UTS Notes - Physical Self PDF

Unit 2: Unpacking the Self necessarily give the perception of harmony as it is distinct from the hearing” PHYSICAL SELF (Inquiry I. 1. X). Philosophers perspective of...

Unit 2: Unpacking the Self necessarily give the perception of harmony as it is distinct from the hearing” PHYSICAL SELF (Inquiry I. 1. X). Philosophers perspective of beauty: Psychologists on Physical Self: ❖ Beauty is Objective William James St. Augustine looked at the physical self as the source of human sensation which is essential for asked whether things were beautiful producing and maintaining one’s because it gave delight, or whether It gave personality. He stressed the importance delight because it was beautiful. He of training the body to achieve excellent believed it to be the latter. physical health because it is where one’s Plato consciousness and soul dwell. connected beauty as a response to love Sigmund Freud and desire. He asserted that beauty exists looked at the physical self as the center of in the realm of Forms, and that objects are human experience. He also found beautiful because they are the conceptualized the body ego as the reflection of the idea of beauty that source for the development of all egos. already exists in the realm of Forms. Wilhelm Reich Aristotle considered the mind and the body as one. asserted that the chief forms of beauty are He stressed that all psychological order, symmetry, and definiter that can be experiences and processes are part of the demonstrated by mathematical sciences. physical dynamics of a person. He asserted that it plays a critical role in ❖ Beauty is Subjective human engagements through the storage David Hume and transmission of bioenergy needed for one’s existence and experience. “Beauty is no quality in things themselves: It exists merely in the mind which Erik Erikson contemplates them; and each mind equated and anchored human experience perceives a different beauty. One person with the body. Bodily organs. Play may even perceive deformity, where particular roles in a person’s early another is sensible of beauty; and every development. Later in life, the individual ought to acquiesce in his own development of Intellectual competence sentiment, without pretending to regulate becomes part of the physical self in those of others” (Hume 1757, 136). determining how an individual. Will Immanuel Kant choose challenging roles in society. “The judgment of taste is therefore not a B. F. Skinner judgment of cognition, and is as a behaviorist, particularly stressed on consequently not logical but aesthetical, the role of the body in studying human by which we understand that whose behavior, particularly overt behavior. He determining ground can be no other than also considers the human body as a subjective” (Kant 1790, section 1). closed yet filled container. Francis Hutcheson “The perception of beauty does depend on Cognitive Bias and Halo Effect the external sense of sight; however, the internal sense of beauty operates as an Cognitive bias internal or reflex sense. The same is the is an error in reasoning, evaluating, case with hearing: hearing music does not remembering, or any other mental  process that is often a result of holding on Body image can affect both the adolescent’s to one’s preferences and beliefs physical and psychological well-being. regardless of contrary information. Appearance refers to everything about a person that others can observe such as height, weight, The halo effect (also known as the physical skin color, clothes, and hairstyle. attractiveness stereotype and the "what is beautiful is good” principle) Through appearances, people show others the kind of persons they are. refers to the tendency of people to rate attractive individuals more favorably for their personality traits or characteristics Causes of Poor Body Image as compared to those who are less Parents emphasis on thin ideal body lead attractive. girls to experience body dissatisfaction Bullying and peer pressure have been The halo effect occurs when our impressions of associated with greater body people, brands, and products in one area lead us dissatisfaction. to have positive feelings in another area. This Media such as television, advertisements, cognitive bias leads us to often cast judgment music, and movies. They are filled with without having a reason. good-looking faces, making women and men more concerned with physical attractiveness. Culture and Perception of Beauty Cultural traditions can either be a positive or Examples of Bullying negative influence on body image and on self- Body Shaming: esteem. criticizing yourself or others because of Deal standards of body sizes are culturally physical appearance specific. BID (Body Image Disturbance): Perceptual component (body size estimation), Eastern View And attitudinal component (how we think/feel about size/shape of our body) Eastern traditions, specifically in India, particularly focused on the physical self. One of its manifestations is yoga where the body is treated as a vessel for desires Body Dysmorphic Order and attachments and becomes the vehicle for spiritual growth and self- realization. Furthermore, this tradition Imagined Ugliness exercises discipline, so the body becomes A preoccupation with some imagined strong, clean, and pure to achieve growth defect in appearance by someone who and enlightenment. actually looks reasonably normal. Body Image and Self-Esteem Eating disorders BODY IMAGE In bulimia nervosa, out-of-control eating Body image refers to how individuals episodes, or binges, are followed by self- induced perceive, think, and feel about their body vomiting, excessive use of laxatives, or other and physical appearance. attempts to purge (get rid of) the food. It appears that body image is related to self- In anorexia nervosa, the person eats only esteem. minimal amounts of food or exercises vigorously to offset food intake so body weight sometimes Self-esteem is a person’s overall evaluation of drops dangerously. his or her own worth. Adolescents worry about different parts of their bodies. In binge-eating disorder, individuals may binge repeatedly and find it distressing, but they do not Younger women and girls tend to have poor body attempt to purge the food. image.  SEXUAL SELF LECTURE 1 Culture of Resistance Human sexuality is a complex issue: Celebrating Beauty in Diversity Biological (essentialist -Cultural concepts of beauty should be approach) celebrated. However, practices that enhance Socio-cultural attractiveness, yet, are severely harmful to our (constructivist approach). health, should be stopped. In her book, Beauty and Misogyny: Harmful Cultural Practices in the West, Sheila Jeffreys (2005) explained that it is not enough to know that there are a lot of beauty Although sexuality has an important enhancement practices that are detrimental to biological component – usually related to women’s health. For her, women should stand the imperative of reproduction – other against the cultural requirement on what they components, such as personal needs and should do with their bodies. Thus, a celebration of desires, emotions, practices and beauty in diversity requires, as she calls it, a identities, are of equal, and sometimes culture of resistance. This is a culture that veers away from the dictates of what women in society greater, importance. should look like to be called beautiful. WHO defines sexuality as: We are challenged at this time to speak up against body shaming particularly that we are a central aspect of being human living in an image-driven virtual society. throughout life (that) encompasses Embracing our physical selves entails affirming sex, gender identities and roles, each other regardless of our skin color, stature, sexual