VanPutte Anatomy & Physiology Chapter 10 PDF

Because learning changes everything. ® Chapter 10 Muscular System GROSS ANATOMY Seeley’s ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY Thirteenth Edition Cinnamon VanPutte, Jennifer Regan, Andrew Russo © 2023 McGraw Hill, LLC. All rights reserved. Authorized only for instructor use in the classroo...

Because learning changes everything. ® Chapter 10 Muscular System GROSS ANATOMY Seeley’s ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY Thirteenth Edition Cinnamon VanPutte, Jennifer Regan, Andrew Russo © 2023 McGraw Hill, LLC. All rights reserved. Authorized only for instructor use in the classroom. No reproduction or further distribution permitted without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill, LLC.  Lecture Outline Throughout this chapter, you will learn the names of head, neck, trunk, upper limb, and lower limb muscles. You will also be able to explain which muscles are important for various movements of the body. Access the text alternative for slide images. © McGraw Hill, LLC 2  10.1 General Principles of Skeletal Muscle Anatomy Muscle terminology. Origin or head: muscle end attached to more stationary of two bones. Insertion: muscle end attached to bone with greatest movement. Belly: largest portion of the muscle between origin and insertion. Tendons: attach muscles to bones. Aponeurosis: a very broad tendon. Agonist: muscle that, when it contracts, causes an action. Antagonist: a muscle working in opposition to agonist. Example: the biceps brachii can be used to lift weights and is the agonist, but when you move a bowling ball back to prepare to bowl, the biceps is the antagonist. Synergists: muscles that work together to cause a movement. Prime mover: plays major role in accomplishing movement. Fixators: stabilize joint/s crossed by the prime mover; prevent movement of the origin of the prime mover. © McGraw Hill, LLC 3  Muscle Attachment and Movements Access the text alternative for slide images. © McGraw Hill, LLC  Fascicle Arrangement Access the text alternative for slide images. © McGraw Hill, LLC  Muscle Names Muscles are named according to: Location: pectoralis gluteus, brachial. Size: maximus, minimus, longus, brevis. Shape: deltoid, quadratus, teres. Orientation of fascicles: rectus, oblique. Origin and insertion: sternocleidomastoid, brachioradialis. Number of heads: biceps, triceps. Function: extensor, abductor, adductor, masseter. © McGraw Hill, LLC 6  Muscle Movements Muscles and their tendons and bones act together as lever systems to move either parts of the body or the whole body. Levers include: Fulcrum (F): hinge. Weight (W): load being moved. Pull (P): force due to muscle contraction. The lever moves at the hinge to apply a force (pull) to the weight. © McGraw Hill, LLC 7  Levers Class I Fulcrum between force and weight. Seesaw. Head movement at the atlantooccipital joint. Class II Weight is between fulcrum and pull. Wheelbarrow. Standing on toes; metatarsophalangeal joint. Class III Pull located between fulcrum and weight. Person using a shovel. Most common: biceps brachii with elbow as fulcrum. (a) Sergey Lavrentev/Getty Images; (b) Sollina Images/Getty Images; (c) milanklusacek/Getty Images © McGraw Hill, LLC  Body Musculature: Anterior View Access the text alternative for slide images. © McGraw Hill, LLC  Body Musculature: Posterior View Access the text alternative for slide images. © McGraw Hill, LLC  10.2 Head and Neck Muscles General characteristics Anterior neck muscles function primarily in lateral head movements. Deep muscles within the neck along the anterior margins of the vertebral bodies function in flexion. Posterior neck muscles attached to occipital bone function in extension. Rotation and abduction: lateral and posterior groups. © McGraw Hill, LLC 11  Anterior Neck Muscles (b) Jill Braaten/McGraw Hill Education TABLE 10.2 Muscles Moving the Head and Neck (see figures 10.4–10.6) Muscle Origin Insertion Nerve Action Lateral Sternocleido Manubrium Mastoid process Accessory One contracting alone: laterally mastoid and medial and superior (cranial nerve XI) flexes head and neck to same side clavicle nuchal line and rotates head and neck to opposite side Both contracting together: flex neck Scalene C2–C6 First and second Cervical and Flex, laterally flex, and rotate neck muscles ribs brachial plexuses Access the text alternative for slide images. © McGraw Hill, LLC 12  Posterior Neck Muscles (b) Jill Braaten/McGraw Hill Education TABLE 10.2 Muscles Moving the Head and Neck (see figures 10.4–10.6) Muscle Origin Insertion Nerve Action Posterior Longissimus capitis Upper thoracic and lower Mastoid process Dorsal rami of cervical nerves Extends, rotates, and cervical vertebrae laterally flexes neck Oblique capitis Atlas Occipital bone Dorsal ramus of C1 Extends and laterally superior (inferior nuchal line) flexes neck; turns head Rectus capitis Axis, atlas Occipital bone Dorsal ramus of C1 Extends and rotates neck; posterior turns head Semispinalis capitis C4–T6 Occipital bone Dorsal rami of cervical nerves Extends and rotates neck Splenius capitis C4–T6 Superior nuchal line Dorsal rami of cervical nerves Extends, rotates, and and mastoid process laterally flexes neck Trapezius Occipital protuberance, Clavicle, acromion Accessory (cranial nerve XI) Extends and laterally nuchal ligament, spinous process, and scapular flexes neck processes of C7–T12 spine Access the text alternative for slide images. © McGraw Hill, LLC 13  Muscles of Facial Expression 1 General characteristics Cutaneous; origin and insertion in the superficial fascia. Confined primarily to head and neck. Move the skin; some act as sphincters. Access the text