UTS Prelim PDF

Section 1: Social, Environmental, and The famous line of Socrates, “Know other Life Factors (S.E.L.F) Yourself” tells each man to bring his Nature vs. Nurture inner self to light. ➔ Nature - develops h...

Section 1: Social, Environmental, and The famous line of Socrates, “Know other Life Factors (S.E.L.F) Yourself” tells each man to bring his Nature vs. Nurture inner self to light. ➔ Nature - develops his/her The core of Socratic ethics is the characteristics biologically. concept of virtue and knowledge. ➔ Nurture - develops his/her Virtue is the deepest and most basic characteristics through external propensity of man. factors. Knowing one’s own virtue is Identity vs. Self necessary and can be learned. ➔ Identity - are what make a person Socrates unique from others. This is what they Ancient Greek Philosopher, Scholar, perceive to us through our actions. Teacher ➔ Self - “person of himself/herself”, it is Mentor of Plato what the others didn’t see in you. Considered to be the main source of Western Thought Dimensionalities of the Self/Identity Socrates was not a writer and his 1. Social factors - includes all the works were only known through people around us. Plato’s writing (The Dialogues). 2. Environmental factors - includes ‘The worst thing that can happen to the environmental structure, events, anyone is to live but die inside’ and such, that has an impact on how “Every person is dualistic” a person could grow. Socratic Method (dialectic method) 3. Hereditary factors - includes Method of inquiry consisting of a biological changes and events that series of questions to search for the affect the physical appearance of a proper definition of a thing. person. The goal of this method is to bring 4. Person-volition factors - inclination the person closer to the final of a person creates a social understanding. construct which sets him apart from Socrates’ View of Human Nature others. “The unexamined life is not worth living” From the Perspective of Philosophy Touching the soul may mean helping the person to get in touch with Philosophy (love of wisdom) his/her true self Started in Athens of Ancient Greece Real understanding comes from at around 600 BCE within the person Understanding elements, mathematics, heavenly bodies, Plato atoms, and man. Aristocles (428-348 BCE) The Academy Philosophical View of Self He wrote more than 20 Dialogues with Socrates: Know Yourself Socrates as protagonist in most of them. He considers man from the point of Theory of Forms - the physical view of his inner life. world is not the real world; ultimate  reality exists beyond our physical 3. Appetitive soul - base desires world. (food, drink, sleep, sexual needs, ○ Forms - abstract, perfect, etc.) unchanging concepts or When these are attained, the human ideals that transcend time person's soul becomes just & virtuous. and space; they exist in the Realm of Forms. St. Augustine of Hippo Plato: The Ideal Self, the Perfect Self Christian Philosopher Philosophical View of Self He wanted to know about moral evil According to Plato, man was and why it existed in people and he omniscient or all-knowing before he also questions sufferings in the came to be born in this world. world. With his separation from the Two (2) Realms in Understanding Human paradise of truth and knowledge and Nature his long exile on earth, he forgot St. Augustine’s View of Human Nature most of the knowledge he had. 1. God as the source of all reality and Man in this life should imitate his truth former self; more specifically, he 2. The sinfulness of a man should live a life of virtue in which The Role of Love human perfection exists. Happiness, “God is love and he created humans which is the fruit of virtue, is attained for them to also love.” by the constant imitation of the “Disordered love results when divide exemplar of virtue, embodied people loves the wrong things which in man’s former perfect self. was believed to give him/her Characteristics of Forms happiness.” 1. Ageless and therefore are eternal ○ Physical objects = sin of 2. unchanging and therefore greed permanent ○ Not lasting and excessive 3. unmoving and indivisible love for people = sin of Plato’s Dualism jealousy 1. Realm of Shadows - composed of ○ Self = sin of pride changing, ‘sensible’ things which are ○ God = supreme virtue ad real lesser entities and therefore happiness imperfect and flawed 2. Realm of Forms - composed of René Descartes eternal things which are permanent “Cogito Ergo Sum” - I think therefore and perfect. It is the source of all reality and true knowledge. I am 3 components to the soul He believed that self is the 1. Rational soul - reason & intellect t combination of two entities: govern affairs 2. Spirited soul - emotions should be 1. Cogito (mind) - the thing kept at bay that thinks  2. Extenza (body) - the He believed that knowledge results extension of the mind. It is from ideas