orientation, eroticism, and body mass index. There is a need to defend pleasure, intimacy and those who do not fall under the idyllic image of reproduction. thin and beautiful (Fat Shaming and Body Shaming, n.d.) We should never allow ourselves Sexuality is experienced and to be victims of this since we are supposed to expressed in thoughts, fantasies, celebrate the authentic us, where we do not need desires, beliefs, attitudes, values, to hide our physical flaws and to resist the behaviours, practices, roles and demands of a deprecating image driven society. relationships. While sexuality can include all of these Self-Acceptance dimensions, not all of them are always The significance of self-acceptance is experienced or expressed. Sexuality is necessary in embracing our physical influenced by the interaction of biological, selves. We need not fret if the way we look psychological, social, economic, political, does not live up to the standards set by our cultural, legal, historical, religious and society. We have to be reminded that our spiritual factors.” health is foremost in all these. Remember that body size, shape, skin color, and stature are never correct indicators of a healthy life. There is nothing more GENDER IDENTITY important than to learn to accept and Refers to an individual’s sense of embrace who we are, with all the beauty, flaws and imperfections, because this is their own gender. the only way that we can live in peace and Female/Woman/Girl: at peace with our selves. Male/Man/Boy: In closing…… (Other Genders) You are imperfect, permanently and inevitably SEXUAL ORIENTATION flawed, and you are beautiful. Refers to who you are attracted to Physically, emotionally or romantically. (Heterosexual/Homosexual/Bisexual/ Pansexual/Asexual/Others) PHASES OF SEXUAL RESPONSE CYCLE Phase 1: Excitement GENDER EXPRESSION It is also known as the arousal/ Refers to the way a person initial excitement phase & occurs physically communicates their as a result of erotic stimulation, gender identity. either physical or mental. The body prepares for sexual intercourse and Feminine Masculine in- cludes characteristics like increased heart rate & muscle BIOLOGICAL SEX tension, breathing accelerates etc. Also called “assigned sex”, this refers to the label given at birth Phase 2: Plateau based on genitalia and other factors It refers to the the period of sexual like hormones and excitement prior to orgasm. Characterised by increased blood flow and heart rate in both sexes, BIOLOGICAL (ASSIGNED) SEX increased sexual pleasure and Development of Secondary Sex stimula- tion. Sexual frustration may Characteristics and the Human develop if the plateau phase lasts Reproductive Organs for an extended period of time Both the male and female embryos have without transitioning to the the same group of cells that will develop orgasmic phase. into male and female gonads or sex glands female sex= “fundamental” sex Phase 3: Orgasm addition of Y chromosome (SRY) It is experienced by both males (mainly associated with ejaculation) and females (experiencing uterine What is Sexual Response Cycle? and vaginal contractions). The It refers the sequence of shortest phase, it typically only lasts physiological and psychological a few seconds. processes that take place as a person becomes sexually aroused and engages in sexually stimulating Phase 4: Resolution behaviours, such as masturbation This phase allows the body to settle and intercourse. The sexual down from its excited state and the response cycle in both males and muscles to relax, blood pressure to females, according to William drop. The refractory period, which is Masters and Virginia Johnson, a part of the resolution phase, is the comprises four phases. time period during which a man typically cannot orgasm once more, while women can also go through this phase. Cerebral Cortex Ultimately the brain is the largest sex organ controlling the biological urge, mediating all thoughts, experiences and physiological responses to sex, Sexual desire is initially modulated by the Understanding the Chemistry of Lust, release of sex hormones, for males Love, and Attachment testosterone and for females oestrogen, ❖ Lust our levels of these hormones are Testosterone understood to affect our behaviour Estrogen ❖ Attraction Limbic System Dopamine Norepinephrine Amygdala Serotonin ❖ Attachment Largely mediated by emotion Oxytocin through the limbic system, Vasopressin activation of the amygdala can trigger penile erection, sexual feelings, sensations of extreme What is love? pleasure memories of Rexual Love is phenylethylamine – PEA. intercourse as well as ovulation, It’s produced in hypothalamus. Generally uterine contractions, and orgasm. the process of love takes place in 3 stages. The 3 stages of love Role of Hormones in Sexual Activity In the Helen Fisher’s speech she distinguished Oxytocin the three stages of love, called: “love hormone” desire for close Enchantment/Lust relationships, released during orgasm Attraction Follicle Attachment Stimulating Hormone (FSH): female ovulation, increased sexual activity nonspecific, specific Stage 1: Luteineizing Hormone Enchantment regulate testes in men, ovaries in women. At the beginning our brain collects Testes produces testosterone in men. information about our partner. At the speed of 432 km/h the signals reach the Vasopressin brain. At this stage of love we have such hormones as: increases during erectile response in male arousal phase Testosterone – a male hormone Oestrogena female hormone. Estrogen and Progesterone They are responsible for feeling of lust. increase and decrease motivation Testosterone Cognitive Behaviour Psychotherapy In men it’s produced by testicles. In women a little amount of testosterone is Graded Exposure secreted by ovaries and cortex of the Petting adrenal gland and during pregnancy – by Foreplay without placenta. It’s responsible for male genital characteristics of an organism like: Foreplay with genital Oral stimulation = Specific body hair stop start approach male musculature of the body and a Caressing towards specific body build (narrower hips, Forgasm but not wider shoulders etc.) intercourse male voice Adam’s apple Oestrogen  In men it regulates certain functions of the Influences on the liver to free potassium reproductive system, particularly the and increase its levels in blood maturation of sperm, as well as it affects Causes mydriasis the libido. It’s secreted by testicles and Triggers contraction of all blood vessels cortex of the adrenal gland. In women it’s Makes you blush when seeing the beloved produced by ovaries. It’s responsible for person the development of secondary and thirdly Dopamine – a molecule of happiness sexual characteristics like: This hormone causes: Breasts Burst of energy Specific hair body Tendency to experience everything more Specific body fat spacing (wide hips etc.) Intensely Appropriately proportions of body Lessened need of sleep or food Focused attention Fear Stage 2: Attraction Serotonine When people get to know each other they are delighted. They can’t stop thinking Causes: about the person. People in love see the Irritation world through the rose-coloured Lack of concentration spectacles. They can’t see any defects of Sleeplessness the other person. They want to spend Obsessive thoughts and depressive states every free moment together. Increased sensitivity to pain Cause of obsessive thinking low levels in OCD persons (express they Attraction are in love) In this stage we have few hormones and Compared to no OCD (do not express) symptoms: Symptoms: Stage 3: loss of appetite Attachment mood swings When two people are involved in a euphoria relationship, they fall in love which grows every day more and more. People become Sleep disorder emotionally attached