Lesson 1: The Self in Western and Eastern Thought PDF

Lesson 1: The self in western and eastern Human biological and environmental factors like race, gender, social status, education, and culture influence self-development. thought...

Lesson 1: The self in western and eastern Human biological and environmental factors like race, gender, social status, education, and culture influence self-development. thought In their view, the self is different and unique in each individual and is Western thought constantly exposed to an ever-changing world. They like introspection. Ecological Self Searching for clues as to the probable purpose of being. What is the result of introspection? Collectivism - Giving priority to the goals of one’s group and defining one’s Individualistic self identity accordingly. He sees himself as being capable of living his own life. Interdependent self Doing the things that he would love to do making his own Asian, African, and Central and South American cultures mistakes and learning from his experiences. Although he is aware that he is not alone and that he exists with Collectivism others in society. Decisions are made by the group. A person who knows the limitations of his freedom. Depends on each other rather than individual thinking Strong bonds with their family Individualism Bound by customs beliefs and traditions - Concept of giving priority to one’s own goals over group goals Every phase of their existence is back to the group’s customs, beliefs, and defining one’s identity in terms of personal attributes rather and traditions. than group identifications. In extreme cases, individual freedom is sacrificed for the benefits of the - Independent self group. - Western cultures – tend towards self-inflation The Self In Western Thought - What is the view of the self according to western thought? Confucian thought XIAO (filiality) HUMANISTIC SOCIAL PHILOSOPHY Being good to parents. - This focuses on human beings and the society that self lives in. They should be revered for the life they’ve given. As such, he believes that the society and its communities are the main Respect for elders sources of values of both human beings and the society in general Reverence for parents and family by bringing honor to the family. In Confucian thought, it is centred with REN. It is human goodness, which makes human beings different from YI (Rightness) beasts. Feelings and thinking serve as the foundation of all human Is the right way of behaving. relationships. Absolute. It involves feelings and thinking, which serve as the foundation of all What is right is right, and what is not right is wrong. human relationships. “Actions are performed because they are right and not for selfish benefits that they REN provide” - Is a reflection of a person’s own understanding of humanity. Ren guides human actions, and to go against the “ren” means What is the group self? abandoning what is truly human. The group self or collective self means belonging to the group. To fully realise our REN, we should realise three things: “LI, XIAO, and YI” Culture and Self-Esteem - In collectivist cultures LI (propriety) Self-concept is context-specific rather than stable. In order to guide human actions, rules of propriety should be Persist more when failing. followed. Conflict takes place between groups. Mastering ourselves to conform to a certain level of socially accepted expression of human nature. - In individualistic cultures Self-esteem is more personal and less relational. Persist more when winning.  Conflict takes place between individuals. Discover and express one's Maintain connections, fit in, perform Crime uniqueness role Divorce Me–personal achievement and Us–group goals and solidarity; social fulfilment; rights and liberties; responsibilities and relationships; Self and Culture self-esteem family duty - Culture and Cognition ○ Richard Nisbett’s The Geography of Thought (2003) Change reality Accommodate to reality Defined by individuals Defined by social networks Contends that collectivism results in different ways (self-based) (duty-based) of thinking Asians tend to think more in relationships than Americans Americans see choices as expressions of themselves. Culture and the Self: Individualism and Collectivism Individualist cultures value independence. They promote personal ideals, strengths, and goals, pursued in competition with others, leading to individual achievement and finding a unique identity. Collectivist cultures value interdependence. They promote group and societal goals and duties, and blending in with group identity, with achievement attributed to mutual support. Individualism Collectivism independent (identity from Interdependent (identity from individual Traits) belonging) Lesson 3: Digital Self - Access Pornography, Crimes, and Violence. Harsh Criticisms, Anger, Hatred, and Rude Language Self and other in the Cyberspace Benign Disinhibition - Digital Literacy - People get to share personal things about themselves that - Defined as those capabilities possessed by individuals