produced a posteriori or by objects that were experienced. nothing else, but a machine Tabula Rasa (i.e. blank slate) that is attached to the mind. Locke’s View of Human Nature “Father of Modern Philosophy” Morals, religious, and political values must came from sense experiences Rationalist Morality has to do with choosing or Employed scientific method and willing the good mathematics in his philosophy. Moral God depends on conformity or non-conformity towards the law Cartesian Method and Analytic ○ Law of Opinion Geometry ○ Civil Law Descarts states that the self is a ○ Divine Law thinking entity distinct from the body. David Hume Descartes’ System Born in Edinburgh, Scotland Two (2) Powers of the Human Mind Empiricism 1. Intuition - ability to apprehend After reading the Philosophy of John Locke, ‘he never again entertained direction of certain truths any belief in religion’ 2. Deduction - power to discover what The Human Mind is not known by progressing an Mind receives materials from sense and calls it perceptions and it has (2) orderly way from what is already types: known. ○ Impressions - immediate Descartes’ View of Human Nature senisation of external reality The cognitive aspect of human ○ Ideas - recollections of impressions nature is his basis for the existence Principles of Association of the self. 1. The Principle of Resemblance The Mind-Body Problem 2. The Principle of Contiguity 3. The Principle of Cause-and-Effect ○ soul/mind (also the self) is a substance separate from the Immanuel Kant body. Born in Konisberg, East Prusia (Western Russia) Founder of German Idealism John Locke He wrote the three books: Critique of “Personal Identity” Pure Reason, Critique of Practical Born in Wrington, England Reason, and Critique of Judgement His works focuses on the workings Kant’s View of Mind of the human mind, particularly, Rationalist, Empiricist acquisition of knowledge.  Kant argued that the mind is not just We live our lives by balancing the a passive receiver of sense forces of life and death - opposing experience, but rather actively forces that make mere existence a participates in knowing the objects it challenge. experiences. Defense Mechanism He also stated that instead of the Psychological strategies that are mind conforming to the world, the unconsciously used to protect a external world is the one who person from anxiety arising from conforms to the mind. unacceptable thoughts or feelings ○ Repression Sigmund Freud ○ Denial Austrian Neurologists ○ Projection One of the pioneering figures in the ○ Displacement field of Psychology ○ Regression Founder of psychoanalysis ○ Sublimation The unconscious mind ○ Reaction Formation Hysteria Free association, dream analysis, Gilbert Ryle hypnosis English Philosopher Levels of Mental Life He contradicted Cartesian Dualism Unconscious - contains all those Ghost in the Machine - human drives, urges, or instincts that are consciousness and mind are very beyond our awareness. dependent on the human brain Preconscious - contains all the Ryle’s View of Human Nature elements that are not conscious, but Man is endowed with freewill and it can become conscious either quite was invented to determine if an readily or with some difficulty. action deserves a praise or blame Conscious - mental elements in Two (2) types of Knowledge awareness at any given point in 1. Knowing-that - Factual knowledge time. 2. Knowing-how - Practical knowledge Province of the Mind Id - its function is to seek pleasure Patricia and Paul Churchland (pleasure principle) Canadian Philosophers ○ Eros - life instinct Combined Neurology and ○ Thanatos - death instinct Philosphy (Nuerophilosophy) in Ego - the only region of the mind in addressing the age-old problem contact with reality (reality principle) (mind-body) Superego - represents the moral ○ Neurology deals with the and ideal aspects of personality study of nervous system, its (moralistic/idealistic principle) structure, physiology, and Freud’s View of Human Nature aberrations An individual is a product of his past Brain-mind “There isn’t a special lodges within his subconscious. thing called the mind. The mind is just the brain.” - Patricia Churchland  Brain = Self Churchland’s View of Human Nature Abnormalities on the brain physiology leads to deviant thoughts, feelings, and actions Normal Brain - facilities socially accepted behavior Compromised Brain - gives rise to aberrant behaviors Maurice Merleau-Ponty French Phenomenological Philosopher Philosopher of the Body He wrote books on perception, art, and political thought He argued that the human body is the primary site of knowing the world Merleau-Ponty’s View of Human Nature Phenomenology provides a direct description of the human experience while perception forms the background of the experience which serves to guide man’s conscious actions Philosopher of the Body List of Philosophers 1. Socrates 2. Plato 