UTS Reviewer Finals Lesson 4-8 PDF

Lesson 4: The Psychological Self | The Self from the Perspective of Psychology PSYCHOLOGY ❖ Comes from two Greek words, “psyche” meaning mind and “logos”, is to study. ❖ The science of mind (mental processes) and behavior. WILLIAM JAMES (1842 – 1910) ❖ an American Philosopher and Psycholog...

Lesson 4: The Psychological Self | The Self from the Perspective of Psychology PSYCHOLOGY ❖ Comes from two Greek words, “psyche” meaning mind and “logos”, is to study. ❖ The science of mind (mental processes) and behavior. WILLIAM JAMES (1842 – 1910) ❖ an American Philosopher and Psychologist. ❖ professor of Psychology and Philosophy at Harvard University and was known for being a great pragmatists. ❖ also known for his Theory of the Self. William James’ theory of self could be categorized into a person’s mental picture of self as an object that can be observed; the “Me”, and the self as an agent that observes, which is referred to as the perceiver; the “I” "Me" (The Self as an Object): This aspect involves how you think about and view yourself as if you were an object. It includes your self- concept, how you describe yourself, and how you reflect on your personal attributes and roles. It is essentially the self that you observe and evaluate. Examples: Physical Appearance: When I look in the mirror, I see my physical traits—my height, hair color, and clothing style. Personal Attributes and Traits: I consider myself to be a compassionate person, a good listener, and a responsible worker. Personal interests and hobbies: I enjoy painting and playing the guitar. Social Roles: I am a student, a friend, and a volunteer. "I" (The Self as a Perceiver): This aspect involves the active, subjective experience of being the observer. It represents your personal agency, the "doing" part of the self that is involved in perceiving and acting in the world. The "I" is the aspect of self that makes decisions and experiences life. I Self- the self that knows and recognizes who they are and what they have done. The pure self or the thinking self. Examples: Making Daily Decisions: When I decide what to eat for breakfast or which route to take to work. (It’s the ‘I’ making those choices based on my current needs and preferences) Experiencing emotions: When I feel excited about an upcoming event or nervous before a presentation. (It’s the ‘I’ that experiences these emotions and responds to them) Adapting to New Situations: When I move to a new city and need to adapt to a different environment, it’s the 'I' that experiences the change, explores new surroundings, and makes decisions on how to adjust. “ME” “I” THE OBJECT THAT IS KNOWN THINKS WHAT ABOUT THOSE THINGS MEAN THE SOCIAL SELF THE DOER, THE EXPERIENCER HOW WE BELIEVED THE GENERALIZED OTHER SEES THE INDIVIDUAL’S IDENTITY US LEARN THROUGH INTERACTIONS WITH OTHERS THE SELF THAT KNOWS WHO THEY ARE AND WHAT THEY HAVE DONE IN THEIR LIFE THE SOCIETY’S VIEW THE THINKING SELF REAL Self and IDEAL Self ❖ Humanistic Psychologist, Carl Rogers, was the proponent of The Self Theory. He believed that Self is the humanistic term for who we really are as a person ❖ To be aware of one’s self is to have a concept of oneself, or otherwise known as SELF-CONCEPT. ❖ The answer to “WHO AM I?” is SELF-CONCEPT. It expresses all our thoughts and feelings about ourselves. DIFFERENT COMPONENTS OF SELF-CONCEPT Self-image (how you see yourself) Self-image influences how an individual think, feel, and behave in an environment. However, it does not necessarily indicate reality. We might perceive ourselves as either arrogant or kind or beautiful or ugly. Example: Carla, an 80-year-old grandmother, believes that she is still strong and alert, but in reality, she is quite weak and clumsy. And A teenage girl looks thin, but in reality may have a self-image of being obese. Self-Esteem / Self-Worth (how much value you place on yourself) This includes how we compare ourselves to others and how others respond to us. If we receive a positive response, we are more likely develop positive self-esteem, and if others perceives us as inadequate, ourself-esteem is negatively affected. 2 KINDS OF SELVES: REAL SELF – represents actual experiences about what and who we really are, how we think, and how we feel and act; it makes us most comfortable by simple being us. Examples: I am honest, I am extrovert, I am a sociobutterfly, I am a good listener. IDEAL SELF – our conception of who we want to be and what we want to become. It consists of our goals and ambitions in life and is dynamic. DR. DONALD W. WINNICOTT was an English psychoanalyst who introduced the concepts of TRUE SELF and FALSE SELF in human personality. TRUE SELF – also referred to as authentic self: it describes the core of who you are, a sense of conscious, instinctive, and authentic experience. This is the part of you that is aware that, “I, myself feels this, I, myself, wants this,” which makes the experience uniquely yours, and therefore, TRUE. FALSE SELF – also referred