alternative for slide images. © McGraw Hill, LLC 14  Facial Muscles (b) Christine Eckel/McGraw Hill Education Access the text alternative for slide images. © McGraw Hill, LLC 15  Muscles of Facial Expression 2 TABLE 10.3 Muscles of Facial Expression (see figures 10.7 and 10.8) Muscle Origin Insertion Nerve Action Scalp (epicranium) Occipitofrontalis Occipital bone Skin of eyebrow and nose Facial Moves scalp; raises eyebrows; wrinkles forehead; “surprise” Eye Corrugator Nasal bridge Skin of eyebrow Facial Depresses medial portion of supercilii and orbicularis eyebrow; draws eyebrows oculi together, as in frowning Levator palpebrae Lesser wing of Skin of eyelid Oculomotor Elevates upper eyelid; opens eye superioris sphenoid Orbicularis oculi Maxilla and Circles orbit and inserts Facial Closes eyes; blinking, winking, frontal bones near origin squinting Nose Nasalis Maxilla Bridge and side of nose Facial Dilates nostril Procerus Bridge of nose Frontalis Facial Creates horizontal wrinkles between eyes, as in frowning © McGraw Hill, LLC 16  Muscles of Facial Expression 3 TABLE 10.3 Muscles of Facial Expression (see figures 10.7 and 10.8) Muscle Origin Insertion Nerve Action Mouth Mandible and maxilla Orbicularis oris at corner Facial Draws corners of mouth posteriorly; of mouth compresses cheek to hold food between teeth Buccinator Lower border of Skin of lip near corner of Facial Lowers corner of mouth; “frown” mandible mouth Depressor anguli Lower border of Skin of lower lip and Facial Depresses lower lip oris mandible orbicularis oris Depressor labii Maxilla Skin at corner of mouth Facial Raises corner of mouth inferioris and orbicularis oris Levator anguli oris Maxilla Skin and orbicularis oris of Facial Raises upper lip; “sneer” upper lip Levator labii Mandible Skin of chin Facial Elevates and wrinkles skin over chin; superioris protrudes lower lip; “pout” Mentalis Nasal septum, maxilla, Fascia and other muscles Facial Closes and purses lips; “kissing” and mandible of lips Orbicularis oris Platysma and Orbicularis oris and skin at Facial Draws corner of mouth laterally; risor— masseter fascia corner of mouth laughter Risorius Zygomatic bone Angle of mouth Facial Elevates and abducts upper lip and corner of mouth; “smile” Zygomaticus major Zygomatic bone Orbicularis oris of upper lip Facial Elevates and abducts upper lip; “smile” Neck Platysma Fascia of deltoid and Skin over inferior border of Facial Depresses lower lip; wrinkles skin of pectoralis major mandible neck and upper chest; to express fear © McGraw Hill, LLC 17  Muscles of Mastication 1 Mastication: chewing. Involves elevation/depression of the mandible and excursion to grind the teeth together. Act with the muscles of hyoid in movement of the mandible. Muscles of the cheek and tongue aid mastication by pushing the food under the teeth. © McGraw Hill, LLC 18  Muscles of Mastication 2 Access the text alternative for slide images. © McGraw Hill, LLC 19  Muscles of Mastication 3 TABLE 10.4 Muscles of Mastication (see figures 10.8 and 10.9) Muscle Origin Insertion Nerve Action Temporalis Temporal fossa Anterior portion of Mandibular division Elevates and retracts mandibular ramus of trigeminal (moves posteriorly) and coronoid mandible; involved in process excursion (see chapter 8) Masseter Zygomatic arch Lateral side of Mandibular division Elevates and protracts mandibular of trigeminal (moves anteriorly) ramus mandible; involved in excursion Pterygoids Lateral Lateral side of lateral Condylar process Mandibular division Depresses and protracts pterygoid plate and of mandible and of trigeminal mandible; involved in greater wing of articular disk excursion; side-to-side sphenoid movements Medial Medial side of lateral Medial surface of Mandibular division Elevates and protracts pterygoid plate and mandible of trigeminal mandible; involved in tuberosity of maxilla excursion; side-to-side movements © McGraw Hill, LLC 20  Hyoid Muscles 1 Access the text alternative for slide images. © McGraw Hill, LLC 21  Hyoid Muscles 2 The hyoid muscles are divided into a suprahyoid group that is superior to the hyoid bone and an infrahyoid group inferior to it. When the hyoid bone is fixed by the infrahyoid muscles so that the bone is stabilized from below, the suprahyoid muscles can help depress the mandible. If the suprahyoid muscles fix the hyoid and thus stabilize it from above, the thyrohyoid muscle (an infrahyoid muscle) can elevate the larynx. TABLE 10.5 Hyoid Muscles (see figure 10.10) Muscle Origin Insertion Nerve Action Suprahyoid Muscles Digastric Mastoid process Mandible near Posterior belly—facial; anterior Depresses and retracts mandible; (posterior belly) midline belly— mandibular division of elevates hyoid (anterior belly) trigeminal Geniohyoid Mental protuberance Body of hyoid Fibers of C1 and C2 With Protracts hyoid; depresses mandible of mandible hypoglossal Mylohyoid Body of mandible Hyoid Mandibular division of trigeminal Elevates floor of mouth and tongue; depresses mandible when hyoid is fixed Stylohyoid Styloid process Hyoid Facial Elevates hyoid Infrahyoid Muscles Omohyoid Superior border Hyoid Upper cervical through ansa Depresses hyoid; fixes hyoid when of scapula cervicalis opening mouth Sternohyoid Manubrium and first Hyoid Upper cervical through ansa Depresses hyoid; fixes hyoid when costal cartilage cervicalis opening mouth Sternothyroid Manubrium and first or Thyroid Upper cervical through ansa Depresses larynx; fixes hyoid when second costal cartilage cartilage cervicalis opening mouth Thyrohyoid Thyroid cartilage Hyoid Upper cervical, passing With Depresses hyoid and elevates thyroid hypoglossal cartilage of larynx; fixes hyoid when opening mouth © McGraw