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***Philosophical View of the Self*** ***ANCIENT PHILOSOPHERS*** ***1.SOCRATES*** =was a classical Greek philosopher and is one the founders of Western philosophy. =Socrates spent his days walking about the marketplace of Athens urging people to question and examine how they were living. ="Witho...

***Philosophical View of the Self*** ***ANCIENT PHILOSOPHERS*** ***1.SOCRATES*** =was a classical Greek philosopher and is one the founders of Western philosophy. =Socrates spent his days walking about the marketplace of Athens urging people to question and examine how they were living. ="Without this work on yourself, life is worthless"- = "Know Thyself" ***2.PLATO*** =asserts that societies have a tripartite class structure corresponding to the appetite, spirit, reason structure of the individual soul ="The Ideal Self, the Perfect Self" ="The Essence of knowledge is self-knowledge" ***3.ARISTOTLE*** ***="***the self is a composite of body and soul, and that the soul cannot be separated from the body" ***MEDEVIAL PHILOSOPHER*** ***4. St. Augustine*** =He was the bishop of Hippo Regius, which is [*modern*] - day Algeria. =He approaches the theme of humanity with particular tools that include experience, reason and language. (Donnel, 2020) ***5. Thomas Aquinas*** =theory of self -- knowledge from the claim that all our self =knowledge is dependent on our experience of the world around us. =we don't encounter ourselves as isolated minds or selves, but rather always as agents interacting with our environment ***MODERN PHILOSOPHER*** ***6. Rene Descartes*** = "Father of Modern Philosophy." =He believed that the mind is the seat of our consciousness. = "I think, therefore I am" "It is not enough to have a good talent; the main thing is apply it well." ***7. David Hume*** =The self is a bundle, Theory of Mind =He created the Bundle Theory by 18th Century Theory in which an object consists only of a collection (bundle) of properties. = "All knowledge degenerates into probability." ***8. Immanuel Kant*** =Respect for Self =In Kant's thought there are two components of the self***:** 1. Inner self 2. Outer self.* = "Thoughts without content are empty, intuitions without concepts are blind" ***9. John Locke:*** =Personal Identity =He considered personal identity or the self to be founded on consciousness and not on the substance of either the soul or the body =According to him, personal identity (the self) "depends on consciousness, not on substance" nor on the soul. = "Personal identity depends on consciousness not on substance." - ***THE SELF FROM DIFFERENT PERSPECTIVES: THE ANTHROPOLOGICAL VIEW*** ***The Self in Differing Cultural Context*** ***1.Anthropology*** --studies human beings in aspects ranging from the biology ***2. Culture*** -- characteristics and knowledge of a particular group of people, encompassing language, religion, cuisine, social habits, music and arts." ***3. Self*** -- characteristics, such as personality and ability, that are not physical and make that person different from other people." ***4.Personality*** -- refers to individual differences in characteristic patterns of thinking, feeling and behaving." ***5.Responsibility*** -- also the obligation of an individual ***6.Attitude*** -- reflects the classification and evaluation of objects and events." ***Culture's Impact on Personality=*** human personality and how it develops has stimulated the interest of scholars. ***Cherry (2020) =*** personality is something that people tend to think a lot about. ***Role of Culture=***Theoretical controversial becomes more pronounced underscoring the need for a cross-cultural perspective psychology. - ***Five (5) Basic Dimensions of Personality "The Big Five"*** 1. **Openness=**People who are high in this trait tend to be more adventurous and creative. 2. **Conscientiousness=**people tend to be organized and mindful of details. 3. **Extroversion=**People who are high in extraversion are outgoing and tend to gain energy in social situations. 