to each other. Obsessive thinking about your feelings Obviously, every relationships gets through some crisis. When they occur, their love can survive or end. Hormones: In the third phase of love we have mainly two Adrenaline Hormones active: Dopamine Oxytocin Serotonine Vasopressin Norepinephrine Oxytocin It is also called a sensitivity hormone. It is Norepinephrine: produced in the brain. responsible for extra surge of energy and This hormone is responsible for: triggers increased heart rate, loss of appetite, as well as the desire to sleep. Activation the human feelings of trust your body is in a more alert state and ready relieving stress and pain for action Provocation hysterospasms during the childbirth Stimulation the maternal instinct at Adrenaline: mothers A hormone that: Is released during exchanging kisses Causes sweating Quickens functioning of the heart Vasopressin  This hormone develops feelings of A person who is romantically and sexually attachment to the partner and fatherhood attracted to both men and women. in men. It is excreted by the posterior TRANSGENDER: pituitary gland. Supposedly, a low level of vasopressin in a An umbrella term used to describe a man leads to a more emotional person who experiences his/her gender in attachment to a partner a way that varies along a continuum from masculine to feminine Types of Sexual Orientation Pansexual Attraction to any gender, Gander does not play a primary role their attraction Omnisexual Attraction to any gender. Gender can play a primary role in attraction. GENDER IDENTITY Polysexual Refers to an individual’s sense of their own Attraction to three or more genders. Many, gender. but not all genders. Female/Woman/Girl: Bisexual Male/Man/Boy: Attraction to two or more genders. Often, (Other Genders) the same gender, and other genders Homosexual (Gay/Lesbian) SEXUAL ORIENTATION Attraction is experienced to me same the gender Refers to who you are attracted to Physically, emotionally or romantically. Heterosexual (Straight) (Heterosexual/Homosexual/Bisexual/ Attraction experienced to the Pansexual/Asexual/Others) opposita/different genders. Aceflux GENDER EXPRESSION Identity shifts along/cross the ace spectrum Refers to the way a person physically communicates their gender identity. Demisexual Feminine Masculine Sexual attraction may be felt under specific circumstances. Greysexual BIOLOGICAL SEX Rare/limited/partial sexual to any gender Also called “assigned sex”, this refers to the label given at birth based on genitalia Asexual and other factors like hormones and Sexual attraction is not experienced to any gender LGBT: What it Means Types of Gender Identities LESBIAN Trans/ Transgender A woman who is sexually and romantically A trans/transgender person is someone attracted to other women. who does not identify with the gender they were assigned at birth. GAY Cis/Cisgender Term used to refer to both men and women who are sexually and romantically Refers to individuals who identify with the attracted to persons of the same sex. gender assigned to them at birth. BISEXUAL Non-Binary  Indivdiuals who identify as a woman or a man. Definition of Sexual Health Gender Fluid This is what it takes for me to be sexually healthy Individuals whose gender identity is not fixed and can change from day to day. I know how to access and use health care services and information. Agender/Gender Neutral I am comfortable with my body and my Individuals who do not define their gender, sexuality. or are “genderless”. I am able to recognize risks and ways to reduce them. I am able to form and maintain healthy SEXUAL VIOLENCE relationships. I act responsibly according to my personal The World Health Organization (WHO) defines values. sexual violence as: I am able to set appropriate boundaries. ‘Any sexual act, attempt to obtain a sexual I can talk effectively with my peers, family, act, unwanted sexual comments or and partners. advances, or acts to traffic or otherwise I know my body and how it functions. directed against a person’s sexuality I understand the risks, responsibilities, using. Coercion, by any person regardless and consequences of sexual behavior. of their relationship to the victim, in any setting, including but not limited to home Creating a Sexual Self and work. Sexual self-esteem perception of their worth as sexual beings Gender based violence continuum(refer sa Sexual self-efficacy phone) perception of control over sexual experiences MOMENT Sexual self-image Your actions in a single moment can beliefs about sexual needs prevent violence. MOMENTUM Lesson 3: Your actions can be the spark that inspires others to act. THE MATERIAL SELF MOVEMENTS Outline We can form safe, supportive Material Self (Components) communities free from sexual violence. Positives of Possessions Identity and Consumerism Effects of Materialism STD, SYMPTOMS, COMPLICATIONS, TREATMENT (refer sa picture sa phone) Material Self According to William James, the material self is The Responsible Parenthood and Reproductive the: Health Act of 2012 (Republic Act No. 10354) informally known as the Reproductive Health “sum total of all that he can call his, not only his Law or RH Law, body and his psychic powers, but his clothes and his house, his wife and children, his ancestors is a law in the Philippines which and friends, his reputation and works, his lands, guarantees universal access to methods and yacht and bank-account. All these things give on contraception, fertility control, sex him the same emotions. If they wax and prosper, education, and maternal care. he feels triumphant; if they dwindle and die away, The bill mandates the government to he feels cast down - not necessarily in the same promote without biases, all effective, degree for each thing, but in much the same way natural, and modern methods of family for all.” planning that are medically safe and legal. Birth control methods chart (refer sa picture naa sa phone) Material Self Investment Diagram (“me” self) Consumer Culture A person’s possessions like the body. is a form of material culture facilitated by Family, clothes, money, house, car, and the market, which thus created a other tangible objects make up the particular relationship between the material self. consumer and the goods or services he or she uses or consumes. Components of the Self BODY MATERIAL POSSESSIONS AS STATUS The basic component of the material self SYMBOL includes the body. One of the tasks of adolescents is that of Effects of Material Possessions accepting and appreciating the physical Regardless of how much or how little characteristics of their body. material possessions people have, they Few adolescents are able to do this are interested in material possessions. successfully. Possessions can be used as status Adolescents tend to worry about their symbol. Cars, house, gadgets, and clothes bodies and physical appearance. are the most valuable possessions Clothes because they are the most visible in the eyes of others. Another component of the material self is The more expensive, the more other the clothes that people wear. people are impressed. Clothes represent the self. The style and brand of clothes becomes a symbolic significance. MATERIAL POSSESSIONS AS FRUIT OF The material component of the self can LABORS include books, bed, money, car, house and other things that a person can call his Material possessions can be a reflection of own possession. hard work and success. People tend to measure success through Family material possessions. The material components of the self also Material possessions can make people includes people such as immediate and more motivated to work harder to achieve extended family members (my family) as them. well as close friends (my friend) that the Defining the self by material possessions