who are makes it a cathartic experience, which gives the opportunity living, learning, and working in a digital society. to reveal secret emotions, fears, and wishes. - Cyberspace - The notional environment in which communication over Why People use Benign Disinhibition computer networks occurs. - According to studies To combat loneliness and depression through online Self and other in the Cyberspace interaction. - According to Research by Suler, 2004 Which may turn into moderating negative moods. People feel more relaxed, less restrained, and tend to express Enhance self-esteem and self-confidence. themselves more openly. Avenue to find satisfying relationship to provide emotional support Behavior of people tends to be different in virtual spaces when People with LSE are more comfortable with online compared to face-to-face interaction. interaction. This is called as Often times Toxic Disinhibition leads to: Online Disinhibition – The lack of restraint one feels when - Cyber bullying communicating online in comparison to communicating in person. - bullying that takes place using electronic technology. - Cyber harassment - the use of information and communication technology to Two Categories of Online Disinhibition harass, control, manipulate, or habitually disparage a child, Toxic Disinhibition adult, business groups without direct or implied threat of - People tend to explore virtual space which they are not physical harm. supposed to explore. Managing Online Disinhibition Absent of face-to-face cues can alter self-boundaries. 1. Don’t post or send anything you would be embarrassed for certain others to see. Dissociative Anonymity 2. Be careful about oversharing. A role for online users. 3. Don’t hang out with the crowd online. A person who has no name or at least not the real name. 4. Do consider your emotional stage before virtually posting or responding to People don’t have to own their behaviour by acknowledging it within anything. the full context of who “they” really are. 5. Do consider the reaction individuals are going to experience from toxic disinhibition. Self-Presentation Online 6. Do search yourself online. How do we represent ourselves? Online Identity Self promotion – Expect Respect - Digital identity Ingratiation – Expect Affection - refers to anything that describes a persona an individual Exemplification – Expect people to feel guilty by their actions. presents across all the digital space that he/she is represented Intimidation – Expects others to be afraid of them in. Supplication – Would like to appear helpless. - Internet Disembodiment - which is the identity, soul, or spirit separate from the physical Boundaries of the Self online body. - Personal Boundaries are the set of guidelines, rules, or limits that a person creates to identify reasonable, safe, and permissible ways for Social media allows people to adopt identities independent of the bodies and people to behave towards them and how they respond in case someone the markers it contains. breaks these rules or oversteps the limits. Dissociative Imagination Personal versus Social Identity Online The make-believe that the “created” person online is separate and apart Identity is made up of both personal and social identity. from the demands and responsibilities of the real world.  We identify ourselves based on our group and to communicate their concerns or issues. Personal Identity - in the 20th century is described as fixed, stable, and unitary. Personal Vs Social Identity Online ►In the Post-Modern world, Identity is considered as fluid, multiple, and socially constructed. Gender and Sexuality Online In the past there was so-called Gender Intensification, in which girls and boys’ behavioural differences become greater in early adolescence because of increased socialisation. Sexting Refers to sending, receiving, or forwarding sexually explicit messages, photographs, or images, primarily between mobile phones. Lesson 2: Spiritual Self it varies from person to person Meaning of life or the will to meaning could vary at any given moment. Spiritual Identity/Spiritual Self Spiritual Identity the persistent sense of self that addresses the ultimate 3. Freedom to Will – People are given the freedom to make life choices which questions about the nature, purpose and meaning of life. includes how they respond to life events. People can discover meaning through It results in behaviors that are consonant with the individual's core values. the values that they attach to things connected by their lives. A sense of spiritual identity emerges as the symbolic religious and spiritual content of a culture is appropriated by the individuals in the context of their How can we discover our meaning in life? own lives. According to VIKTOR FRANKL 1. By creating a work or doing a deed “HE WHO HAS A WHY TO LIVE CAN BEAR ALMOST ANY HOW” 2. By experiencing something or encountering someone 3. By the attitude we take toward unavoidable suffering Finding meaning and Creating meaning in life Logotherapy – aims to help the person to search