to as social mask and adapted self: it is a part of self that has modified behavior, inhibited feelings, and drives your needs aside to fit in with others. This includes the values, feelings, and thoughts that are not your own, which conforms to societal and family standards. It is the mask that hides the true person for fear of the pain of rejection and failure. Lesson 5: The Self in Western and Eastern Thought “Who am I?” is the question, the essential question that lies at the heart of all psychological, philosophic, religious, spiritual, and scientific endeavors. (Walter, 2012) Can you think of a factor that has made you who you are today as a person? One interesting way to ponder this question is to consider one’s cultural background. Our notions of “who we are” are influenced by the experiences provided to us in the culture we grew up in. The impact of cultural. It is widely known that there are numerous differences between Eastern and Western cultures as shown in its people’s behavior, attitudes toward life and love, and their personalities. Eastern and Western people do not only live in different environments, but they are also educated distinctively and differently. (Wang 2007). Who are the people from the East? East Asians: China, Japan, South Korea, North Korea, and Mongolia Southeast Asians: Thailand, Vietnam, Malaysia, Singapore, Indonesia, the Philippines, Myanmar, Cambodia, and Laos  South Asians: India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Nepal, Sri Lanka, and Bhutan Western Europeans: United Kingdom, France, Germany, Spain, Italy, and Portugal North Americans: United States, Canada, and Mexico Australasians: Australia, New Zealand, and Papua New Guinea The Eastern culture’s perspective, by comparison, is collectivistic and interdependent for it emphasizes the group as primary. On the other hand, Western culture’s perspective of self is dominated by individualism and self-reliance. QUESTION: Since we are one of the Eastern cultures, are you in favor of the idea that we are collectivistic and interdependent? Eastern - COLLECTIVIST Western - INDIVIDUALIST Motivated by the good of the group Show initiative or work well independently Relying on others Individual uniqueness and self-determination Placing priority on the group rather than the self Individuals are only responsible of themselves Pay attention to the importance of family Does not seek to make everyone responsible for one another Languages in which the word “I” is avoided. Languages in which the word “I” is indispensable “We” consciousness “I” consciousness Different Characteristics Eastern Culture Eastern cultures value relationships, especially that one of the family, they remain close to each other through close family ties. One source of their happiness is celebrating special occasions with their family and loved ones, which even includes distant relatives and close friends. They are happier if the family eats together. The East stands for spiritualism; they care more about the development of the soul and life after death more than the life in this world and its physical comforts. The East is the birthplace of some great religious teachers; Christ, Buddha, and Gandhi, and it was here that they lived and preached. Western Culture In contrast, Western people live in space and they tend to be individualists. They want to do their tasks alone and prefer to be in fewer companies. They train their children to be independent, and as they age, they tend to be seen walking with their pets in the park. The West stands for materialism for they are worldly minded. They do not care for any culture life for they want to enjoy their present life. The West is the home of modern science and technology where wonderful inventions had been made. INDIVIDUALISTIC AND COLLECTIVE SELF Individualistic Self - he is aware that he is not alone and that he exists with others in society but sees himself as being capable of living his own life. The development of this self begins after birth and is usually observed in the child rearing practices of parents in the West. Collective Self - the identity of the individual is lost and does not exist except as part of the group. Usually, the family and the society control how the group members should think, act and generally conduct themselves in Eastern society. The Eastern and Western people also have different personalities. EASTERN PEOPLE - They tend to be more submissive than aggressive. (submissive behavior often includes accepting decisions or outcomes imposed by others, even if they are not favorable to oneself.) WESTERN PEOPLE- They speak straight forwardly and show their point of view directly.  