4. **Agreeableness=**People who are high in agreeableness tend to be more cooperative while those low in this trait tend to be more competitive and sometimes even manipulative 5. **Neuroticism=**Individuals who are high in this trait tend to experience mood swings, anxiety, irritability, and sadness. - ***Culture and Theoretical Perspectives*** ***1.Conflict Model (Freud)*** =Freud believed that events in our childhood have a great influence on our adult lives, shaping our personality =As an example, anxiety originating from traumatic experiences in a person\'s past is hidden from consciousness, and may cause problems during adulthood. ***2. Fulfillment Model (Humanistic)*** =According to Bronislaw Malinowski, culture provides various channels for self realization =his quasi-mythical status has fascinated his disciplinary descendants who continue to measure themselves against his achievements ***3. Consistency Model (Cognitive)*** =can be defined as the concept that individuals have a preference for their thoughts, beliefs, knowledges, opinions, attitudes, and intents to be congruent, - ***Culture and Concepts of Self*** 1. ***Independent Construal of Self*** =Focused on personal, internal attributes individual ability, intelligence, personality traits, goals or preference suppressing them in public and confirming them in private. 2. ***Interdependent Construal of Self*** - ***The Self in Family=***It is an interaction between two or more people. It is the way in which two or more people, talk to, behave and deal with each other ***Who are involved in a Family Relationship?*** Parents Cousins Siblings Cousins Others? Grandparents Aunts and Uncles - ***THE SELF FROM VARIOUS PERSPECTIVES: SOCIOLOGICAL, PSYCHOLOGICAL AND PHYSICAL VIEWS*** ***The Sociological View of Self*** ***1. Self:*** is our impressions, thoughts and feelings (Understanding Thoughts and Feelings, 2020) ***2. Schema:*** A set of beliefs and feelings about something (AP Psychology Social Psychology, 2020). Examples include stereotypes, prejudices and generalizations. ***3. Parts of the self:*** Physical, Social, and Personal ***PARTS OF THE SELF*** ***1. Physical Self:*** One's psychological sense of one's physical being (height, weight, hair color, race, and physical skill). ***2. Social Self:*** The social roles one plays- student, worker, husband, mother, citizen, leader, and etc. ***3. Personal Self:*** One's private, continuous sense of being oneself in the world. Personal Self includes values, ethics your name, self- concepts, self-esteem and the ideal self ***SOCIETY=***means relationships social beings, men, express their nature by creating and re- creating an organization which guides and controls their behavior in myriad ways ***Nature of Society=*** an abstract term that connotes the complex of inter- relations that exist between and among the members of the group. ***The Social Life=*** As a human being man cannot live without association. Man's life is to enormous extent a group life (Hossain & Ali, 2014). ***Man is a Social Animal=***Aristotle expressed that "Man is essentially a social animal by nature" ***George Herbert Mead=***a sociologist from the late 1800's is well known for his theory of the social self, which includes the concepts of the 'self, 'me,' and 'I' - ***The Psychological View of Self*** ***Sigmund Freud=*** The Psychoanalytic Theory of Self ***PARTS OF PERSONALITY: ID=***(Internal Desires) Also called "internal drives" or "instinctive drives." ***:EGO=***(Reality) The ego operates based on reality, ***:SUPEREGO=***(Conscience) the ethical component of the personality and provides the moral standards by which the ego operates. ***Psychoanalytic*** ***Theory=*** is the personality theory, which is based on the notion that an individual gets motivated more. ***Psychosexual Development=***t is a complex process involving genetic, hormonal, and environmental factors and can be further defined by one's gender identity, gender role, and sexual orientation. ***Psychosocial Stages=***Erikson maintained that personality develops in a predetermined order through eight stages of psychosocial development, from infancy to adulthood. - ***Freudian Stages of Psychosexual Development*** ***1.Oral=***The mouth of the body through which gratification is secured. Age Range: Birth to 1 Year Erogenous Zone: Mouth ***2.Anal=*** This stage covers the toilet-training period that leads to a sense of accomplishment and independency. 2 to 3 Years Bowel and Bladder Control ***3.Phallic=*** Children begin to discover the differences between males and females and become attached to parent of the opposite sex. The attraction of a boy to his mother is called **"Oedipus Complex,"** while that of a girl to her father is called **"Electra Complex."