Hill, LLC 22  Tongue Movements Roles of the tongue in mastication and speech: Manipulates food in the mouth. Holds food in place while teeth grind. Pushes food up to palate and toward pharynx to initiate swallowing. Changes shape to modify sound during speech. Consists of. Intrinsic muscles found entirely in tongue. Extrinsic muscles found outside of tongue, but attached to it. © McGraw Hill, LLC 23  Tongue Muscles TABLE 10.6 Tongue Muscles (see figure 10.11) Muscle Origin Insertion Nerve Action Intrinsic Muscles Longitudinal, transverse, Within tongue Within tongue Hypoglossal Change tongue shape and vertical (not illustrated) Extrinsic Muscles Genioglossus Mental protuberance Tongue Hypoglossal Depresses and protrudes of mandible tongue Hyoglossus Hyoid Side of tongue Hypoglossal Retracts and depresses side of tongue Styloglossus Styloid process Tongue (lateral Hypoglossal Retracts tongue Of temporal bone and inferior) Palatoglossus Soft palate Tongue Pharyngeal plexus Elevates posterior tongue Access the text alternative for slide images. © McGraw Hill, LLC 24  Swallowing and the Larynx Soft palate, pharynx, and larynx contain several muscles involved in swallowing and speech. When swallowing, The palatopharyngeus elevates the pharynx. The salpingopharyngeus muscles constrict pharynx from superior to inferior, forcing food into esophagus. © McGraw Hill, LLC 25  Muscles of Swallowing and the Larynx 1 TABLE 10.7 Muscles of Swallowing and the Larynx (see figures 10.11 and 10.12) Muscle Origin Insertion Nerve Action Larynx Arytenoids Oblique (not Arytenoid cartilage Opposite arytenoid Recurrent Narrows opening to illustrated) cartilage laryngeal larynx Transverse (not Arytenoid cartilage Opposite arytenoid Recurrent Narrows opening to illustrated) cartilage laryngeal larynx Cricoarytenoids Lateral (not Lateral side of Arytenoid cartilage Recurrent Narrows opening to illustrated) cricoid cartilage laryngeal larynx Posterior (not Posterior side of Arytenoid cartilage Recurrent Widens opening of illustrated) cricoid cartilage laryngeal larynx Cricothyroid Anterior cricoid Thyroid cartilage Superior Lengthens (tenses) cartilage laryngeal vocal cords Thyroarytenoid Thyroid cartilage Arytenoid cartilage Recurrent Shortens (relaxes) (not illustrated) laryngeal vocal cords Vocalis (not Thyroid cartilage Arytenoid cartilage Recurrent Shortens (relaxes) illustrated) laryngeal vocal cords © McGraw Hill, LLC 26  Muscles of Swallowing and the Larynx 2 TABLE 10.7 Muscles of Swallowing and the Larynx (see figures 10.11 and 10.12) Muscle Origin Insertion Nerve Action Soft Palate Levator veli palatini Temporal bone and Soft palate Pharyngeal plexus Elevates soft palate during pharyngotympanic swallowing Palatoglossus Soft palate Tongue Pharyngeal plexus Narrows fauces; elevates posterior tongue Palatopharyngeus Soft palate Pharynx Pharyngeal plexus Narrows fauces; depresses palate; elevates pharynx Tensor veli palatini Sphenoid and auditory tube Soft palate division of Mandibular, division of Tenses soft palate; opens auditory tube trigeminal auditory tube Uvulae Posterior nasal spine Uvula Pharyngeal plexus Elevates uvula Pharynx Pharyngeal constrictors Inferior Thyroid and cricoid cartilages Pharyngeal raphe Pharyngeal plexus and Narrows inferior portion of external laryngeal pharynx in swallowing nerve Middle Stylohyoid ligament and hyoid Pharyngeal raphe Pharyngeal plexus Narrows pharynx in swallowing Superior Medial pterygoid plate, Pharyngeal raphe Pharyngeal plexus Narrows superior portion of mandible, floor of mouth, and pharynx in swallowing side of tongue Salpingopharyngeus Auditory tube Pharynx Pharyngeal plexus Elevates pharynx; opens auditory tube in swallowing Stylopharyngeus Styloid process Pharynx Glossopharyngeus Elevates pharynx © McGraw Hill, LLC 27  Muscles of the Palate, Pharynx, and Larynx Access the text alternative for slide images. © McGraw Hill, LLC 28  Movements of the Eyeball TABLE 10.8 Muscles Moving the Eye (see figure 10.13) Muscle Origin Insertion Nerve Action Oblique Inferior Orbital plate of maxilla Sclera of eye Oculomotor Elevates and laterally moves eye Superior Common tendinous ring Sclera of eye Trochlear Depresses and laterally moves eye Rectus Inferior Common tendinous ring Sclera of eye Oculomotor Depresses and medially moves eye Lateral Common tendinous ring Sclera of eye Abducens Laterally moves eye Medial Common tendinous ring Sclera of eye Oculomotor Medially moves eye Superior Common tendinous ring Sclera of eye Oculomotor Elevates and medially moves eye Access the text alternative for slide images. © McGraw Hill, LLC 29  10.3 Trunk Muscles Muscles moving the vertebral column. Muscles that extend, laterally flex, and rotate the vertebral column. Used to produce erect posture. Divided into deep and superficial groups. Deep group: from vertebra to vertebra. Superficial group extend from vertebrae to ribs. © McGraw Hill, LLC 30  Muscles Acting on the Vertebral Column 1 TABLE 10.9 Muscles Acting on the Vertebral Column (see figures 10.5, 10.6, 10.14, and 10.15) Muscle Origin Insertion Nerve Action Superficial Erector spinae (divides into three columns) Iliocostalis Cervicis Superior six ribs Transverse processes of middle Dorsal rami of thoracic Extends, laterally flexes, and cervical vertebrae nerves rotates vertebral column Thoracis Inferior six ribs Superior six ribs Dorsal rami of thoracic Extends, laterally flexes, and nerves rotates vertebral column Lumborum Sacrum, ilium, and Inferior six ribs Dorsal rami of thoracic Extends, laterally flexes, and lumbar vertebrae and lumbar nerves rotates vertebral column Longissimus Capitis Upper thoracic and Mastoid process Dorsal rami of cervical Extends head lower