Eastern Western I am part of my family. I am special. I am part of my community. I am unique. I am part of my country. I am me. The goodness of the whole is more important than the I am an individual. individual. My actions directly impact my family and my community. I am who I am. I am responsible for my own actions. Lesson 6: Physical Self SELF-UNDERSTANDING ❖ Is the individual’s cognitive representation of the self which consists of the substance and the content of self- conceptions. Self- Awareness - recognizing your thoughts, emotions, behaviors, and understanding how they influence your actions and interactions with others. Self – Reflection - engaging into self-examination to analyze your motivations, goals, and experiences. This includes questioning the reasons behind your thoughts, emotions, and actions. Self - Knowledge - understanding your strengths, weaknesses, preferences, and dislikes. This includes being aware of your skills, passions, and areas for growth. GROWING UP PHYSICAL SELF ❖ refers to the body and pertains to the physical structure and material substances of a human being. It is expressed through behavioral patterns, sensations, and movement. PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS ❖ the defining traits or features of the person’s body. According to Sigmund Freud, the development of self and personality makes the physical body essence of human experience. A healthy self-image starts with learning to accept ourselves and being loved by others. A positive self-image can boost our physical, mental, social, emotional, and spiritual well-being, this creating high self-esteem. PUBERTY: A Period of Rapid Physical Changes PUBERTY - A brain-neuroendocrine process occurring primarily in early adolescence that triggers the rapid physical changes. MENARCHE - the first menstrual flow of girls when they reached puberty. SPEMARCHE/SEMENARCH - the first ejaculation or nocturnal emission (wet dreams) of boys when they reached puberty. BODY IMAGE - The way one sees himself/herself or the way he/she imagines how he/she looks. POOR BODY IMAGE - have negative thoughts and feelings about their appearance which can either be true or not. HEALTHY BODY IMAGE - made up of positive thoughts, feelings, and acceptance of one’s body and overall physical appearance. IMAGINARY AUDIENCE ❖ An egocentric state where the individual imagines and believed that many people are actively listening to or watching him or her.  ❖ Also known as SPOTLIGHT EFFECT in social psychology, which refers to he belief that others are paying more attention to the person’s appearance and behavior that they really are. SELF - Belongs to an individual level analysis which includes self-esteem, self-states, self-efficacy and the like. IDENTITY - Based on societal or cultural level analysis such as cultural concept of oneself and cultural make up which makes a person who he is. CULTURE - Defined as a social system that is characterized by the shared meanings that are attributed to people and events by its members. BEAUTY - The quality of being physically attractive or the qualities in a person or a thing that give pleasure to the senses or the mind. SELF ESTEEM - The evaluation that a person has of himself which can be positive or negative, high or low. A measure of the person’s self-worth based on some personal or social standard. 1. HIGH SELF-ESTEEM - A person with positive body image and often spend more time taking care of their appearance. 2. LOW SELF-ESTEEM - A person with negative body image and may not be satisfied with what he sees so may not perceive himself as beautiful. ASPECTS IN CULTURE ABOUT IDEAL BODY IMAGE Society’s ideals of the perfect physical form which are: FOR WOMEN: White perfect skin, small waistline, big breast and behind, long straight hair, ling manicured nails, slender and tall. FOR MEN: Tall, tanned perfect skin, muscled physique, with 6-packs abs. Lesson 7: The Material/Economic Self We are in a culture that is very much intertwined with possessions, and it is inevitable that the things we own become representations for us people. This practice though innocuous, represents unhappiness and dissatisfaction with our identities. The material self is one of the components of Self that was described by William James (1890). Our body is the innermost or deeper part of the material self in each of us. According to William James, a man’s Self is the total that he can call his; which is not only his body and his mind or soul powers but also his clothes, his house. His wife, his children, his friends, his ancestors, his reputation and works, his lands and bank account. The material self refers to tangible objects, people, or places that carry the designation of my or mine. Two subclasses of Material Self: The bodily self - enters on the physical body and its direct experiences. It's about how the physical self-influences and contributes our sense of identity. Extracorporeal self (beyond the body). - Rosenberg (1979) referred extracorporeal self as extended self. - Thoughts, emotions, relationships, experiences, social or cultural influences The bodily component of the material self requires little explanation. These are aspects of the Self where entities are clearly described as an intimate part of who we are. It is concerned with awareness of one’s bodily states. Possessions’ symbolic function is that they help people define themselves. The way we dress and carry ourselves, the cars we drive, and how we embellish our abodes signal to others and ourselves who we think we are and how we want to be regarded. Emotional responses to possessions also attest to its importance to the Self. Also, people who lose their possessions in a natural disaster grieve life the people who lost a loved one. “I Shop, Therefore I Am” Two types of investment which people might shop to gain happiness and satisfaction (Van Boven & Gilovich, 2003) 1) Material Purchases - are those made with the primary intention of acquiring tangible possessions that can be physically retained in one’s possession. 