** 3 to 6 Years Genitals ***4.Latency =*** Children develop social skills, values, and relationship with peers and adults outside of the family. 10 to 12 Years or 6 to Puberty Zone: Sexual feelings are inactive ***5.Genital=.*** This stage begins during puberty but last throughout the rest of a personn's life. Puberty to Death Maturing sexual interests - ***Physical Self: Physical Growth, Development and Maturation*** **Growth** It is the process of physical maturation resulting an increase in size of the body and various organs. It occurs by multiplication of cells and an increase in intracellular substance. It is quantitative changes of the body. **Development** It is the process of functional and physiological maturation of the individual. It is progressive increase in skill and capacity to function. It is related to maturation and myelination of the nervous system. - ***Stages of Growth and Development*** ***INFANCY CHILDHOOD=***birth to One Year (1) ***CHILDHOOD=*** One year to eleven years =Consists of: Early childhood Mid --childhood Late childhood ***Early childhood =*** One year to six years of age ***Mid- childhood*** = Six to ten years of age ***Late childhood*** =Ten to sixteen years of age ***Adolescence =*** Fourteen to twenty years of age ***The Variability Of Body Types (Somatotypes) Becomes More Evident***. ***Ectomorph*** Linear shape Long limbs relative to the body Delicate bone structure Little fat ***Mesomorph*** Well- muscled Little body fat Broad shoulders Narrow waist ***Endomorph*** Broad shoulders Rounded appearance Heavy bone structure Little bone and muscle definition - ***Physical Self: Environmental Factors Affecting Physical Self*** **Environmental factors Affecting Physical Self** ***1.Factors Affecting Growth and development*** Large variation among individuals A number of factors affect growth and development, including; ***2.Heredity*** ▪ Genetic information that is passed on from generation to generation. ▪ These genes are also affected by environmental factors ▪ For example, malnutrition may prevent an individual from growing to their maximum potential height ***3.Nutrition*** ▪ Adequate nutrients are essential for growth and development ▪ Carbohydrates and fats are primarily used for energy - ***Male Reproductive The System (Cleaveland Clinic, 2016)*** ***External Part=*** Most of the male reproductive system is located outside unlike the female reproductive organ. ***Penis=***The male organ that is used during sexual intercourse. ***Scrotum=***is the thick-skinned sac covering the testes and shielding them. ***Testicles (Testes)=*** The testes are oval organs which measures about 1.5 to 3 inches in length and 20 to 25 millimeters in volume. 1\. *Sperm development* (which holds the man\'s genes) 2\. *Testosterone development* (the main male sex hormone) ***Internal Part*** ***Epididymis=*** The epididymis is a single coiled microscopic tube measuring approximately 20 feet (6 meters) in length. ***Vas deferens=*** The vas deferens is a solid tube (the size of a spaghetti strand), which carries sperm from the epididymis to the urethra. ***Ejaculatory Ducts =***It brings sperm into the urethra, incorporating prostate secretions and additives required for sperm function. ***Urethra=*** The urethra has dual male purpose. This channel is the part of the urinary tract that holds urine from the bladder and that portion of the reproductive system that ejaculates semen through. ***Seminal Vesicles=*** Situated above the prostate, the seminal vesicles combine with the vas deferens to form the ejaculatory ducts that pass through the prostate. ***Prostate Glands=*** The prostate sits just under the bladder and surrounds the urethra. For young men, walnut-sized prostate grows with age. ***Bulbourethral Glands=*** The bulbourethral glands (also known as the Cowper\'s glands) are a pair of exocrine pea-shaped glands located on the sides of the urethra below the prostate gland. It contributes to the final amount of semen by generating a secretion of lubricating mucus. - ***The Female Reproductive System (Cleaveland Clinic, 2016)*** ***External Part=*** The external part of the female reproductive organ has to functions: to protect the internal organs and to allow the sperm to enter the body. ***Labia Majora*** =The