person feels psychologically connected can also contribute to feelings of well- These people are likely to shape and being, including a sense of personal influence the development of self and growth and purpose or meaning in life. identity. Pets could also symbolically define a person’s identity. NEGATIVE Effects of MATERIALISM A person’s pet could be an expression of one’s social status, pride, and prestige. However, lack or loss of material possessions can be disruptive to the mental health of some people. The strong desire for material possessions IDENTITY & CONSUMER CULTURE could have negative effects. Materialism is the importance people give on material possessions. Identity Someone with a high level of materialism is a symbolic idea (Mach, 1993). It is an is called materialistic image we build for ourselves through A materialistic person is excessively social interaction. It is dynamic and concerned with the acquisition of material context-dependent. possessions. Identity may refer to: A social category defined by membership Negative Effects of MATERIALISM rules, characteristic attributes, or The strong desire for material possessions expected behavior. could lead to psychological dysfunction or Socially distinguishing features that an impairment in functioning such as individual takes pride in having compulsive buying disorder (CBD) which is characterized by an obsession with  shopping and buying behaviors that Door-in-the-face Phenomenon causes adverse consequences (e.g.. Following up an extravagant request with a debts). reasonable one. Psychologists are identifying social and cultural factors that seem strongly implicated in the etiology of materialism. The problem with Consumerism Lack or loss of material possessions could lead to anxiety, insecurity, and depression. It is intrusive Thus, when a person is about to make a It is unsustainable purchase, he should ask himself/herself a It is manipulative very important question: It affects worldviews and characters It cannot provide many of the things that DO I REALLY NEED THIS? are important to use It restricts our choices and lives “I shop therefore I am” FREE WILL “I shop, therefore I am: I have, therefore Consumers are often portrayed as “victims”, I am?” exploited by greedy companies. However, we -BARBARA KRUGER should take note that every person has “free will”. Therefore, choices are important. As a consumer, free will comes with responsibility and obligation. The Meaning of Things Conscious consumption is about practicing responsible buying habits. “The things people use, own, and surround themselves with might accurately reflect their personality. Not surprisingly, the clothes one The Buyer Decision Process wears, the car one drives and the furnishings of one’s home, all are expressions of one’s self and Need Recognition sometimes, even act as disguises rather than as Information Search reflections”. Evalutation of Alternatives Purchase Decision -Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi Postpurchase Behavior Positive Psychology shows that we are not statistically happier than previous generations. MASLOW’S HEIRARCHY OF NEEDS Materialism does not make us happy. Self-actualization Do not pursue the wrong source of happiness. desire to become the most that one can be Esteem CONSUMER CULTURE Respect, self-esteem, status, recognition, strength, freedom Consumer culture is: Love and belonging 1. A culture of consumption 2. The culture of market society friendship, intimacy, family, sense of 3. Universal and impersonal connection 4. Identifies freedom with private choice and Safety needs life 5. Needs are insatiable and unlimited Personal security, employment, 6. A privileged medium for building personal resources, health, property identity and status Physiological needs Foot-in-the-door Phenomenon Air, water, food, shelter, sleep, clothing, Making you agree initially with a smaller reproduction request. Eventually, they will start making bigger requests. Avoid the Trap Diderot Effect 1. Exercise intellectual independence be one innocent purchase spiralling into aware how consumerism controls your endless cycle of consumption life. Ignore advertising.  2. Consume less, live more stop and think How should I live? about the influences of consumerism in your life. Religion What practices, rites, or rituals should I A spiritual person and a materialistic person follow? are both seeking the same infinite. One is What is right and wrong? seeking it consciously, the other one What is true and false? unconsciously. - Sadhguru Similarities Belief Comfort Reflection Ethics Awe Lesson 4 Why spirituality is important? Spiritual self Meaninglessness in life is a significant factor in causing anxiety, depression, and Spirituality other mental health concerns. Spiritual practices are associated with The root meaning of spirituality is taken from the optimal health and well-being. Latin word spiritus, meaning breath or life force. Spirituality can be understood as a search for the sacred, a process through which people seek to The Importance of Understanding and discover, hold on to, and, when necessary, Nurturing the Spiritual Self transform whatever they hold sacred in their lives. Understanding and nurturing the spiritual self is as important as the other aspects of the self. Spiritual Self It also gives a deeper purpose or meaning The spiritual aspect of the self is the inner of one’s life. essence, the part of the self that connects the person to the sacred, the supernatural, and the universe. Contemplative practices People develop spirituality through Contemplative practices can be understood as a interaction, observation, and imitation. method of deep concentration, deepen The family, school, and church play a very understanding and insight, cultivate awareness important role in the child’s spiritual and compassion. development. 1. Mindfulness 2. Prayer Spirituality vs. Religiosity 3. Journaling The practice of religion Spiritual Religion is defined as belief and worship of a superhuman controlling power, is defined as relating to or affecting the especially a God or gods. human spirit or soul as opposed to A particular system of faith and worship. material or physical things. Religiosity The four dimensions of religion is about believing in a God or group of Beliefs – generalized system of ideas and values. Gods and consciously adheres to the beliefs of his/her religion. Rituals – repeated gestures or activities such as prayers and mantras. Difference and similarities of spiritually and religion Spiritual Experience- feeling of immediate connection with a Higher being. Unique social forms of community -unite in one Difference single community called Church. Spirituality Where do I find meaning? How do I feel connected? Religious classifications Life crisis rituals Religious What/who is Example are traditions of one mode or stage of life Classification divine into another. Polytheism Multiple Hinduism, There are hundreds of religions found in the world Gods Ancient Greeks, 85% of all people follow one of the five major Ancient world religions: Romans, Hinduism Christianity Monotheism Single God Judaism, Islam, Buddhism Islam Christianity Judaism Atheism No deities Atheism, Buddhism, Taoism Animism Nonhuman Indigenous beings nature (animals, worship, plants, Shinto natural world) The Babaylans Babaylans considered as the first psychologists in the Philippines; a spiritual leader and a RELIGION medium. Our ancestors believed that souls can Religion it is the rules, regulations, ceremonies, exist outside the body and that they and rituals developed by man to create continue to exist even after death and conformity and uniformity in the approach to become multo God. Baptism, for example, is much more than pouring