2) Experiential Purchases - are those made with the primary intention of acquiring life experiences such as an event or series of events that one encounters and lives through. Material possessions might fulfill personal relevant goals and increase happiness for the highly materialistic consumer. On the other hand, experiential purchases might take materialistic people happier for they can also benefit having successful social relationships. O’Guinn and Faber (1989) found that some aspects of materialism were related to compulsive shopping tendencies. Role of Consumer Culture on Self Culture is a crucial factor in determining consumer behavior; it is a shared belief among a group of people in a place and time. Consumers are conditioned to develop self-concepts that are appropriate to their age, gender, and social groupings. Economic Self The economic self consists of one’s economic activity that results from individual self-interest. How your financial and economic activities reflect your personal interests and goals. Why do you go to work? You go to work because you want to get paid, so that you can buy the things you want. Why do you go to school? You go to school to get a respectable job someday and earn more money to buy the things you want. In fact, most of the economic activities we see around us are results of self-interested behavior.  Lesson 8: The Sexual Self WHAT IS SEXUALITY? ❖ Is when one is in love, attracted to, and in a relationship that entails sexual intimacy and activity. Clarifying Sexual Terminologies Sex - Comes from the Latin word “secare” which means ‘to divide’. It refers to biological indicators of male and female or having the capacity to reproduce. Gender Role - A set of expectations that prescribes how females and males should think, act and feel. Gender Assignment (Natal Gender) ✓ The initial assignment as female or male which usually legal change of gender. Gender Identity ✓ A category of social identity that refers to an individual’s identification as male, female or some category other than male or female. It is a person’s subjective sense of being a man or woman. Masculine ✓ Refers to the qualities and behaviors judged by a particular culture to be ideally associated with or especially appropriate to men and boys. Feminine ✓ Can be described as qualities and behaviors judged by a particular culture to be ideally associated with or especially appropriate to women and girls. Androgyny ✓ Those who have both masculine and feminine traits, feelings and qualities. Asexual ✓ A person who do not experience sexual drives or attraction to either sex. Hypersexual ✓ A person with an excessive interest in sex to the point where it can cause problems in ones’ life. LOVE ❖ Can be characterized by concern for other’s well-being, a desire for physical presence and emotional support. ❖ In a study of Tennov in 1979, though sex is an important component of romantic love, 95% of women and 91% of male respondents did not agree with the statement that “the best thing about love is sex.” JOHN LEE’S LOVE STYLES Eros ❖ Love is based on strong sexual and emotional component. ❖ This type of Love creates initial excitement of new relationship. ❖ A romantic and passionate Love which emphasizes physical attraction and sexual desire. (usually Love at first sight). ❖ However, it seldom lasts forever because they tend to be quick to fall in and out of love. Agape ❖ The altruistic and selfless Love. ❖ The person shows his love without expecting to receive the same in return. He considers the wishes of his partner as more important than his own. He may not have a perfect partner, but he will always be there to support and offer his love. Storge ❖ This is Love-related friendship and based on nonsexual affection  ❖ The person experiences love as a gradual and slow process, or it takes time. Storgic lovers don’t suddenly fall in love with an idealized lover. ❖ Commitment, stability and comfort are their goals. Ludus ❖ For this kind, love is just a game, something for fun or entertainment. ❖ Do not experience jealousy, don’t value commitment or intimacy. ❖ Manipulate partners by lying, cheating and deceiving. Mania ❖ This is characterized by an intense feeling which may lead to obsessive and possessive Love towards the loved one. ❖ Manic Lovers always check the partner’s whereabouts, easily get jealous and their experience of love is out of control. ❖ Easily taken advantage of by Ludic Lovers. TYPES OF LOVE (ROBERT STENBERG, 1986.) 