Vitamins PDF

PRESENTED BY-


Dr. Mohamed Bakr OBJECTIVES Introduction
General characteristics
General Functions
Classification
Structure
Individual Characteristics
Individual Dietary Sources Individual Mechanism of Action
Individual Function INTRODUCTION The word "vitamin" comes from the Latin word “v...

PRESENTED BY-


Dr. Mohamed Bakr OBJECTIVES Introduction
General characteristics
General Functions
Classification
Structure
Individual Characteristics
Individual Dietary Sources Individual Mechanism of Action
Individual Function INTRODUCTION The word "vitamin" comes from the Latin word “vita”, means "life". Vitamins are organic components in food that are need ed in very small amounts for growth and for maintainin g
good health. Everybody must eat a certain amount of vitamins to stay healthy. Vitamins are chemicals found in very small amounts in many different foods. CHARACTERISTICS Vitamins are required in small quantities in the diet because they cannot be synthesized by the body. Water soluble vitamins cannot be stored in human tissues. Their excess is excreted with urine. Significant amounts of fat soluble vitamins can be stored in adipose tissue and the liver. Synthetic vitamins are identical to natural vitamins. Once growth and development are completed, vitamins remain essential nutrients for the healthy maintenance of the cells, tissues, and organs.  FUNCTIONS  Vitamins are helpful for the health and life of the body in the following respects:
(a) They build up the resistance of the body against diseases. (b) Prevent and cure various diseases caused by deficiency. (c) Help the digestion and utilization of mineral salts and Carbohydrates in the body. (d) Stimulate and give strength to digestive and nervous system. (e) Help health protection. (f) Help maintenance of proper health and normal growth.  CLASSIFICATION  On the basis of their solubility vitamins are mainly 2 types- Fat soluble vitamins: Vitamins that dissolve in fat. Because fat is easily stored on our body, fat-soluble vitamins can be stored within our fat. This means they can accumulate and be saved for later use. The fat-soluble vitamins are A, D, E and K. Water soluble vitamins: Vitamins that dissolve in water. Because our body is a watery environment, these vitamins can move through our body pretty easily, and they can also be flushed out by the kidneys. Water- soluble vitamins include the B-complex vitamins and vitamin C.
There are eight B vitamins, including vitamin B1, B2, B3, B5, B6, B7, B9 and B12. WATER SOLUBLE VS FAT SOLUBLE VITAMINS Criteria Water Soluble Fat Soluble Absorption Directly to Lymph via CM blood Transport free Require carrier Storage Circulate freely In cells with fat Excretion In urine Stored with fat Toxicity Possible w Likely w supplements supplements Requirements Every 2-3 days Every week FAT SOLUBLE VITAMINS (A, D, E, K )  VITAMIN A  Vitamin A is a group of unsaturated nutritional organic compounds, that includes retinol, retinal, retinoic acid, and several provitamin A carotenoids, among which beta- carotene is the most important. Its active form is present only in Animal Tissue.