cervical vertebrae nerves Cervicis Upper thoracic Transverse processes of upper Dorsal rami of cervical Extends neck vertebrae cervical vertebrae nerves Thoracis Ribs and lower thoracic Transverse processes of upper Dorsal rami of thoracic Extends vertebral column vertebrae lumbar vertebrae and ribs and lumbar nerves Spinalis Cervicis (not illustrated) C6–C7 Spinous processes of C2–C3 Dorsal rami of cervical Extends neck nerves Thoracis T11–L2 Spinous processes of middle Dorsal rami of thoracic Extends vertebral column and upper thoracic vertebrae nerves © McGraw Hill, LLC 31  Muscles Acting on the Vertebral Column 2 TABLE 10.9 Muscles Acting on the Vertebral Column (see figures 10.5, 10.6, 10.14, and 10.15) Muscle Origin Insertion Nerve Action Semispinalis Cervicis Transverse processes of T2–T5 Spinous processes of Dorsal rami of Extends neck C2–C5 cervical nerves Thoracis Transverse processes of T5–T11 Spinous processes of Dorsal rami of Extends vertebral C5–T4 thoracic nerves column Splenius cervicis Spinous processes of C3–C5 Transverse processes Dorsal rami of Rotates and extends of C1–C3 cervical nerves neck Deep Interspinales Spinous processes of all Next superior spinous Dorsal rami of Extends back and neck vertebrae process spinal nerves Intertransversarii Transverse processes Next superior Dorsal rami of Laterally flexes vertebral of all vertebrae transverse process spinal nerves column Multifidus Transverse processes of Spinous processes of Dorsal rami of Extends and rotates vertebrae; posterior surface of superior vertebrae spinal nerves vertebral column sacrum and ilium Quadratus Iliac crest and lower lumbar Twelfth rib and upper Upper lumbar Laterally flexes vertebral lumborum vertebrae lumbar vertebrae column and depresses twelfth rib Rotatores Transverse processes Base of spinous Dorsal rami of Extends and rotates of all vertebrae process of superior spinal nerves vertebral column vertebrae © McGraw Hill, LLC 32  Posterior Neck and Deep Neck Muscles (b) Jill Braaten/McGraw Hill Education; (c) Christine Eckel/McGraw Hill Education Access the text alternative for slide images. © McGraw Hill, LLC 33  Deep Neck and Back Muscles Access the text alternative for slide images. © McGraw Hill, LLC 34  Vertebral Muscles Access the text alternative for slide images. © McGraw Hill, LLC 35  Thoracic Muscles Involved in breathing. Four groups associated with rib cage. Scalenes: elevate first two ribs during inspiration. External intercostals: elevate the ribs. Internal intercostals and transversus thoracis: depress ribs during expiration. Diaphragm: responsible for normal, quiet breathing. Flattens during contraction and increases the volume of the thoracic cavity (resulting in inspiration). © McGraw Hill, LLC 36  Muscles of the Thorax TABLE 10.10 Muscles of the Thorax (see figure 10.16) Muscle Origin Insertion Nerve Action Diaphragm Interior of ribs, sternum, Central tendon of Phrenic Inspiration depresses and lumbar vertebrae diaphragm floor of thorax Intercostals External Inferior margin of each rib Superior border of Intercostal Quiet inspiration next rib below elevates ribs Internal Superior margin of each rib Inferior border of Intercostal Forced expiration next rib above depresses ribs Scalene muscles Anterior Transverse processes of First rib Cervical Elevates first rib C3–C6 plexus Medial Transverse processes of First rib Cervical Elevates first rib C2–C6 plexus Posterior Transverse processes of Second rib Cervical and Elevates second rib C4–C6 brachial plexuses © McGraw Hill, LLC 37  Muscles of the Thorax Access the text alternative for slide images. © McGraw Hill, LLC 38  Abdominal Wall Muscles of abdominal wall flex and rotate vertebral column, decrease volume of abdominal and thoracic cavities. Aid in forced expiration, vomiting, defecation, urination, childbirth. Crossing pattern of muscles adds strength to abdominal wall to support organs. © McGraw Hill, LLC 39  Muscles of the Abdominal Wall TABLE 10.11 Muscles of the Abdominal Wall (see figures 10.3a, 10.14, 10.17, and 10.18) Muscle Origin Insertion Nerve Action Anterior Rectus Pubic crest and symphysis Xiphoid process Branches of Flexes vertebral abdominis pubis and inferior ribs Lower column; compresses thoracic abdominal wall External Fifth to twelfth ribs Iliac crest, inguinal Branches of Flexes and rotates abdominal ligament, and Lower vertebral column; oblique rectus sheath thoracic compresses abdominal wall; depresses thorax Internal Iliac crest, inguinal Tenth to twelfth ribs Lower Flexes and rotates abdominal ligament, and lumbar fascia and rectus sheath thoracic vertebral column; oblique compresses abdominal wall; depresses thorax Transversus Seventh to twelfth costal Xiphoid process, Lower Compresses abdominis cartilages, lumbar fascia, linea alba, and thoracic abdominal wall iliac crest, and inguinal pubic tubercle ligament © McGraw Hill, LLC 40  Anterior Abdominal Wall Muscles 1 Access the text alternative for slide images. © McGraw Hill, LLC 41  Anterior Abdominal Wall Muscles 2 (b) Jill Braaten/McGraw Hill Education; (c) Christine Eckel/McGraw Hill Education Access the text alternative for slide images. © McGraw Hill, LLC 42  Pelvic Floor and Perineum Pelvic diaphragm: Funnel-shaped, supports the pelvic viscera. Pierced by anal canal, urethra and (vagina). Perineum: diamond-shaped area inferior to pelvic diaphragm. Anterior half of diamond is urogenital triangle; posterior half is anal triangle. © McGraw Hill, LLC 43  Muscles of the Pelvic Diaphragm and Perineum 1 Access the text alternative for slide images. © McGraw Hill, LLC 44  Muscles of the Pelvic Diaphragm and Perineum 2 TABLE 10.12 Muscles of the Pelvic Diaphragm and Perineum (see figure 10.19) Muscle