Dungan, spirit and soul of oil and washing of head with water. It is celebrated to welcome the child to the Catholic Dungan faith and to free him/her from the original sin is a life force, an energy, an ethereal entity inherited from Adam and Eve. with a will of its own that resides in the human body and provides essence to life; can temporarily leave the body. MAGIC Ginhawa (Visayan word for breath or breathe) Magical rituals are the precisely defined actions, including speech, used to work magic. Magic only is responsible for the hearts ability to beat; becomes effective if uttered in the special may be affected by foreign elements. context of other actions. These other actions Kaluluwa (Kalag) typically consist of gestures, possibly performed with special objects at a particular place or time. is associated with wisdom and is believed to be in the head. Kakambal is the soul of Sorcery make use of this materials, objects, and the living. medicines to invoke supernatural malevolence. In the Philippines, “nabarang” is a victim of sorcery to act of revenge for the wrongdoing done Rituals by the inflicted person. Imitative rituals are patterned after a myth and the ritual The similarity between magic and religion is repeat the myth. that both are based on faith in existence and Negative ritual efficacy of powers than cannot be seen and can only be inferred by results. focuses on the rules of prohibition. Sacrificial rituals are seen as the earliest form of religion WITCHCRAFT 5. We can look at ourselves from a distance and gain insight and perspective as well as Witchcraft means the practice of, and belief in, laugh at ourselves. magical skills and abilities that are able to be 6. We can shift our focus of attention when exercised individually, by designated social coping with difficult situations. groups, or by persons with the necessary esoteric 7. We can reach out beyond ourselves and knowledge. It is an explanation of events based make a difference in the world. on the belief that certain individuals possess an innate psychic power capable of causing harm, Extracted from Prisoners of Our Thoughts: Viktor including sickness and death. It is a way for Frankl’s Principles at Work by Alex Pattakos people to explain personal misfortune. Victims of witchcraft in the Philippines are called Your joy is your sorrow unmasked. “magagaway/nakukulam”. Many form of illnesses may be inflicted by the manggagaway or And the selfsame well from which your mangkukulam through the use of dolls, candles, laughter rises was oftentimes filled with your and prayers during the ritual. tears. And how else can it be? The similarity between magic and witchcraft is The deeper that sorrow carves into your being, that these practices are attempts to invoke the the more joy you can contain. spirits to inflict harm against people. They are feared by people because of their ability to -WRITTEN BY KHALIL GIBRAN manipulate the supernatural to cause illness, injury, and even death. I THINK A SPIRITUAL JOURNEY IS NOT SO MUCH A JOURNEY OF DISCOVERY. IT’S A Both religion, magic and witchcraft have the JOURNEY OF same involved ritual activity to perform RECOVERY. IT’S A JOURNEY OF UNCOVERING Logotherapy and the Search for Meaning of Life YOUR OWN INNER NATURE. IT’S ALREADY THERE. Viktor Frankl's personal experiences in the Nazi concentration camps during World -Billy Congan War II led him to develop the basic tenets of logotherapy. Frankl embraced both the bright and dark Leason 5 sides of human existence and believed that human sufferings could contribute to Political Self human achievement and meaning in life. Politics (from ancient greek πολιτικά Logotherapy is the pursuit of human existence (politiká) ‘affairs of the cities’) as well as on mans’ search for such a meaning. Is the set of activities that are Logos is a Greek word that denotes meaning associated with making decisions in In logotherapy, man can discover the meaning in groups, or other forms of power life in three different ways: by doing a deed, by relations among individuals, such experiencing a value, and by suffering. as the distribution of status or resources. 7 Principles of Logotherapy 1. We are free to choose our attitude toward Origins of political self everything that happens to us. 2. We can realize our will to meaning by making a conscious commitment to Family significant values and goals. 3. We can find meaning in all of life’s The hierarchical structure of the family influences moments. the political self through the obligations and 4. We can learn to see how we work against expectations. Associated with one’s role as a ourselves. member of the family and the power and status related with one’s position in the family. An important prelude to the study of political self is according to the symbols and meanings that their understanding the concept of politics. parents communicate to them. Based on the symbols and meanings that people ascribe to objects (e.g.. politics, human rights, freedom), The school’s responsibility is to teach moral. people can formulate plans of action (e.g., Spiritual, and political values that will help the election, demonstrations, rally). students to become patriotic and morally upright citizen Example: UTS subject, GMRC, ROTC The school is similar to family. Where the teacher acts Political Self: Identity (Citizenship) as the leader in classroom that sets the rules and regulation to maintain order in class. One important component of political self is identity, the person’s understanding of who and what he or she is. Citizenship becomes a salient Church helps the shape ideals of citizenship and basis for political self. The political self is often democracy through the religious teachings. defined by citizenship. As such, the political self Values and tradition. is also in part defined by reference to other members in the political group or community where one belongs. Interaction with the peers encompasses and emphasizes the equal distribution of power, rights, and privileges among members of the Politics group. As an essential part of the self, the politic organizes self-relevant information about politics. The political self helps in defining the Mass Media. Key to the source of information on structure and functions of the government, in politics Family, School, emphasizes the equal telling and understanding the relationship distribution of power, rights. Church, Peers and between the state and the citizens, and in moral behaviours’ that Influence political describing their rights, freedom, and obligations behavior and political self. as citizens. Social Learning Theory Benevolent Assimilation According to the social learning theory, a person President McKinley: can acquire learning through observation and “establish a public school system….that would imitation. In imitation, the learner watches the cure the Filipino of his laziness and prepare him behavior of another person (model) and then for a large participation in the affairs of performs the behavior in a similar way. government.” (Taft, 1902, p. 9) Observation and imitation are important in a process known as political socialization, the lifelong process by which individuals gain The strengths of the Filipino character are: knowledge about politics. 