DAILY REQUIRMENT  Men and women – 600 mcg.  Pregnancy and lactation – 950 mcg.  Infants – 350mcg.  Children – 600mcg. DIETARY SOURCES OF VITAMIN A FUNCTIONS  Vitamin A plays a role in a variety of functions throughout the body, such as: Vision Immune function Skin and cellular health Antioxidant activity VITAMIN D Vitamin D refers to a group of fat-soluble steroids found in liver and fish oils, or obtained by irradiating provitamin D with ultraviolet light. It is also called SUNSHINE VITAMIN.
it is available in 2 forms- Cholecalciferol (vitamin D3) is made from in the skin of animals and humans. Calciferol - D2 DIETARYSOURCES OF VITAMIN D DAILY REQUIRMENT Men and women- 0.01 mg. Pregnancy and lactation – 0.01 mg Infants & Children –0.01 mg FUNCTIONS OF VITAMIN D  Calcium Balance  Cell Differentiation  Immunity  Development of Bones & Teeth VITAMIN E  Vitamin E naturally occuring anti-oxidant.  It is also called anti-aging factor.  It is yellow oily liquid freely soluble in fat solvent.  Tocopherol α,β,γ, δ have been obtained from the natural sources. DIETARY SOURCES OF VITAMIN E DAILY RECOMMENDED DOSE men - 8 – 10mg  women – 5- 8mg  Children – 8.3mg  Infants – 4- 5mg FUNCTIONS OF VITAMIN E  Antioxidant (most powerful natural)  Vitamin E also plays a role in neurological functions.  Vitamin E also protects lipids and prevents the oxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acids. VITAMIN K Vitamin K refers to a group of structurally similar, fat-soluble vitamins. Vitamin K is naturally produced by the bacteria in the intestines. It is essential for production of a type of protein called prothrombin & other factor involve in blood clotting mechanism. Hence it is known as anti – hemorrhagic vitamin. Vitamin K includes two natural vitamers :
vitamin K1 (phylloquinone)
and vitamin K2 (menaquinones) DIETARY SOURCES OF VITAMIN K DIETARY REQUIRMENT men and women – 70 – 140 mcg. children – 35 – 75mcg FUNCTIONS OF VITAMIN K  It is essential for the hepatic synthesis of coagulation factor.  CLOTTING – it prevents hemorrhage only in cases when there is defective production of prothrombin  WATER SOLUBLE VITAMINS  Water soluble vitamins They include-
are found in yeast, grain,  B1- Thiamine rice, vegetables, fish, and  B2 - Riboflavin meat.  B3 – Niacin  These are essential co-  B5 – pantothenic acid  B6 –Pyridoxine enzymes required in  B7 – Biotin energy releasing  B 9- Folic acid mechanisms.  B12 –Cobalamin  They also act as co-  Vitamin C (ascorbic acid) enzymes for metabolism of proteins, carbohydrates and fats. VITAMIN B1 (THIAMINE) It is also called Anti Beri-Beri factor, Anti Neuritic factor. It is colorless basic organic compound. All living organisms use thiamine, but it is synthesized only in bacteria, fungi, and plants. Contains sulfur and nitrogen group Destroyed by alkaline and heat DIETARY SOURCES OF VITAMIN B1 Daily requirement Men – 1.3 mg women – 1.0 mg Pregnancy and lactation – 2mg. Children – 1.1mg. FUNCTIONS OF THIAMINE Vitamin B1, is very essential for converting carbohydrate into energy. The most important use of thiamine is in the treatment of beriberi, a condition caused by a deficiency of thiamine in the diet. Symptoms include swelling, burning sensation in the hands and feet, confusion, difficulty breathing. Vitamin B1, helps in maintaining the healthy nervous system. VITAMIN B2 (RIBOFLAVIN)  It is also called as beauty vitamin.  it is yellowish green fluorescent compound soluble in water.  The word riboflavin is derived from 2 sources ribose – means many ribose sugar found in several vitamins flavin – yellow.  It is widely involved in oxidation- reduction reaction. DIETARY SOURCES OF VITAMIN B2 Daily requirement Men – 1.5mg women – 1.2 mg Pregnancy and lactation – 2 to 2.3 mg. Children – 1.3mg. FUNCTIONS OF RIBOFLAVIN  It is essential for normal growth.  Digestion – it helps in digestion  Nervous system – it helps in proper functioning of Nervous system VITAMIN B6 (PYRIDOXINE B6) Vitamin B refers to a group of chemically very similar 6 compounds which can be interconverted in biological systems. Vitamin B is part of the vitamin B complex group, and its 6 active form, Pyridoxal 5'-phosphate (PLP) serves as a cofactor in many enzyme reactions in amino acid, glucose, and lipid metabolism. It is white crystalline substance soluble in water and alcohol. DIETARY SOURCE OF VIT B6 Milk
Fish
Vegetables Beans
Eggs
Peanuts,
sunflower seeds, etc. Daily requirement Men – women – 2 mg Children – 1.7 mg. Infant – 0.1-0.4 mg FUNCTIONS OF VITAMIN B6 Make antibodies. Antibodies are needed to fight many diseases. Maintain normal nerve function Make hemoglobin. Hemoglobin carries oxygen in the red blood cells to the tissues. A vitamin B6 deficiency can cause a form of anemia. Break down proteins. The more protein you eat, the more vitamin B6 you need. VITAMIN B9 (FOLIC ACID)  Vitamin b9 is also DIETARY SOURCE known as folic acid, folacin or folate.  It is a water soluble vitamin.  It is a yellow crystalline substance. FUNCTIONS OF VIT B9  Formation of RBC – folic acid in combination with vitamin B12 is essential for formation, maturation.  Nerve – it is necessary for growth & division of all body cells,  Hair & Skin – it is essential for the health of skin & hair  Pregnancy – it is an important nutrient for the pregnant women & her developing fetus.& folic acid improves the lactation. DNA synthesis VITAMIN B12 (COBALAMIN)  Vitamin B12 is complex organomatrix compound called as cobalamin which is cobalt containing porphyrin. It is freely soluble in water.








SOURCES Vitamin B12 is mostly found in animal products such as meat, shellfish, milk, cheese, and eggs. Clams, Oysters, Mussels, Caviar (Fish Eggs), Octopus, Crab and Lobster r the great source of B12. FUNCTIONS OF VITAMIN B12  Red Blood Cells – it is essential for production of RBCs  Nervous – It improves concentration, memory, & balance.  It is important for metabolism of fat, carbohydrate , proteins, folic acid.  It promotes growth and increases apatite. DEFICIENCY ANEMIA it leads to Megaloblastic or pernicious anemia Demyelination & irreversible nerve cell death. VITAMIN C (ASCORBIC ACID)  It is also called ascorbic acid and antibiotic vitamin.  it is the most active reducing agent.  it is powerful antioxidant  Synthesized by most animals (not by human) DIETARY SOURCES OF VITAMIN C Daily requirement Men – women – 70-90mg Children –40mg Infant – 25mg Pregnancy & lactation – 80mg FUNCTIONS OF VITAMIN C  Synthesis of collagen.  Maintenance – necessary for maintenance of bones & proper functioning of the adrenal & thyroid gland.  Antioxidant  It stimulates immune function, combats bacterial infection, reduces effects of allergy-producing substances and protects vitamins, A, E and some B complex vitamins from oxidation. VITAMIN C DEFICIENCY SCURVY
 Fragility of blood vessels  Easy bruising, hemorrhage  Poor healing  Pain in Bones & Muscle  Poor Bone & Dentin formation
 Compromised immunity