for the meaning of his The Practice of Religion: Belief in Supernatural existence. Being and Power Logo means Means Meaning Belief in supernatural beings is one of the basic characteristics of religion. Logotherapy asserts that the main motivation of man is finding meaning Supernatural or above natural includes all that cannot be explained by the laws of nature, including things or characteristics relating to non material Three basic principle on discovering meaning in life beings or to things beyond nature. Religious issues are important to many adolescents. Studies found out that 1. Meaning in Life - In logotherapy it means finding meaning in life events those who practise religion have positive effects among adolescents and circumstances. Even at times of great loss and deep sorrow. In this view Behaving in socially acceptable manner like doing well in school, caring for that suffering is part of life which cannot be avoided and that meaning is still people and being respectful practice abstinence possible 2. Will to meaning - The meaning to life that one attaches to experience is not What is the problem with religion nowadays? obvious. Religiosity is not being practised or on the decline in the US.  Adolescents college students according to studies it is found out that they are May involve activities that can be both secular and spiritual as well as less likely to attend religious services or engage in religious activities. healing or destructive Adolescent girls are more religious than adolescent boys. Rituals show people commitment to culture and family. Meaning to behavior and allow a free and safe environment within The Concept of "Dungan” (Spirit or Soul) which to express people's conflicting emotions and handle Some of the ancient filipino beliefs of the the soul: ambivalence. It could travel outside from the body. What happens to the body happens to the soul Has second meaning in visayan culture which is Willpower "A Strong dungan is the intellectual and psychological capacity to dominate or persuade other to one's way of thinking". (HAKI LOL) Rituals and Ceremonies ►Ritual is a religious or solemn ceremony consisting of a series of actions performed according to prescribed orders. Are formalised behaviors that allow communities to explore their religious or cultural worlds. Functions of Rituals A symbolic expression of actual social relations, status or roles of individual in a society A Transcendent numinous reality that shows the ultimate values of a community A set of behaviours that are symbolic of social and psychological or numinous realities. Lesson 4: The Philosophical - Virtuous life is a dynamism of love - Loving God means loving one's fellow man View of Self Philosophy René Descartes: I think, therefore I am - Love for wisdom - Cogito, ergo sum/ I think, therefore I am - Study of acquiring knowledge through thinking and inquiries - Self is a thinking entity distinct from the body answering the question regarding the nature and the world we live in - Continuous process of questioning what we perceive (Methodical Doubt) Socrates: Know Yourself - Asking questions - I know nothing - Know thyself - Socratic questioning John Locke: Personal Identity - English philosopher, physician Plato's 3 parts of the soul - Father of classical liberalism - Appetitive Soul - His works paved the way to several revolutions in monarch and - Driven by desire and need to satisfy oneself absolute power - Spirited Soul - Tabula Rasa which means blank state - Courageous part of a person - Personal Identity is the concept about oneself that evolves - Very competitive and very active - Rational Soul David Hume: The Self is the Bundle Theory of Mind - Driver of our lives - Can never observe oneself without some other perception - The conscious mind - Self is a collection of different perceptions - Thinks and plans for the future St. Augustine: Love and Justice Immanuel Kant - His idea of a man and our understanding of who we are as a person is - Responded to Hume's work by establishing the collection of related on how we question ourselves impressions and different contents to see what takes to define a person  - Awareness, impression and behavior of ourselves and all that we have is Gilbert Ryle: The Ghost Machine part of self - Self is the behavior presented by the person - Transcendental appreciation is the basis for understanding and - The behavior that we show is a reflection of our mind and who we are establishing the notion of “self” Churchlands: The Brain as the Self Sigmund Freud (1856-1939) - Paul and Patricia are neurosciencetist - Early experience are important for human development - Introduced the eliminative materialism - Instinct as the main source of life energy that finds its way back called - Ordinary and common sense of understanding the mind is Erogenous Zones or pleasure areas wrong - Neurophilosophy Aspects of Personality - One should understand the different neurological movements - ID of the brain towards emotions, feelings, actions, and reactions - Child aspect of a person