Origin Insertion Nerve Action Pelvic Diaphragm Coccygeus Ischial spine Coccyx S3 and S4 Forms pelvic floor; supports pelvic organs Levator ani Posterior pubis and Sacrum and coccyx Fourth Elevates anus; supports ischial spine sacral pelvic organs Perineum Urogenital triangle Bulbospongiosus Male—central tendon Dorsal surface of Pudendal Compresses base of of perineum and penis and bulb of penis; ejects urine or median raphe of penis penis semen; erects penis Female—central Base of clitoris Pudendal Erects clitoris tendon of perineum Ischiocavernosus Ischial ramus Corpus cavernosum Perineal Compresses base of penis or clitoris External urethral sphincter Pubic ramus Median raphe Pudendal Constricts urethra to stop (not illustrated) urine flow Transverse perineal muscle Deep Ischial ramus Median raphe Pudendal Supports pelvic floor Superficial Ischial ramus Central perineal Pudendal Fixes central tendon Anal triangle External anal sphincter Coccyx Central tendon of Fourth Keeps orifice of anal perineum sacral and canal closed; relaxes pudendal during defecation © McGraw Hill, LLC 45  10.4 Upper Limb Muscles Major connection of the upper limb to the body is accomplished by muscles. Scapular Movements. Move or stabilize the scapula and clavicle permitting a wide range of movements. Originate on the axial skeleton. Trapezius, levator scapulae, rhomboideus, serratus anterior, pectoralis minor. © McGraw Hill, LLC 46  Muscles Acting on the Scapula 1 TABLE 10.13 Muscles Acting on the Scapula (see figure 10.20) Muscle Origin Insertion Nerve Action Levator scapulae Transverse processes Superior angle of scapula Dorsal scapular Elevates, retracts, and rotates scapula; of C1–C4 laterally flexes neck Pectoralis minor Third to fifth ribs Coracoid process of Medial pectoral Depresses scapula or elevates ribs scapula Rhomboideus Major Spinous processes of T1–T4 Medial border of scapula Dorsal scapular Retracts, rotates, and fixes scapula Minor Spinous processes of C6–C7 Medial border of scapula Dorsal scapular Retracts, slightly elevates, rotates, and fixes scapula Serratus anterior First to eighth or ninth ribs Medial border of scapula Long thoracic Rotates and protracts scapula; elevates ribs Subclavius First rib Clavicle Subclavian Fixes clavicle or elevates first rib Trapezius External occipital protuberance, Clavicle, acromion Accessory and Elevates, depresses, retracts, rotates, and ligamentum nuchae, and process, and scapular cervical plexus fixes scapula; extends neck spinous processes of C7–T12 spine TABLE 10.14 Overview of Muscle Actions on the Shoulder and Arm Flexion Extension Abduction Adduction Medial Rotation Lateral Rotation Deltoid Deltoid Deltoid Pectoralis major Pectoralis major Deltoid Pectoralis major Teres major Supraspinatus Latissimus dorsi Teres major Infraspinatus Coracobrachialis Latissimus dorsi Teres major Latissimus dorsi Teres minor Biceps brachii Pectoralis major Teres minor Deltoid Triceps brachii Triceps brachii Subscapularis Coracobrachialis © McGraw Hill, LLC 47  Muscles Acting on the Scapula 2 Access the text alternative for slide images. © McGraw Hill, LLC 48  Anterior Muscles Attaching the Upper Limb to the Body (b) Christine Eckel/McGraw Hill Education (c) Rebecca Gray/McGraw Hill Education; (d) Jill Braaten/McGraw Hill Education Access the text alternative for slide images. © McGraw Hill, LLC 49  Arm Movements Muscles that attach arm to thorax: pectoralis major, latissimus dorsi. Deltoid and pectoralis major both act as flexors and extensors of the shoulder. Deltoid abducts and medially and laterally rotates arm. Rotator cuff muscles move arm and also hold head of humerus in glenoid cavity. © McGraw Hill, LLC 50  Posterior Muscles Attaching the Upper Limb to the Body (b) Christine Eckel/McGraw Hill Education; (c) Jill Braaten/McGraw Hill Education Access the text alternative for slide images. © McGraw Hill, LLC 51  Right Rotator Cuff Muscles Primary muscles holding humerus in the glenoid cavity. Form a cuff or cap over the proximal humerus. Involved in flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, rotation and circumduction. Infraspinatus, subscapularis, supraspinatus, teres minor. Access the text alternative for slide images. © McGraw Hill, LLC 52  Muscles of the Arm Acting on the Forearm TABLE 10.15 Muscles Acting on the Arm (see figures 10.20–10.23) Muscle Origin Insertion Nerve Action Coracobrachialis Coracoid process of Midshaft of humerus Musculocutaneous Adducts arm and flexes shoulder scapula Deltoid Clavicle, acromion process, Deltoid tuberosity Axillary Flexes and extends shoulder; and scapular spine abducts and medially and laterally rotates arm Latissimus dorsi Spinous processes of T7– Medial crest of Thoracodorsal Adducts and medially rotates L5; sacrum and iliac crest; intertubercular groove arm; extends shoulder inferior angle of scapula in some people Pectoralis major Clavicle, sternum, superior Lateral crest of Medial and lateral Flexes shoulder; adducts and six costal cartilages, and intertubercular groove pectoral medially rotates arm; extends abdominal aponeurosis shoulder from flexed position Teres major Lateral border of scapula Medial crest of Lower subscapular Extends shoulder; adducts intertubercular groove C5 and C6 and medially rotates arm Rotator Cuff Infraspinatus Infraspinous fossa of Greater tubercle Suprascapular C5 Laterally rotates arm; holds head of scapula of humerus and C6 humerus in place Subscapularis Subscapular fossa Lesser tubercle of Upper and lower Medially rotates arm; holds head of humerus subscapular C5 humerus in place and C6 Supraspinatus Supraspinous fossa Greater tubercle of Suprascapular C5 Abducts arm; holds head of humerus and C6 humerus