1. Pakikipagkapwa-tao Basic sense of justice and fairness Cognitive Theory o Concern for others. o Ability to empathize with others Another theory in political self is the cognitive o Open to others and feel one with others theory which suggests that the mental activities o Regard others with dignity and respect (e.g.. knowledge, perceptions, ideas) of deal with them as fellow human beings. individuals are important determinants of behavior (e.g.. political attitudes). For example, 2. Family orientation individuals interpret the meaning of politics and Source of personal identity, emotional and then choose and decode the actions they will material support and make. One’s main commitment and responsibility Sense of family results in a feeling of Symbolic Interaction belongingness and rootedness in a basic The theory of symbolic Interaction suggests that sense of security. behaviours are products of communication, meaning, and symbols. People give meanings to 3. Joy and Humor symbols and they express these meanings Filipinos have a cheerful and fun-loving through language and communication. For approach to life and its ups and downs. example, children develop their political attitudes Laughing at ourselves and the mess we are  in is an important coping mechanism. Because of this the Filipino is uncomfortable with Playful,sometimes, disrespectful, we bureaucracy, with rules and regulations and with laugh at those we love and at those we standard procedures. hate and we make jokes about our good He uses personal contacts, and gives preference fortune and bad. to family and friends in hiring, services and even voting 4. Flexibility, adaptability and creativity We can adjust and to adapt to Leads to the graft and corruption evident in circumstances and the surrounding Philippine Society. environment, both physical and social; 3. Lack of discipline adjusts to whatever happens even in unplanned or anticipated events. We A casual attitude toward time and space possess a tolerance for ambiguity that manifested in lack of precision and enables us to remain unfazed by compulsiveness, in poor time management and uncertainly or lack of information. procrastination. 5. Hard work and industry Aversion to following procedures strictly results in We have the capacity for hard work given lack of standardization and equality control proper conditions; Impatience can result in shortcuts, palusot and To raise one’s standard of living and to nigas cogon. possess the essentials of a decent life for one’s Often results to inefficient work systems, the Family We are willing to take the risks with violation of rules and a casual work ethic lacking jobs abroad and, while there, to work at follow through. two or three jobs 4. Passivity and lack of initiative The result are productivity, entrepreneurship, and survival despite Waiting to be told what to do, reliance on others poverty. (leaders and government), complacence, lack of sense of urgency There is a high tolerance of inefficiency, poor 6. Faith and religiosity service, and even violations of one’s right. Too Filipinos have deep faith in God. patient and matiisin, too easily resigned to his Our innate religiosity enables us to fate, the Filipino is easily oppressed and comprehend and genuinely accept reality exploited. in the context of God’s will and plan. 5. Colonial Mentality Religious expressions is very tangible Lack of patriotism, or of an active awareness, appreciation and love of the Philippines and an 7. Ability to survive actual preference for things foreign. Filipinos make do with what is available in 6. Kanya-kanya syndrome, talangka the environment. mentality It is manifested in the millions of Filipinos who bravely live through the harshest Done by tsismis, intriga, unconstructive criticism, economic and social circumstances. it is evident in the personal ambition that is completely insensitive to the common good. Example: the lack of a sense of service among The weaknesses of the Filipino character as people in the government bureaucracy. This cited in the Report are as follows: results in dampening of cooperative and community spirit, and in the trampling upon other’s rights 1. Extreme family centeredness 7. Lack of self-analysis and self-reflection Excessive concer for familu means using one’s office and power to promote family interests and The tendency to be superficial and somewhat thus factionalism patronage, political dynasties flighty. In the dace of serious personal and social and protection of erring family members. problems, there is lack of analysis or reflection, and instead satisfaction with superficial It results in lack of concem for the common good, explanations and solutions. and acts as a block to national conciousness. 8. Emphasis on porma rather than 2. Extreme personalism substance Takes things personally, cannot separate objective task from emotional involvement. This lack of analysis and emphasis on form is The value and habits of self-reflection and reinforced by an educational system that is more analysis; the internalization of spiritual from than substance. values and the emphasis on essence rather than on form. FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE FILIPINO CHARACTERISTICS THE 1987 PHILIPPINE CONSTITUTION a) Home Politics is the way that people living in groups b) Social and economic environment make decisions. Politics is about making c) Culture and language agreements between people so that they can live d) History together in groups such as tribes, cities, or e) Religion countries. f) Educational system The prime duty of government is to serve and g) Mass media protect the people. h) Leadership and role models Article 2. Section 5: three things should be Many of our strengths as a people are also provided by the government: sources of our weakness: 1. Family orientation 1.The maintenance of peace and order, Becomes in-group orientation that prevents us 2.The protection of life, liberty, and property, and from reaching out beyond the larger community 3.Promotion of the general welfare are essential and our nation. for the enjoyment by all the people of the 2. Personalism blessings of democracy. We are warm and caring but this leads us to lack of objectivity. SECTION 3 We are concern with the people we know but Civilian authority is, at all times, supreme over the unfair to people we don’t know military. The Armed Forces of the Philippines is 3. Flexibility the protector of the people and the State. Its goal is to secure the sovereignty of the State and the We compromise precision and discipline. integrity of the national territory. 4. Joyful and sense of humor We can’t take things with humor at all times for SECTION 9 serious problems need serious analysis. The State shall promote a just and dynamic social 5. Faith in God order that will ensure the prosperity and independence of the nation and free the people Is our strength but this makes us dependent on from poverty through policies that provide forces outside us, do nothing that makes us adequate social services, promote full submissive to God’s will. employment, a rising standard of living, and an 6. Pakikipagkapwa-tao Improved quality of life for all. We can easily empathize but we can at the same time be envious of others. Invitation to democracy: 7. Hardworking Respect for diversity- embracing and respecting Yet we can be lazy and passive at work. differences in race, religion, culture, and opinion. Justice and fairness-upholding the principles of justice to ensure that everyone is treated fairly However, change is possible and the following under the law goals are proposed to develop in the Filipinos: Transparency and accountability ensuring that leaders and institutions are transparent and Sense of patriotism and national pride accountable for their actions. A sense of the common good Participation encouraging active involvement in A sense of integrity and accountability democratic processes, such as voting and public The values and habits of discipline and discourse hardwork Tolerance practicing tolerance towards different Narrative in nature online users will only come to viewpoints to foster open-mindedness and know the person primarily through what that constructive dialogue person tells them: we provide a description of our