to fully understand the one's behavior - One's needs and self gratification - Merlau-Ponty - Driven by pleasure principle - French philosopher - Ego - Subjective body - Mediator between id and superego - Lived and experience - Within the boundaries of realities - Objective body - Observed and scientifically investigated Levels of Consciousness - Conscious - Minority of our memories are being stored - Easier to be tapped or accessed - Unconscious - Majority of childhood memories are deeply stored Lesson 5: Looking Glass Self - The three mountain Problem Looking Glass Self The Me Self - Sociology - Objective self - One of the disciplines of social sciences - Follows generalized others - Ains to discover the way social influences the thoughts, feelings, and behavior of a person The I Self - Subjective self George Herbert Mead - Individuality - Father of American pragmatism - “Self is essential and it arises in social experience” Charles Cooley - Formation of self according to Mead - How we think we appear to others - a. Preparatory stage - “I am not who you think I am” - Birth to 2yrs old - Based on imitation Three Phases of How the Self Develops - Play stage - How we present ourselves to others - 2yrs to 6yrs - How others imagine them - Role playing as a way of communication - Feeling about ourselves as a result of impressions - Game stage - 6yrs to 9yrs - Generalized others Ervin Goffman - Everyone is consciously playing a role - Dramaturgical Approach Egocentrism - Tendency to focus their attention inward Impression Management - How others view them - Control information in social interaction - Jean Piaget - Front stage - Actions according to others standards  - Back Stage - Have a plan regarding the best time to study - no need to act - Start with easy or difficult subjects in reviewing - Off Stage - Have a designated place to study - Independently - Have outlines and write notes (Mueller and Oppenheimer) - Dgaf about others - Use mnemonics - Study in groups Lesson 5: Managing the self Goals Learning - Target or objective to motivate and directed chains of behavior - Mindset (Carol Dweck, psychologist in standard university) - Repeatedly permanent changes in behavior through practice and - Fixed mindset experience - Inborn intelligence and creativity - Success means affirmation of the so called inherited Study Strategies traits - Skills used to maximize learning - Growth mindset - No foolproof study strategies that benefits everyone - Wants to challenged - Learning style - Welcomes failure - Visual - Can still learn - Physical - Know they have potentials - Aural/listen - Verbal/spoken Self-care - Logical/reason - Present society moves fast and stressful - Social/group study - Hustle bustle - Solitary/emo lol - How to take care of oneself - Always have time to rest Learning tips: - Recognized your emotions and express them  - Listen to your body - Don't stop learning Effective Leaders: - Pay attention to the most important things - Constantly stick to their goals - Have self confident charisma Lesson 5: Political Self Leadership Style: Political Self: - Pattern of leadership behavior - How our social and economic contexts affects our mental health and - Directive well-being - Non participative - Politics - Domineering - Process of making decision that applies to all members of the - Participative, Communicative, Egalitarian group - Hands off Leadership - Capacity to influence and lead a group - Laissez-faire Leadership - Deutsch and Gerard - Democratic Leadership - Normative Influence - Autocratic Leadership - The desire to be accepted - People pleaser Filipino Values: - Informational Influence - Kapwa - Desire to be correct - Mapagmahal - Evidence about reality - Bayanihan Leadership - Hospitable - A certain group members motivate and guide the group - Euphemism - Leaders - Mild or pleasant word - Always at the Frontline and responsible - Have authority and capability to monitor the members Filipino Traits: - Has power to make the decisions - Humor and Joy  - Diskarte Biological Sex - Filipino Time - Assigned sex such as sex organs like ovaries for female and testes for - Resiliency male - Sex Hormone Establishing a Democratic Culture: - Generally same both in male and female (estrogens, - Unique culture due to the influence of colonization testerones, progesterone) - Philippines was ruled by elites and capitalist in term of economics and - Sex politics in history time - Biological attributes of humans Lesson 5: Sexual Self Puberty Sexuality - Time where human become sexually mature - Happens between 10-14 in girls and 12-16 in boys - Fundamental drives behind a person's feelings, thoughts, and - Causes physical changes behaviors - Menarche is first menstrual period of female after two years into - Biological, Social, Psychological puberty Gender Hormones - Socially constructed roles, behaviors, expressions and identities - Chemical messengers produced by the bloodstream - Gender Identity means how you think about yourself - Affects growth, sexual characteristics, uterus, metabolism, - Gender