1. Liking (intimacy) - this only involves emotional intimacy and has no passionate intention for long-term commitment. It is just as friendly relationship. 2. Infatuation - this is associated with a high degree of physiological arousal. There is only passion without intimacy or commitment. It is usually called “love at first sight” and may fade quickly 3. Empty Love - this involves only commitment. A relationship with no intimacy and passion. Couples only stay together for their children or other important reasons. 4. Romantic Love - is a combination of both passion and intimacy which may be present during the first phase of a relationship. This is characterized by emotional intensity and sexual excitement. 5. Companionate Love (intimacy and commitment) - the components are both intimacy and commitment which is experienced in long deeply commitment friendship or marriage where passion has faded. 6. Fatuous Love (passion and commitment) - a combination of passion and commitment experienced by couple who spent short time in courtship and suddenly decided to get married. 7. Consummate Love (passion, intimacy and commitment) - there exists a healthy balance of passion, intimacy and commitment shared by couples considered to be ideal for each other. THREE PHASES OF ROMANTIC LOVE Helen Fisher et al.,1998 LUST The intense need for sexual fulfillment and physical attraction fuels this early stage. Sex hormones like estrogen and testosterone, which stoke the desire for closeness and sexual connection, are the main factors influencing it. ATTRACTION ❖ In this phase, the focus shifts from mere physical attraction to a deeper emotional and cognitive connection. The brain releases chemicals such as dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin, which contribute to feelings of exhilaration, obsession, and emotional attachment. ATTACHMENT ❖ The final phase involves the development of a deeper, more enduring bond characterized by stability, comfort, and long-term commitment. This phase is influenced by hormones such as oxytocin and vasopressin, which foster feelings of security, trust, and long-term partnership. FACTORS THAT WOULD DETERMINE WHOM PEOPLE WILL FALL IN LOVE 1. Physical Attractiveness- (though beauty is in the eye of beholder) 2. Reciprocity (people tends to like an individual who also like them) 3. Proximity (being around anytime physically or virtually) 4. Similarities (same age, religion, education, race, physical attractiveness, intelligence and socio-economic class) DIVERSITY OF SEXUAL BEHAVIOR 1.Sociosexual Behavior is sexual behavior involving more than one person. It is generally expressed in heterosexual behavior (male with female) and homosexual behavior (male with male or female with female). 2. Solitary Behavior is self-masturbation or self-stimulation with the intention of causing sexual arousal, a feeling of pleasure and often results in orgasm. It involves only one individual which is commonly done in private by males and also females at the beginning of adolescent period. TYPES OF SEXUAL ORIENTATION 1. Homosexual - refers to a person whose sexual orientation is toward another of the same sex. Lesbian is a term used to describe a woman whose sexual and romantic attraction is toward women. Gay is a man whose sexual and romantic attraction is towards other men. 2. Heterosexual - a person whose sexual orientation is toward others of the opposite sex. 3. Bisexual - is a person who may be sexually oriented to both men and women. 4. Pansexual - is a new sexual orientation of persons who are sexually attracted to people regardless of their sex or gender identity. “PAN” is a Greek word for “ALL or EVERY”. They may be called “Gender Blind”. Aside from men and women, they also may be attracted to transgender and other gender categories. 5. Transgender- denotes an individual who seeks, or has undergone, a social transition from male to female or female to male, which in many, but not all, cases also involve a somatic transition by cross-sex hormone and genital surgery (sex reassignment surgery). SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED INFECTIONS (STIs) Sexually transmitted infections are caused by disease-producing bacteria, viruses, or parasites that are transmitted through unprotected sex (vaginal, anal, oral) and skin to skin genital contact. HIV/AIDS - There is no effective cure, but the condition can be controlled with proper medical care. HIV stands for Human Immunodeficiency Virus - a virus that can lead to infections that attack or destroy the CD4 (Tcells) of the immune system which is the body’s natural defense against illnesses such as tuberculosis, pneumonia and cancer. Without treatment can lead to AIDS. AIDS- stands for Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome. Only untreated HIV may lead to AIDS.