in place Teres minor Lateral border of scapula Greater tubercle of Axillary C5 and C6 Laterally rotates and adducts arm; humerus holds head of humerus in place © McGraw Hill, LLC 53  Forearm Movements Movements at the elbow. Extension: triceps brachii and anconeus. Flexion: biceps brachii, brachioradialis, and brachialis. Supination and pronation: Supination: supinator and biceps brachii. Pronation: pronator quadratus and pronator teres. © McGraw Hill, LLC 54  Lateral Right Arm Muscles (c) Rebecca Gray, photographer/Don Kincaid, dissections/McGraw Hill Education; (d) Jill Braaten/McGraw Hill Education Access the text alternative for slide images. © McGraw Hill, LLC 55  Wrist, Hand, and Finger Movements Muscles on anterior surface of forearm: flexion as well as abduction and adduction of the wrist. Muscles on posterior surface of forearm: extension and abduction. Retinacula- bands of deep fascia, which hold tendons of muscles of forearm, blood vessels, and nerves close to wrist. Flexor retinaculum (transverse carpal ligament): on the flexor surface. Extensor retinaculum (dorsal carpal ligament): on the extensor surface. © McGraw Hill, LLC 56  Anterior Muscles of the Forearm Acting on the Wrist, Hand and Fingers. TABLE 10.17 Muscles of the Forearm Acting on the Wrist, Hand, and Fingers (see figures 10.25 and 10.26) Muscle Origin Insertion Nerve Action Anterior Forearm Brachioradialis Lateral supracondylar ridge of Styloid process of Radial Flexes elbow humerus radius Flexor carpi Medial epicondyle of Second and third Median Flexes and abducts wrist radialis humerus metacarpal bones Flexor carpi ulnaris Medial epicondyle of Pisiform, hamate, and Ulnar Flexes and adducts wrist humerus and ulna fifth metacarpal bones Flexor digitorum Ulna Distal phalanges of Ulnar and median Flexes fingers at profundus digits 2–5 metacarpophalangeal joints and interphalangeal joints and wrist Flexor digitorum Medial epicondyle of humerus, Middle phalanges of Median Flexes fingers at interphalangeal superficialis coronoid process, digits 2–5 joints and wrist and radius Flexor pollicis Radius Distal phalanx of thumb Median Flexes thumb longus Palmaris longus Medial epicondyle of humerus Palmar fascia Median Tenses palmar fascia; flexes wrist Pronator Distal ulna Distal radius Anterior Pronates forearm (and hand) quadratus interosseous Pronator teres Medial epicondyle of Radius Median Pronates forearm (and hand) humerus and coronoid process of ulna Supinator Lateral epicondyle of Radius Radial Supinates forearm (and hand) humerus and ulna © McGraw Hill, LLC 57  Anterior Right Forearm Muscles 1 Access the text alternative for slide images. © McGraw Hill, LLC 58  Anterior Right Forearm Muscles 2 (d) Jill Braaten/McGraw Hill Education Access the text alternative for slide images. © McGraw Hill, LLC 59  Posterior Muscles of the Forearm Acting on the Wrist, Hand, and Fingers. TABLE 10.17 Muscles of the Forearm Acting on the Wrist, Hand, and Fingers (see figures 10.25 and 10.26) Muscle Origin Insertion Nerve Action Posterior Forearm Abductor pollicis Posterior ulna and radius and Base of first metacarpal bone Radial Abducts and extends longus interosseous membrane thumb; abducts wrist Anconeus Lateral epicondyle of Olecranon process and Radial Extends elbow humerus posterior ulna Extensor carpi Lateral epicondyle of Base of third metacarpal Radial Extends and abducts wrist radialis brevis humerus bone Extensor carpi Lateral supracondylar ridge of Base of second metacarpal Radial Extends and abducts wrist radialis longus humerus bone Extensor carpi Lateral epicondyle Base of fifth metacarpal bone Radial Extends and adducts wrist ulnaris of humerus and ulna Extensor digiti Lateral epicondyle of Phalanges of digit 5 Radial Extends little finger and minimi humerus wrist Extensor digitorum Lateral epicondyle Extensor tendon expansion Radial Extends fingers and wrist of humerus over phalanges of digits 2–5 Extensor indicis Ulna Extensor tendon expansion Radial Extends forefinger and over digit 2 wrist Extensor pollicis Radius Proximal phalanx of thumb Radial Extends and abducts brevis thumb; abducts wrist Extensor pollicis Ulna Distal phalanx of thumb Radial Extends thumb longus © McGraw Hill, LLC 60  Posterior Right Forearm Muscles 1 Access the text alternative for slide images. © McGraw Hill, LLC 61  Posterior Right Forearm Muscles 2 (c) Rebecca Gray/McGraw Hill Education; (d) Jill Braaten/McGraw Hill Education Access the text alternative for slide images. © McGraw Hill, LLC 62  Intrinsic Hand Muscles 1 Found entirely within the hand. Movement of fingers. (c) Jill Braaten/McGraw Hill Education Access the text alternative for slide images. © McGraw Hill, LLC 63  Intrinsic Hand Muscles 2 TABLE 10.18 Intrinsic Hand Muscles (see figure 10.27) Muscle Origin Insertion Nerve Action Midpalmar Muscles Interossei Dorsal Sides of metacarpal bones Proximal phalanges Ulnar Abducts second, third, of digits 2, 3, and 4 and fourth digits Palmar Second, fourth, and fifth Digits 2, 4, and 5 Ulnar Adducts second, metacarpal bones fourth, and fifth digits Lumbricals Tendons of flexor digitorum Digits 2–5 Two on radial side— Flexes proximal and profundus median; two on extends middle and ulnar side—ulnar distal phalanges Thenar Muscles Abductor pollicis brevis Flexor retinaculum, trapezium, Proximal phalanx of Median Abducts thumb and scaphoid thumb Adductor pollicis Third metacarpal bone, Proximal phalanx of Ulnar Adducts thumb second metacarpal bone, thumb trapezoid, and capitate Flexor pollicis brevis Flexor retinaculum and first Proximal phalanx of Median and ulnar Flexes thumb metacarpal bone thumb Opponens pollicis Trapezium and flexor First metacarpal bone Median Opposes thumb