3. St. Augustine of Hippo 4. Rene Descartes 5. John Locke 6. David Hume 7. Immanuel Kant 8. Sigmund Freud 9. Gilbert Ryle 10. Patricia and Paul Churchland 11. Maurice Merleau-Ponty 12. George Herbert Mead 13. Charles Horton Cooley 14. Erving Goffman Topic 2: From the Perspective of important for this constitutes the Sociology basis for socialization. Children start role-playing and taking Sociology on the role of significant people in Derived from a French word their lives sociologie, coined by a French The ‘self’ is developing Philosopher Isidore Auguste Comte Game Stage (8 - 9 years old) in 1830 Children learn their role in relation to Socius = companion, others and how to take on the Logos = the study of a social science everyone else in a game that studies human societies Children begin to become able to function in organize groups most George Herbert Mead importantly, to determine what they He was born on February 27, 1863 will do with a specific group and died on April 26, 1931 Stage Existence of self Characteristics He graduated at Oberlin College He enrolled at Harvard University in Preparatory stage None Imitation 1887 taking up his MA in Philosophy Play stage Developing Role-taking Prominent in the field of social Game stage Present Generalized others psychology, sociology, philosophy, and pragmatism The “I” and “Me” Mead’s Social Self I Self - when the person initiates or Social Behaviorism performs a social action, the self People develop their self-image functions as a subject (e.g. I will run through interactions with people inside the house.) ‘Self’ is the dimension of personality Me Self - when the person takes the that is made-up of the individual’s role of the other, the self functions as self-awareness and self-image. an object (e.g. the choice for the Said that the Self is born of society, most outstanding student was it is inseparable from society and awarded to me.) bound with communication. Preparatory Stage (birth - 2 years old) Charles Horton Cooley (1864 - 1929) The ‘self’ is not present at birth, but it American Sociologist develops over time through social Sociopsychological Approach interaction and social experience Earned his Doctorate at University of At this stage, children learn through Michigan and became a sociology the process of imitation professor Children will become familiar with In his written work Human Nature symbols that people use in their and the Social Order (1902), he interaction discussed the formation of the self Play Stage (2 - 7 years old) through social interaction. Skills at knowing and understanding the symbols of communication is Looking-Glass Self Theory themselves to create preferred A person’s self grows out of society’s appearances and satisfy particular interpersonal interactions and the people (impression management). perceptions of others it develops in Dramaturgical Approach - Goffman three (3) phases: uses the imagery of a 1. People imagine how they theater/theatrical presentation in present themselves to order to portray the nuances and others. significance of face-to-face social 2. People imagine how others interaction. evaluate them. Dramaturgy - we use “impression 3. People develop some sort of management” to present ourselves feeling about themselves as to others as we hope to be a result of those impressions. perceived. Steps in Looking-Glass Self Each situation is a new scene and 1. You imagine how you appear to the we perform different roles depending other person. on who is present. 2. You imagine the judgment of other In his theory of dramaturgical person. analysis, he argued that people live 3. You feel some sense of pride, their lives much like actors happiness, guilt, or shame. performing on a stage. Agents of Socialization Family - families introduce children to the expectations of society. - Socialization is different based on race, gender, and class. School - teachers and other students are the source of expectations that encourage children to think and behave in particular ways. Erving Goffman (1922 - 1982) Peers - peer culture is an important Canadian-American Sociologist, source of identity. Through Social Psychologist. Writer interaction with peers, children learn Deemed by others as the most concepts of self, gain social skills, influential American Sociologist of and form values and attitudes. the 73rd President of the AMerican Media - the average young person Sociological Association (age 8-19) spends almost 7 hours Listed as 6th most-cited author in per day immersed in media in the humanities and social sciences various forms, often using multiple by the Time Higher Education Guide media forms simultaneously. The Presentation of the Self in Television is the dominant medium. Everyday Life - people, at initial Religion - children tend to develop phase of social interactions, tend to the same religious beliefs as their slant their presentation of