best selves and we are able to craft a self in a Commitment to the common good-prioritizing more careful, elaborate, and coherent manner” decisi that benefit the broader community over individual interests. Retractable: others are unable to link the online self-claims to the offline identities; our created Equality and inclusiveness democracy requires digital selves can be easily retracted if we arer’t the fair treatment of all individuals, emphasizing happy with them equality and the inclusion of diverse groups in decision-making processes. Multipliable: people can interact with one another in different domains of the online world Freedom and individual rights protecting at relatively the same time, experiment with individual freedoms, such as freedom of speech multiple versions of their self in multiple websites and expression, is crucial for a democratic culture. Citizens must feel free to express their Personal Identity-the interpersonal level of self opinions and beliefs, which differentiates the individual as unique from others Social responsibility citizens should be encouraged to take responsibility for their Social Identity-the level of self whereby the community, fostering cooperation and collective individual is identified by his or her group action toward the public good memberships. Critical thinking and open dialogue democratic Online Identity- Using the internet, it is the sum societies benefit from critical thinking and open of your characteristics and interactions dialogue, enabling individuals to analyze issues, represented. Results from different interactions question authority, and engage in constructive with each website visited, showing a different discourse. picture of who you are and what you do. Respect for rule of law a democratic culture relies on the consistent application of laws, How do you build your Online Identity? which must be respected by all members of society, including those in positions of power -Every website that you interact with will collect its own version of who you are, based on the information that you have shared. Thus, it is up to How do you feel about being Filipino? you how you will represent yourself as closely as who you are and what you do in real life or What are your dreams for your country, the selectively, to create a representation far from Philippines? your real life. “Your online identity is not the same as your Lesson 6 real-world identity because the characteristic you represent online differ from the The Digital Self characteristics you represent in the physical world” The digital self is the persona you use when you’re online. Some people maintain one or more Goffman’s Dramaturgy online identities that are distinct from their “real- world” selves; others have a single online self DRAMATURGY that’s more or less the same as the one they Politeness developed by Brown and Levinson, inhabit in the real world. who extended Goffman’s dramaturgical approach by proposing a heuristic of politeness strategies people use to manage face-threatening The self that is constructed online is generally acts called the digital self. Goffman Characteristics of the digital self are (zhan, 2005) Face: How people manage their public identities. Facework: The process by which people 1.Oriented inward focus on inward thoughts, maintain face Impression Management/Self feelings. Personalities because others cannot see Presentation the online user’s overt attributes. Cooperative mechanism Interaction order When in the presence of others, one’s face is Self-presentation always on display and others will form refers to how people attempt to present impressions and respond to these impressions themselves to control or shape how others (called the audience) view them. It involves expressing oneself and behaving Face in ways that create a desired impression. Lose face: To have one's face invalidated by Self-presentation is part of a broader set of others behaviors called impression management. Have face: To have it sanctioned Impression management refers to the controlled presentation of The Presentation of Self in Daily Life information about all sorts of things, Life is a dramatic performance for us including information about other people We ‘perform for others. or events. We present a kind of act’ to them. Selective self-presentation and impression We perform differently in different management situations – and the world is our ‘stage. Self-presentation behavior is any behavior “Life itself is a dramatically enacted thing” intended to create modify, or maintain an impression of ourselves in the minds of others. In social interactions, humans are actors on a stage playing a performance for an audience. The (“Iooking glass self”) only time that individuals can be themselves and Whenever we are attempting to load people to get rid of their role or identity in society is think of us in a particular way, we are engaging in backstage where no audience is present. self-presentation. Why do people engage in self-presentation? BACK STAGE OR REGION In Erving Goffman’s dramaturgy Self-presentation helps facilitate social interuction; Back stage is not equal to Front stage enables individuals to attain material and social rewards; Ex: In a restaurant, the kitchen is the back stage and helps people privately construct area, in which waiters can joke, mock customers desired identities. and toy with the food. When they come through the door into the restaurant’s front stage, they are Generally, social media platforms are used for: supposed to slip effortlessly into the controlled “social browsing: performance of the attentive waiter. “social searching: communication, and impression management Front Setting-Physical layout and backgrounds Appearance – Everything we can do to our bodies SELF-REPRESENTATION Manner-What we do with our bodies People are able to present olfatives online Front stage in the manner that they want to. *Back stage “Superficial”; more likely to disclose their interests online rather than their beliefs and All we can know about a person’s self is what the feelings. This constrains the feedback that one person show us receives, and thus, influences the self. Impression management The manipulation of cues to control and The basic kinds of people you interact with organize the impression we give to others online are: People you do not know at all; Selective Presentation and Impression Management People you know both online and offline; People you know only online. In the online social domain, it is entirely acceptable to contact and to be contacted by complete strangers. Types of Self-Presentation probability thuat the target will comply with the demands for agreement. 