retinaculum Hypothenar Muscles Abductor digiti minimi Pisiform Base of digit 5 Ulnar Abducts and flexes little finger Flexor digiti minimi Hamate Base of proximal Ulnar Flexes little finger brevis phalanx of digit 5 Opponens digiti minimi Hamate and flexor retinaculum Fifth metacarpal bone Ulnar Opposes little finger © McGraw Hill, LLC 64  10.5 Lower Limb Muscles Thigh Movements. Originate on coxal bone; insert onto femur. Anterior, posterolateral, deep. Anterior: flex hip. Iliacus and psoas major often referred to as iliopsoas since they share a tendon of insertion. Posterolateral: gluteals and tensor fasciae latae; Extension of thigh. Deep: including the gluteus maximus; thigh rotators. © McGraw Hill, LLC 65  Overview of Muscle Actions on the Hip and Thigh TABLE 10.19 Overview of Muscle Actions on the Hip and Thigh Flexion Extension Abduction Adduction Medial Rotation Lateral Rotation Iliopsoas Gluteus maximus Gluteus Adductor Tensor fasciae Gluteus maximus maximus magnus latae Tensor Semitendinosus Gluteus Adductor Gluteus medius Obturator internus fasciae latae medius longus Rectus Semimembranosus Gluteus Adductor Gluteus minimus Obturator externus femoris minimus brevis Sartorius Biceps femoris Tensor Pectineus Superior gemellus fasciae latae Adductor Adductor magnus Obturator Gracilis Inferior gemellus longus internus Adductor Gemellus Quadratus femoris brevis superior and inferior Pectineus Piriformis Piriformis Adductor magnus Adductor longus Adductor brevis © McGraw Hill, LLC 66  Right Anterior Hip and Thigh Muscles Access the text alternative for slide images. © McGraw Hill, LLC 67  Muscles Acting on the Hip and Thigh 1 TABLE 10.20 Muscles Acting on the Hip and Thigh (see figure 10.28) Muscle Origin Insertion Nerve Action Gluteal Group Gluteus maximus Posterior surface of ilium, Gluteal tuberosity of Inferior Extends hip; abducts and laterally rotates sacrum, and coccyx femur and iliotibial tract gluteal thigh Gluteus medius Posterior surface of ilium Greater trochanter of Superior Abducts and medially rotates thigh; tilts femur gluteal pelvis toward supported side Gluteus minimus Posterior surface of ilium Greater trochanter of Superior Abducts and medially rotates thigh; tilts femur gluteal pelvis toward supported side Tensor fasciae latae Anterior superior iliac Through iliotibial tract Superior Tenses lateral fascia and stabilizes femur spine to lateral condyle of gluteal on tibia when standing; flexes hip; abducts tibia and medially rotates thigh; tilts pelvis Lateral Rotator Group Gemellus Inferior Ischial tuberosity Obturator internus L5 and S1 Laterally rotates and abducts thigh tendon Superior Ischial spine Obturator internus L5 and S1 Laterally rotates and abducts thigh tendon Obturator Externus Inferior margin of Greater trochanter of Obturator Laterally rotates thigh obturator foramen femur Internus Interior margin of Greater trochanter of L5 and S1 Laterally rotates thigh obturator foramen femur Piriformis Sacrum and ilium Greater trochanter of S1 and Laterally rotates and abducts thigh femur S2 Quadratus femoris Ischial tuberosity Intertrochanteric ridge L5 and S1 Laterally rotates thigh of femur © McGraw Hill, LLC 68  Muscles Acting on the Hip and Thigh 2 TABLE 10.20 Muscles Acting on the Hip and Thigh (see figure 10.28) Muscle Origin Insertion Nerve Action Adductor Group Adductor brevis Pubis Pectineal line and linea Obturator Adducts and laterally rotates aspera of femur thigh; flexes hip Adductor longus Pubis Linea aspera of femur Obturator Adducts and laterally rotates thigh; flexes hip Adductor magnus Adductor part: pubis Adductor part: linea Adductor part: Adductor part: adducts thigh and ischium aspera of femur obturator and flexes hip Hamstring part: ischial Hamstring part: adductor Hamstring Hamstring part: extends hip tuberosity tubercle of femur part: tibial and adducts thigh Gracilis Pubis near symphysis Tibia Obturator Adducts thigh; flexes knee Pectineus Pubic crest Pectineal line of femur Femoral and Adducts thigh; flexes hip obturator Iliopsoas Group Iliacus Iliac fossa Lesser trochanter of Lumbar plexus Flexes hip femur and capsule of hip joint Psoas major T12–L5 Lesser trochanter of Lumbar plexus Flexes hip femur © McGraw Hill, LLC 69  Leg Movements Quadriceps femoris: anterior surface of thigh. Extension of the leg at the knee. Rectus femoris also flexes the hip. Insert by common tendon (patellar tendon) on and around the patella. Patellar tendon extends from patella to tibial tuberosity. Sartorius: flexes hip and knee, laterally rotates thigh. Medial thigh muscles: adduction. Posterior thigh muscles: hamstrings. Flexion and rotation of the knee. © McGraw Hill, LLC 70  Compartments of Thigh Muscles Muscles of the anterior compartment flex the hip and/or extend the knee; includes the quadriceps femoris and sartorius. Muscles of the medial compartment adduct the thigh; includes the adductor group, gracilis, and pectineus. Muscles of the posterior compartment extend the hip and flex the knee; includes the. hamstrings © McGraw Hill, LLC 71  Posterior and Anterior Muscles of the Thigh that Move the Leg Access the text alternative for slide images. © McGraw Hill, LLC 72  Muscles of the Thigh That Move the Knee TABLE 10.21 Muscles of the Thigh (see figure 10.29) Muscle Origin Insertion Nerve Action Extensors of the Knee Quadriceps femoris Rectus femoris—anterior Patella and onto tibial Femoral Extends knee; rectus femoris inferior iliac spine tuberosity through patellar also flexes hip ligament Vastus lateralis—greater trochanter and linea aspera of femur Vastus intermedius—body of femur Vastus medialis—linea aspera of femur Flexors of the Knee Biceps femoris Long head—ischial Head of fibula Long