parents. Topic 3: Anthropology The Normative Component` Social Norms Anthropology Are the accepted standards of Came from the Latin words behavior of social groups ‘ánthrōpos” which means ‘human’ subheading. and ‘logos’ which means ‘study of’ These groups range from friendship scientific study of humans, human and workgroups to nationstates. behavior, and societies in the past and present. Folkways Is a science and philosophical The general rules, of customary and description of the life form “Homo habitual ways and patterns of Sapien” the thinking man. The expected behavior in society. science of anthropology is “doctrinahumanaenaturae” Mores includes the bodily characteristics Refers to the special folkways that of human as well as their spiritual are generally emphasized because psychic and moral dignity. they are deemed necessary for the (Ocampo, 2006) welfare of the society. Focal Points of Anthropology Mechanism of Cultural Change Man in the physical, cultural and Cultural Change happens because existential features with the purpose no society is in constant change. of gaining a deeper understanding of Society continuously evolves from man’s place in the world. one period of time to another. Culture Cultural Lag Is a system of human behavior and the phenomenon that occurs when thought. – Edward Taylor changes in material culture occur before or at a faster rate than the The Material Component changes in non-material culture. In Pertains to all tangible materials other words, such as when that are inherited from previous technology changes. generation. This is the most obvious component because of its Cultural Borrowing physical nature. Is a situation where one society borrows the culture of another Cognitive Component society and uses it as a new part of Are divided into ideas, knowledge the culture. and belief, values, and accounts. Anthropology The four subfields of anthropology includes: ○ Archaeology ○ Biological Anthropology  ○ Linguistic Anthropology “Biological Anthropologists have ○ Cultural Anthropology shown that while humans do vary in their biological characteristics and Archeology behavior, they are more similar to The study of the ancient and recent one another than different” - human past through material American Anthropological remains Association Archaeological records consists of artifacts, architecture, biofacts, and Linguistic Anthropology cultural landscapes. Branch of anthropology that studies Archeologists’ focus on studying the role of language in the social the past and how it may have lives of individuals and communities contributed to the present ways of An essential part of human how people live. communication is language—a Archaeologists’ discovered that the system of communication used by most important aspect of human a particular country or community nature is survival. Linguistic anthropologists also study how language and modes of Biological Anthropology communication change over time. Also called physical anthropology English as the Universal A scientific discipline concerned with Language the biological and behavioral Other forms of language have aspects of human beings evolved which represent subculture Biological anthropologists focus of a particular group primarily on human adaptability and evolution Cultural Anthropology ○ Primatology The study of contemporary human - Study of non-human cultures and how these cultures are primate behavior, formed and shape the world around morphology and them. genetics ○ Culture - a way of life of a - Primatologists use group, that are passed along phylogenetic methods by communication and to infer which traits imitation from one generation humans share with to the next. other primates and ○ Theory of Cultural which are Determinism - a belief that humanspecific the culture in which we are adaptations raised determines who we ○ Paleopathology are at emotional and - The study of diseases behavioral levels. in ancient organisms ○ Cultural Relativism - the idea that a person's beliefs, values, and practices should  be understood based on that person's own culture, rather than be judged against the criteria of another. Cultural determinism suggests that we are shaped/formed to have the kind of life we prefer but it may also mean that we have no control over what we learn. Culture may manifest itself in people in the following ways: ○ Symbols - It pertains to words, gestures, pictures, or objects that may have a recognized/accepted meaning in a particular culture ○ Heroes - Persons from the past or present who have characteristics that are important in a culture ○ Rituals - Activities (may be religious or social) participated in by a group of people for the fulfillment of desired objectives and are considered to be socially essential ○ Values - Considered to be the core of every culture, which involve human tendencies/preferences towards good or bad, right and wrong