Vibrio Bacteria PDF

Vibrio, Plesiomonas, Aeromonas, Campylobacter, Helicobacter PRESENTED BY Giane Paola T. Tanjuaquio, RMT General Characteristics VIBRIO GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS  VIBRIO ISOLATION ▪ solation of Vibrio requires highly ▪ In other culture agar m...

Vibrio, Plesiomonas, Aeromonas, Campylobacter, Helicobacter PRESENTED BY Giane Paola T. Tanjuaquio, RMT General Characteristics VIBRIO GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS  VIBRIO ISOLATION ▪ solation of Vibrio requires highly ▪ In other culture agar media such as selective media for recovery. Chocolate Agar Plate or CAP, they show Specifically, Thiosulfate Citrate Bile smooth, opaque iridescent with greenish Salts Sucrose Agar or TCBS hue.  VIBRIO ISOLATION ▪ In MacConkey, they show a ▪ In BAP or Blood Agar Plate, they show an characteristic of non-lactose alpha or beta hemolysis fermenters except for Vibrio vulnificus.  VIBRIO ISOLATION ▪ They are also found to be ▪ In Motility Test, they also show a polar susceptible to Vibrio Static Test using sheathed flagella in broth and peritrichous 150 microgram of vibrio static disk on and sheathed flagella using solid media Mueller Hinton Agar or TSA0129 using 2,4-diamino-6,7-diisopropylpteridine disk  VIBRO SPECIES ▪ These are the most common spp. of vibrio that are commonly encountered and how they may be differentiated through the disease that they cause and laboratory test. ▪ Vibrio Cholerae ▪ Vibrio Vulnificus ▪ Vibrio Alginolyticus ▪ Vibrio Parahaemolyticus  Vibrio cholerae ▪ o Is the CA of cholera, otherwise ▪ They have 3 serogroup known as Asiatic cholera or Epidemic ▪ 01, 0139 and non-01 cholera. Vibrio Vulnificus ▪ It is commonly referred to as a lactose ▪ Is the common colonizer in marine positive vibrio and is second to vibrio microbiota or found in oysters. cholerae in terms of producing serious type of vibrio-associated infection specifically the infection is primary ▪ The mode of acquisition is through eating septicemia and wound infection. raw oyster and fish.  Vibrio Parahaemolyticus ▪ Is the second most common vibrio spp. implicated in gastroenteritis. ▪ It is the etiologic agent of summer diarrhea in Japan. ▪ It has serotype O3:K6 which is the pandemic strain. It has been implicated in numerous food-borne outbreaks. And this strain of organism can lyse human RBCs. When the strain can lyse human RBCs, the phenomenon is known to be the Kanagawa phenomenon which is caused by the Kanagawa toxin. ▪ The virulence factor is having the heat-stable hemolysin. Having the heat-stable hemolysin, can hemolyze the RBCs of humans which is called the Kanagawa phenomenon that is the same as the pathogenicity of the species. Specifically, this species. can be isolated using high-salt mannitol medium or the Wagatsuma agar.  Vibrio Alginolyticus ▪ The least pathogenic vibrio for humans. ▪ They are not commonly isolated, however, they can be an occupational hazard in fishermen and sailors which can cause mild gastrointestinal enteritis plus some extraintestinal infections such as ear, and wound infections  Vibrio spp. are all oxidase-positive. However, we can differentiate them with CHO fermentation. ▪ V. cholerae ferments sucrose ▪ V. parahaemolyticus ferments arabinose ▪ V. vulnificus ferments lactose. ▪ With the use of TCBS agar, V. cholerae and V. alginolyticus will show a colony of yellow and yellow coloration of the agar itself. While V. parahaemolyticus and V. vulnificus, will show green coloration of the agar. ▪ With the salt tolerance up to 8% NaCl, V. alginolyticus and V. parahaemolyticus are salt- tolerant. While V. vulnificus is intolerant with salt, and V. cholerae as well with 8%. However, It can tolerate as much as 1-3%. Disease 8% NaCl TCBS CHO Oxidase VC Cholera (1-3% ) Yellow Sucrose + VA Gastroenteritis + Yellow Non-sucrose + VP Gastroenteritis + Green Arabinose +- VV Septicemia: - Green Lactose + Wound Infection Disease Associated  Risk Factor for Infection Consumption of contaminated water Travel- immigration or foreign countries and ingestion of improperly handled with endemic raw fish or seafood Accidental trauma in bodies of Through: Shellfish, oyster or clam water- during contact with fresh, shells, and fishhooks (source of estuarine, or marine water sources infection) Hypersecretion of Na, K, Cl, HCO3 & Rice water stools, Hypovolemic shock, Water metabolic acidosis, or death  Prevention of Infection Sanitation of drinking water ensure safe water sources for drinking Preventive measure in eating seafood Avoidance of eating raw or undercooked shellfish, particularly in warmer months in places  MEDICALLY IMPORTANT VIBRIO SPP. Organism Average duration