Expression means how you demonstrate your gender based on personality and mood swings your behavior and interaction - 28 day monthly cycle on female sex hormones during ovulation - Biological Sex means organs, hormones and chromosomes (XX for - Ovulation occur 14 days after menstrual period female and XY for male) - Pseudo hermaphrodites are those who does not match their gonads - Sexual Orientation means who you are physically, spiritual and - Hermaphrodites both have ovarian and testicular which is rare emotionally attracted to Physical Development  - Adolescence marked by rapid changes in physical body - HIV and AIDS - Primary Sex Characteristics are shown at birth like vagina and penis - Fever, chills, aches and pain, swollen, sore throat, while Secondary Sex Characteristics are one to develop during puberty nausea, headache such as mens, pubic hair, body hair, deepening of voice etc. - No cure yet - Public Lice (Curable) Sexual Transmitted Diseases - Known as crabs - Lack of energy, irritability, low grade fever, itchiness - Common STI’s - Syphilis (Curable) - Chlamydia (Curable) - Often goes unnoticed in early stages - Most common in American - Sore known as chancre as a first symptoms - Green or yellow discharge - Later includes rash, fever, figure, joint pain, weight - Pain in lower abdomen loss, hair loss and headaches - Can lead to pelvic inflammation and infertility - Trichomoniasis (Curable) - Can cause pneumonia, eye infections and blindness - Known as trich caused by tinu protozoan organism on baby if pregnant woman got it - Bumping or itching around the private part - Gonorrhea (Curable) - Frequent urination - The clap - Fishy smell in women - White/yellow/beige or green colored discharge - Symptoms of STD in men - More frequent urination than usual - Pain or discomfort during sex or urination - Sore throat - Sores, bumps, rashes around penis, buttocks, thigh or mouth - Can be passed on to newborn - Unusual changes or bleeding - Genetial Herpes (hsv-2) - Painful or swollen testicles - Blistery sores - Symptoms of STD in women - Genital Warts (hpv) - Pain or discomfort during sex or urination - Symptoms of warts on genitals, mouth or throat - Sores, bumps, rashes around vagina, buttocks, thigh or mouth - Can lead to cancer - Unusual changes or bleeding - Often clear up on their own - Itchiness or swollen vagina - Hepatitis B  - Cervix has its own good nerve pathways Heterosexual - Mouth and lips are highly erogenous areas - Neck as very sensitive to light touch - Romantically and physically attracted to opposite sex - Breast and nipples set fireworks in the same region - Straight - Ears are super sensitive to touch as well Bisexual Sexual Response Cycle - Romantically and physically attracted to both sexes - Sequence of physical and emotional changes that happens in one's body Asexual - William Masters and Virginia Johnson - Not interested in sex but feel emotionally close to people Pansexual Phase 1: Excitement Phase - Who can experience sexual, romantic, or emotional attraction - Start of sexual arousal regardless of their identity - Last form 1 minutes to hours - Increase in pulse, blood pressure, breathing Polisexual - Erect nipples in both men and women - Attraction to many but does not mean to all genders - Erect penis and swelling clitoris Homosexual Phase 2: Plateau Phase - Sexual attraction towards same sex or gender - Change in body is continuing - Increase in breathing, heart rate and body temperature and pressure Erogenous Zones - First stage in sexual response Phase 3: Orgasm Phase - Clitoris the most sexual arousal and super sensitive - Highest rate of breathing, heart rate, blood pressure - Vagina contain nerve endings - Sudden and forceful release of sexual tension Phase 4: Resolution Phase - Coitus Interruptus - Semen out of vagina - Body returns to normal states - Lactational Amenorrhea Method (LAM) - Erection is lost in men - Contraceptive method - Back to normal state of clitoris, lips of vagina and outer of it - Effective upto 6 months after birth Responsible Parenthood Modern Methods - Will and ability of the parents to respond to needs or the family and - Hormonal methods children - Pills, injectables and implant - RA no. 10354 - Prevent ovary from releasing an egg - Dry phase is not fertile (1-3 days after period) Family Planning - Sticky phase is not fertile (4-6 days) - Enable parents to deliberately decide the number and spacing of their - Creamy phase is semi fertile (7-9 days) children - Clear phase is magic fertile (10-14 days) - Barrier Methods Old Methods - Blocking the egg and sperm from meeting - Chinese women drink lead and mercury for fertility - Emergency Contraceptive - Herbs, olive oil, ginger, tobacco and juices kills semen - Taken within 72 hours after unprotected sex - French prostitute used acidic douches - Surgical Methods - Greek women jump seven backwards after sex - Prevent fertilization of the egg - Vasectomy - Tubal ligation Traditional Contraceptives - Periodic Abstinence - Cervical Mucus - Avoid sex - Withdrawal