintroduction The Hawaiian goose, or nene, is being raised at the Zoological Society of San Diego’s Keauhou Bird Center, Hawaii, for reintroduction into the wild. Th.Wrbka / CVL 09.10.2022 96  Ökolog.Restoration – eine gesellschaftliche Notwendigkeit ? Th.Wrbka / CVL 09.10.2022 97  Ökolog.Restoration – eine gesellschaftliche Notwendigkeit ? Mainstreaming? According to Petersen and Huntley (2005b) the objective of mainstreaming is “to internalize the goals of biodiversity conservation and sustainable use of biological resources into economic sectors and development models, policies and programs, and therefore into all human behavior.” Th.Wrbka / CVL 09.10.2022 98  Ökolog.Restoration – eine gesellschaftliche Notwendigkeit ? Mainstreaming? Cowling et al. (2002) identified the following list of desired outcomes of mainstreaming: The incorporation of biodiversity considerations into policies governing sectoral activities (zB Agrarumweltprogramme,..) The simultaneous achievement of gains in biodiversity and in the economic sector (the win-win scenario): zB FSC – Forest Stewartship Certification Sectoral activity being recognized as based on, or dependent on, the sustainable use of biodiversity (zB Biolog.Landbau, natunaher Waldbau) Situations where sectoral activities result in overall reversal of biodiversity losses (zB naturnaher Wasserbau, FBGP-Donau,..) Th.Wrbka / CVL 09.10.2022 99  Ökolog.Restoration – eine gesellschaftliche Notwendigkeit ? Th.Wrbka / CVL 09.10.2022 100  Ökolog.Restoration – eine gesellschaftliche Notwendigkeit ? Th.Wrbka / CVL 09.10.2022 101  Ökolog.Restoration – eine gesellschaftliche Notwendigkeit ? Values are based on a meta-analysis of 244 studies by Costanza et al, 1997. Values for Production and Habitat functions were mainly based on Market Prices, for Regulation Functions mainly Avoided Cost and Replacement Cost methods, and for Information Functions mainly CVM- studies (except recreation & science which were based on Travel Cost and Market Prices). Although the Costanxa-study is more than 10 years old, later meta- analysis basically confirmed the results. Th.Wrbka / CVL 09.10.2022 102  Ökolog.Restoration – eine gesellschaftliche Notwendigkeit ? Th.Wrbka / CVL 09.10.2022 103  Ökolog.Restoration – eine gesellschaftliche Notwendigkeit ? Th.Wrbka / CVL 09.10.2022 104  Ökolog.Restoration – eine gesellschaftliche Notwendigkeit ? Th.Wrbka / CVL 09.10.2022 105  Ökolog.Restoration – eine gesellschaftliche Notwendigkeit ? Th.Wrbka / CVL 09.10.2022 106 Literatur  Bücher – Textbooks / Lehrbücher  zB Book series in Island press – Handbooks / Handbücher  zB „Handbuch naturnahe Begrünung von Rohböden“ – Case study reports  zB „Mangrove restoration in Andrah Pradesh / India“  Journals – Restoration Ecology  http://www.blackwellpublishing.com/journal.asp?ref= 1061-2971 – Ecological Restoration (Wisconsin Univ.Press)  http://er.uwpress.org/ Th.Wrbka / CVL 09.10.2022 107 Literatur  Bücher – Textbooks / Lehrbücher Th.Wrbka / CVL 09.10.2022 108 Institutionen und Netzwerke  SER – Society for Ecological Restoration International – www.ser.org – Jährlicher Kongress  9th SER International's World Conference Juni 21-24, 2021 Virtual  Conference Website: http://www.ser2021.org/  Conference Flyer: http://www.ser.org/pdf/SERI2009flyer.pdf – SER - Europäische Sektion: http://www.ser.org/europe  Weitere Institutionen: http://www.eri.nau.edu/ Th.Wrbka / CVL 09.10.2022 109  Zusammenfassung  Restorationsökologie als „emerging science“ – Ziele und Fragestellungen – Wissenschaftliche Konzepte – Arbeitsansätze, Methoden – Projekte  Restorationsökologie als „gesellschaftliches Netzwerk“ Th.Wrbka / CVL 09.10.2022 110