head— Flexes knee; laterally rotates leg; tuberosity tibial extends hip Short head—femur Short head— common fibular Popliteus Lateral femoral condyle Posterior tibia Tibial Flexes knee; medially rotates leg Sartorius Anterior superior iliac Medial side of tibial tuberosity Femoral Flexes hip and knee; rotates spine thigh laterally and leg medially Semimembranosus Ischial tuberosity Medial condyle of tibia and Tibial Flexes knee; medially rotates collateral ligament leg; tenses capsule of knee joint; extends hip Semitendinosus Ischial tuberosity Tibia Tibia Flexes knee; medially rotates leg; extends hip © McGraw Hill, LLC 73  Ankle, Foot, and Toe Movements Extrinsic foot muscles. Three leg compartments. Anterior compartment: extensors involved in dorsiflexion and eversion/inversion of foot; extension of toes. Dorsiflex foot, extend toes. Lateral compartment: plantar flexion and eversion. Posterior compartment. Superficial muscles (plantar flexion) have common tendon of insertion called the calcaneal (Achilles) tendon. Gastrocnemius, plantaris. Deep muscles: plantar flex and invert foot. © McGraw Hill, LLC 74  Cross Section Through the Left Leg Access the text alternative for slide images. © McGraw Hill, LLC 75  Posterior View of Muscles That Move the Leg, Ankle, and Foot Access the text alternative for slide images. © McGraw Hill, LLC 76  Lateral, Medial, and Anterior Views of Muscles that Move the Leg, Ankle, and Foot Access the text alternative for slide images. © McGraw Hill, LLC 77  Muscles of the Leg Acting on the Ankle and Leg TABLE 10.22 Muscles of the Leg Acting on the Leg, Ankle, and Foot (see figure 10.31) Muscle Origin Insertion Nerve Action Muscles Acting on the Ankle and Leg Flexors (dorsiflexion) Fibularis tertius Fibula and interosseous Fifth metatarsal bone Deep Dorsiflexes and membrane fibular everts foot Tibialis anterior Proximal, lateral tibia and Medial cuneiform and first metatarsal Deep Dorsiflexes and interosseous membrane bone fibular inverts foot Extensors (plantar flexion) Fibularis brevis Inferior two-thirds of Fifth metatarsal bone Superficial Everts and plantar lateral fibula fibular flexes foot Fibularis longus Superior two-thirds of First metatarsal bone and medial Superficial Everts and plantar lateral fibula cuneiform fibular flexes foot Gastrocnemius Medial and lateral Through calcaneal (Achilles) tendon Tibial Plantar flexes foot; condyles of femur to calcaneus flexes knee Plantaris Femur Through calcaneal tendon to Tibial Plantar flexes foot; calcaneus flexes knee Soleus Fibula and tibia Through calcaneal tendon to Tibial Plantar flexes foot calcaneus Tibialis posterior Tibia, interosseous Navicular, cuneiforms, cuboid, Tibial Plantar flexes and membrane, and fibula and second through fourth inverts foot metatarsal bones © McGraw Hill, LLC 78  Muscles of the Leg Acting on the Foot TABLE 10.22 Muscles of the Leg Acting on the Leg, Ankle, and Foot (see figure 10.31) Muscle Origin Insertion Nerve Action Muscles Acting on the Foot Toe Flexors Flexor digitorum Tibia Four tendons to Tibial Flexes four lateral toes; longus distal phalanges of plantar flexes and inverts foot four lateral toes Flexor hallucis longus Fibula Distal phalanx of Tibial Flexes great toe; plantar great toe flexes and inverts foot Toe Extensors Extensor digitorum Lateral condyle of Four tendons to Deep Extends four lateral toes; longus tibia and fibula phalanges of four fibular dorsiflexes and everts foot lateral toes Extensor hallucis Middle fibula and Distal phalanx of Deep Extends great toe; dorsiflexes longus interosseous great toe fibular and inverts foot membrane © McGraw Hill, LLC 79  Intrinsic Muscles of the Foot 1 Analogous to intrinsics of hand, but serve in support and locomotion. Flexion, extension, abduction and adduction of toes. Deep fascia forms plantar aponeurosis. Access the text alternative for slide images. © McGraw Hill, LLC 80  Intrinsic Muscles of the Foot 2 TABLE 10.23 Intrinsic Muscles of the Foot (see figure 10.32) Muscle Origin Insertion Nerve Action Abductor digiti minimi Calcaneus Proximal phalanx of fifth toe Lateral Abducts and flexes plantar little toe Abductor hallucis Calcaneus Base of proximal phalanx of great Medial Abducts great toe toe plantar Adductor hallucis (not Lateral four metatarsal Proximal phalanx of great toe Lateral Adducts great toe illustrated) bones plantar Extensor digitorum Calcaneus Four tendons fused with tendons of Deep fibular Extends toes brevis (not illustrated) extensor digitorum longus Flexor digiti minimi Fifth metatarsal bone Proximal phalanx of digit 5 Lateral Flexes little toe brevis plantar (proximal phalanx) Flexor digitorum Calcaneus and plantar Four tendons to middle phalanges of Medial Flexes lateral four toes brevis fascia four lateral toes plantar Flexor hallucis brevis Cuboid; medial and lateral Two tendons to proximal phalanx of Medial and Flexes great toe cuneiforms great toe lateral plantar Dorsal interossei Metatarsal bones Proximal phalanges of digits 2, 3, Lateral Abduct second, third, (not illustrated) and 4 plantar and fourth toes Plantar interossei Third, fourth, and fifth Proximal phalanges of digits 3, 4, Lateral Adduct third, fourth, metatarsal bones and 5 plantar and fifth toes Lumbricales Tendons of flexor digitorum Extensor expansion of digits 2–5 Lateral and Flex proximal and longus medial extend middle and plantar distal phalanges Quadratus plantae Calcaneus Tendons of flexor digitorum longus Lateral Assists flexor digitorum plantar longus in flexing lateral four toes © McGraw Hill, LLC 81  End of Main Content Because learning changes everything. ® www.mheducation.com © 2023 McGraw Hill, LLC. 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