Implicated foods Typical symptoms Remarks Vibrio cholera e 01 and 0139 3-7 days Seafood , water Rice water stools, severe No blood in stool; enterotoxin diarrhea , no fever production; no tissue invasion ; stool culture using TCBS medium recommended Vibrio cholera e non-01/ non 3-7 days Seafood , water Cholera -like diarrhea (milder) Vibrio parahaemolyticus 3 day Shellfish Pain, vomiting. Fever, watery Gastroenteritis, blood, diarrhea sometimes in stool; V. mimicus; V. vulnificus Ear, wound, soft tissue and other extraintestinal infections  PLESIOMONAS SHIGELLOIDES ❑ Gram negative bacilli in ❑ Found in water reservoirs or pleomorphic form found in single fresh water specifically in short chains or long filamentous warmer climates. form. ❑ They cause gastroenteritis that ❑ Monotrichous or lophotrichous resembles shigella diarrhea. flagella ❑ Also causes septicemia in ❑ Oxidase positive immunocompromised people. ❑ DNase positive ❑ MOT: ingestion of ❑ Triple sugar positive: Lysine, contaminated water or ornithine decarboxylase and undercooked seafood arginine dihydrolase positive. ❑ Similar in Shigella sonnei and Shigella dysenteriae serologically and biochemically hence, shigelloides. AEROMONAS SPP ❑ Divided into 2 groups: Mesophilic group Psychrophilic group ❑ Responsible for a variety of diseases among rare and cold- blooded animals including fish, reptiles, and amphibians. ❑ Causative agent of red leg ❑ Found in freshwater, estuarine disease, specifically in frogs. and chlorinated water. ❑ In humans, it causes nebulous ❑ Found to be isolated from syndrome known as the meat products travelers diarrhea similar to ❑ Not part of the human flora diarrhea caused by ❑ Facultative and aerobic Enterotoxigenic E. coli  MICROSCOPY ❑ Gram-negative straight rods CULTURE ❑ CIN (Cefsulodin-Irgasan-Novobiocin Agar; with 4 ug cefsulodin) o Will produce a pattern of “bull’s eye colonies” or apron-like pattern ❑ BAP (Blood Agar Plate) o Large, round, raised, white and opaque colonies ❑ MacConkey o A. caviae (most common isolate in MacConkey) o Produce a lactose fermenter characteristic  BIOCHEMICAL TESTS Oxidase, Catalase, Indole (+) Glucose fermenters Motile with single polar flagellum but some species are nonmotile  In vibrio static test ❑ Aeromonads and Plesiomonads are ❑ It can typically grow from 4 to 42 °C resistant ❑ It will grow in media with 0% NaCl but ❑ To differentiate the two, we can use not in 6% NaCl INOSITOL FERMENTATION Aeromonads (+) Plesiomonads (-) ❑ They are positive to indoles, specifically ❑ EXTRAINTESTINAL INFECTIONS: A. caviae, A. hydrophila, and A. veronii o Septicemia ❖ Can be differentiated using TSI with Meningitis both acidic reaction in the butt and Keratitis slant Wound infections A. caviae (-)(-) A. hydrophila and A. veronii (+)(+) CAMPYLOBACTER SPECIES  HELICOBACTER ❑ Zoonotic ❑ Motile ❑ Microaerophilic ❑ Most species have strong urease activity ❑ MICROSCOPY: Gram-negative spiral-shaped organisms (S-shaped) rods (resembles Campylobacter) ❑ CULTURE: Grow optimally at pH 6.0-7.0 with gray translucent colonies ❑ BIOCHEMICAL TEST: Oxidase & catalase (+); Hippurate hydrolysis (-) ❑ TRANSMISSION: Oral-oral & fecal-oral routes SPECIES: H. pylori, H. cinaedi, H. fenneliae, H. rappini (formerly Flexispira rappini)  HELICOBACTER PYLORI ❑ It is the major cause of type B gastritis (50-80%), peptic and duodenal ulcer (90%); and gastric adenocarcinoma and ❑ In addition, motility allows this gastric mucosa associated lymphoid organism to escape the acidity of the tissue lymphoma. stomach. ❑ Type B gastritis is a chronic condition ❑ Urease enzyme plays a significant role formerly associated primarily with stress in the survival and growth by creating and chemical irritants. an alkaline microenvironment by H. pylori primarily resides in human generating ammonium from urea. gastric mucosa, specifically the mucus Thus, neutralizing gastric acid. layer of the antrum and fundus of the stomach but does not invade the gastric epithelium. o it only colonizes the stomach for a long time.  HELICOBACTER PYLORI ❑ CULTURE MEDIA: ❑ NON-CULTURE METHODS: CAP, MTM, Skirrow agar, 5% ❖ Serologic testing Sheep’s Blood Brucella Agar Important for screening (Ab ❑ TRANSPORT MEDIA: detection) Stuart’s media, Cysteine- Testing for the presence of brucella broth with 20% a rapid urease reaction glycerol (tissue samples) and Gastric biopsy and special isotonic saline with 4% glucose. stains ❑ May require more than 5 days Urea breath test o Fecal incubation because of the antigen ddetection using requirements that they would enzyme immunoassay need. ❑ Capnophilic environment (5%- ❑ DNA amplification tests (e.g. 10% O2; 5-12% CO2 PCR assay) thank you