labia majora (\"large lips\") encloses the other external reproductive organs and covers them. ***Labia Minora=*** The labia minora (\"small lips\") may be of various shapes and sizes. ***Bartholin's Glands=*** These glands are situated on either side next to the vaginal opening and contain a secretion of fluid (mucus). ***Clitoris=***The clitoris is protected by a skin fold, called the prepuce that is like the foreskin at the end of the penis. The clitoris, like the penis, is very sensitive to stimulation, and may get erect. ***Internal Part*** ***Vagina=***The vagina is a canal that links the cervix (lower uterus) to the outside of the body. It\'s also known as the birth canal. ***Uterus (Womb)=*** The uterus is a pear-shaped hollow organ which is the location of a growing fetus. ***Ovaries =***The ovaries are small, oval-shaped glands, on either side of the uterus. The ovaries contain the hormones and the eggs. ***Fallopian Tubes*** They are thin tubes that are connected to the upper part of the uterus which act as routes from the ovaries to the uterus for the ova (egg cells) to move. - ***The Erogenous System*** ***1.Erogenous zone=***is a region of the human body that has enhanced sensitivity, which stimulates a sexual response such as relaxation, sexual desires, sexual pleasure and orgasm. ***2.Chemistry=*** is a basic \"emotion\" in relation to relationships which two people get when they share a special connection. ***3.Lust=***is motivated by the initial flirting and physical attraction. This stage can rely on features like symmetrical faces and proportionate body dimensions. ***4.Falling in love -- Attraction=***The romantic or passionate love, when things are going well, is characterized by euphoria and horrible mood swings when they are not. ***5.Dopamine=*** Produced by the hypothalamus, it is a highly well-publicized participant in the reward system of the brain ***6.Phenyl ethylamine=*** It is a natural amphetamine just like known drug, which can cause the same effects of stimulation. ***7.Serotonin=*** This regulates desires, unruly emotions, obsessive actions and supports the sense of \"being in control.\" ***8.Norepinephrine=*** It\'s another neurotransmitter that induces euphoria in your brain, which excites the body by giving it a natural adrenaline booster dose. *9.Attachment -- Staying Together=* With a long-term partner, there is a sense of peace and security that we feel \-- a kind of connection that holds couples together. Those hormones push this kind of love: ***10.Oxytocin=*** It is often referred to as the \"cuddle chemical\". It\'s the best known hormone for its role in inducing contractions to trigger labor. ***11.Vasopressin=*** This is sometimes called \"chemical monogamy.\" Researchers have found that vasopressin suppression can cause males to leave their nest of love and seek out new mates. ***12.Endorphins=***These are biochemical substances that strengthen our immune system, block blood vessel lesions, have anti-aging, anti-stress and pain relieving effects and also help boost memory. - ***The Diversity of Sexual Orientation*** ***Sexual Orientation=***It describes a gender-based pattern for a person\'s sexual attractions. ***Affectional Orientation =*** Describes a person\'s sexual attraction pattern, whether a person\'s gender falls in love with or wishes to partner with. ***Sexual Orientation =***There are three types of sexual orientation namely: monosexual, polysexual and asexual. ***Same-sex Orientation =*** Many individuals are drawn solely to members of only one gender. Labels for sexual identity used by people of the same sex include: ***Gay =*** It relates to a man drawn to men. Sometimes it applies to all people who are attracted to people of the same sex; often termed \"homosexual\" as well, although many still see this word as a medical term that should be removed from general use. ***Lesbian=*** A woman attracted to another woman. It is also termed as "woman loving woman". ***Straight =*** man who is attracted exclusively to women, or a woman who is attracted exclusively to men; often refers to people whose sexuality is normal in society. It is also called heterosexual. ***Polysexual Orientation*** ***Bisexual =***Attracted to both genders and often referred as "bi". ***Pansexual =*** Attracted to people regardless of gender and referred as "omnisexual". ***Queer =*** Similar to pansexual, queer can be an identity label which means that a person is drawn to people of many genders; however, queer is a multi-faceted term with more than one meaning and use, some people consider it offensive. ***Asexual Orientation=*** These are people who do not experience sexual attraction. Asexual Not sexually drawn to someone and/or behaving attractively towards others. - ***Gender Identity and Expression*** ***Gender=*** It is multifaceted and dynamic. Several distinct facets of ourselves get lumped together in North American culture when we talk about \"ger der\" ***Biological Sex=*** Characteristics such as anatomy and chromosomes and are usually assigned at birth and provide details as to whether an individual is male or female. ***Gender Identity=***The inner sense of an individual being a man, a woman, neither of these two, and so on it is one\'s inner sense of being, ***Gender Expression=*** How a person manifests masculinity, femininity, by appearance, behavior, dress, speech patterns, preferences, and more. - ***Sexually Transmitted Diseases*** ***Sexually transmitted diseases (STDs)= are*** infections transmitted from an infected person to an uninfected person through social contact. It can be caused by bacteria, virus or parasites ***Chlamydia =***a viral disease that is transmitted by sex. It is caused by bacteria called chlamydia trachomatis, it can affect men and women alike. ***Chancroid =***is also known as molle ulcus and soft chance. It is a bacterial infection caused by the called Haemophilus Ducreyi streptobacillus. ***Crab, or pubic lice=*** This is transmitted through sexual activity. Pets do not play any part in the transmission of human lice. The lice sticks to the pubic hair, and can sometimes be 92 found in the armpits, moustache, beard, eyelashes, and eyebrows. ***Genital Herpes =*** is a herpes simplex virus (HSV). It can cause sores, buttocks, and thighs, on your genital or rectal region. ***Hepatitis B=*** It is caused by Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) and is transmitted through the semen, blood and other body fluids of an infected person. It can be acquired on the following: Unprotected sex Use of unsterilized syringe Infected breast milk Bitten by infected Hepatitis B ***Trichomoniasis =*** It is a sexually transmitted disease that is caused by a parasite called Trichonomas vaginalis. This disease may affect both sexes. ***HIV and Aids HIV=*** stands for human immunodeficiency virus. This virus destroys the white blood cells that fight infection that puts you at risk for extreme infections and certain cancers. AIDS stands for acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. ***Human papillomavirus (HPV)=*** is a group of viruses. They can cause warts on various areas of the body. They can also spread via other intimate physical touch. ***Scabies Scabies=*** is a skin infestation that is caused by a mite. This results in an itchy, red rash developing on the skin. ***Syphilis=*** is a bacteria-caused, sexually transmitted disease. This infects both male and female genital region, skin, mouth, and anus. - ***Natural and Artificial Methods of Contraception*** ***1.*** ***Natural Method*** ***Abstinence =*** from penetrative sex offers 100 percent pregnancy protection and offers prevention of sexually transmitted infections ***Withdrawal or Coitus Interruptus =***The family planning withdrawal process is unlike other approaches, since it is controlled by male. ***Calendar Methods =***based on calculations of cycle length In the calendar rhythm system, a woman calculates the days she is fertile based on past the duration of her menstrual cycle. ***2. Artificial Methods*** ***Barrier Method =*** It is an artificial method that uses barriers to prevent the sperm from reaching the egg cell. Examples of this are the male and female condoms, contraceptives sponges, diaphragms, etc. ***Hormonal Method=*** This is a method wherein a hormonal contraceptive is present. These contraceptives help in the birth control. Examples of this are the vaginal ring, birth control patch, intrauterine device (IUD), etc. ***Surgical Sterilization=*** This is a type of artificial method wherein the female undergo a surgery called tubal ligation and the male undergo vasectomy. These surgery procedures helped to prevent the egg cells and sperm cells to unite