1. Authentic This type of self-presentation aims to SUPPLICATION create an image consistent with the way Is an approach where the individual we view ourselves. exploits his/her weaknesses or 2. Ideal shortcomings to receive help or benefits This type of self-presentation aims to establish an image consistent with what SELF PRESENTATION STRATEGIES AND we wish we were. IMPRESSION MANAGEMENT 3. Tactical This type of self-presentation aims to Self-Promotion refers to the practice of establish a public image consistent with purposefully trying to present oneself as highly what others want or expect us to be. competent to other people. Ingratiation- refers to behaviors that a person illicitly enacts to make others like him or her or IMPRESSION MANAGEMENT is the attempt to think well of his or her qualities as a person. control or influence other people’s perceptions. This could be their perception of a certain person Exemplification-is defined as a strategic self (including youl, a material possession, or an presentational strategy whereby an individual event. attempts to project an image of integrity andoral worthiness. There are two main motives of attempting to manage the impressions of others. Intimidation is intentional behavior that would cause a person of ordinary sensibilities to fear Instrumental- This motive is to basically gain injury or harm. rewards and increase one’s self-esteem. Supplication-strategy for self-presentation that Expressive- This motivation is about attempting involves depicting oneself as weak, needy, or to be in control of one’s personal behavior and dependent so as to motivate others to provide identity. It is a response to moral norms, assistance or care. expectations, or restrictions, seeking to show others that he or she, as a person, is different. Our behaviors can change if we notice that w being watched or observed. We select only what we want to present and impress to others, what we view beneficial to our personality, especially IMPRESSION-MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES: when we create a digital self. SELF-PROMΟΠΟΝ Most often we try to impress others – to put our Is a proactive process in which a person best foot forward, to try to look good and always actively says things or takes action to into new trends, and to always get people to like show his or her competence to an us even if it means we need to lie, to pretend and audience. Self promotion often increases to create fictitious self of ours.. whenever there is an opportunity to openly impress someone of higher status REALITY AS ABSTRACTION INGRATIATION Is the process by which someone tries to win the approval or acceptance of REAL LIFE SPACE another. REAL LIFE REAUTY: interaction on Physical level EXEMPLIFICATION SIMULATION: Copy reality closely Involves a strategie self-sacrifice so that observers may recognize the dedication. AUGMENTED REALITY: real (tangible )spliced Art “exa wants other people to know how with unreal idigital hard he/she has been working because of VIRTUAL SPACE the need toadvertise his/her behavior Abstraction INTIMIDATION VIRTUAL REALITY: Completely detached from Is a strategy that involves showing off real world authority, power, or the potential to punish in order to be seen by observers us HYPERREALITY: Cannot distinguish between someone who could be or is dangerous. Real/Not real This is designed to increase the credibility of one’s threats and in turn enhance the Identity Crisis: Anonymity And Pseudonimity In Threatening, humiliating, spreading Cyberspace rumors, making fun of others. Cyber harassment or exploitation Anonymous Pseudonymous Real-Life Identity Causes of Online Disinhibition Dissociative Anonymity POSITIVE impact of social media and online “Who am I?” interaction on the self What can people really tell about us on in virtual Social media sites inform and empower interactions? individuals to change themselves and their communities. In virtual interactions, we can hide some or all of our identity- creating a separation between our in- Increase self-esteem when receiving many likes person and virtual identity and shares. My virtual behaviors aren’t really me Boosts one’s moral and feelings of self-worth Negative Impact of social media and one interaction of the self Invisibility “You can’t see me.” Extensive online engagement is correlated In virtual interactions, we cannot always be sure with where/when someone is present. Personality and brain disorders like paor social Virtual invisibility gives us the courage to do skills. things that we perhaps would not do otherwise ADHD narcissistic tendencies, a need for instant Physical invisibility also means less inhibited gratification, and addictive behaviors, depression expressions anxiety, and loneliness Low self-esteem due to the risk of being exposed to cyberbullying and cyberpornography Asynchronicity More occupied in giving attention to social The “emotional hit and run” (K. Munro, media than in keeping their customs and unpublished observations, 2003) practices. Virtual communications are asynchronous- interactions do not always happen in real time The Disinhibited Self In the Cyberspace… Not immediately coping with a person’s reaction disinhibits People are more willing to speak out and misbehave. There is safety when posting something personal, emotional, or hostile and then “running Authority is minimized. away” Online Disinhibition- lack of restraint one feels when communicating online. Solipsistic Introjection “It’s all in my head.” Types of disinhibition When we don’t know what a virtual person Benign Disinhibition looks/sounds like, we tend to assign traits to those individuals Speaking about emotions, fears and wishes. Interactions with this introjected character feel Showing kindness and helping others. more imaginary Combating loneliness through online We also may treat a virtual companion as interactions ourselves, which can lead to greater disinhibition Finding emotional support Toxic Disinhibition Dissociative Imagination Rude language, harsh criticism, anger, hatred, and threats. “It’s all a game.” Pornography and violence. Cyberbullying  The virtual world is in a different space entirely, Sue is worried that her audience seems bored with imaginary characters completely separate with her speech. from the Real world Virtual life can then be viewed more Self-Consciousness: Private and Public as a game perspectives on the Self-Consciousness Versus as a real world interaction How we act in Self- Consciousness “fantasy games” is not always how we act in the real world Personality trait that refers to an individual’s tendency to be attentive to his or her sense of self. Minimized Authority Private self-consciousness “We are all equals here.” Individual differences in the tendency to In the real world, authority and status are engage in self-reflection based on internal expressed by clothing, body language, etc. sources of reference Bill tries to make sure We are stripped of these markers in virtual that his views about fairness are reflected interactions in his treatment of all his customers. We are more willing to speak out and misbehave Public self-consciousness without possible disapproval and punishment Individual differences in the tendency to from authority figures engage in self-analysis based on external sources of reference Bob makes sure that his comments in the meeting reflect what Personality everyone else believes. Not every person will be disinhibited in the same way or to the same level in virtual interactions Know the Difference Individuals can be predisposed to being PUBLIC more disinhibited based on personality The intensity of a person’s underlying Public spaces exist under collective ownership feelings, needs, drives, etc. affects and a common cgreement of respect. susceptibility to online disinhibition as well When the owner of a space makes you agree to their ferms, the space not Private anymore PRIVATE Managing Toxic Disinhibition When the owner makes the rules, the space is 1. Be careful about sharing private to the owner and marks their individual 2. Do not hang with the wrong crowd online identity 3. Consider your emotional state before posting Making rules governing the private space is not 4. Consider other’s possible reaction just a right, but the owner’s social responsibility. Setting Online Self Boundaries Personal and Social Identity PERSONAL BOUNDARIES Hogg & Tindale (2005) differentiate between personal identity and social identity by explaining that personal identity is “a definition and evaluation of oneself in terms of idiosyncratic Dimensions of the Self-Concept: The personal attributes…or one’s relationships with Internal and External Sense of Self specific other people,” (p. 142). Private Self- Awareness On the other hand, social identity is “a definition An awareness of the internal aspects of the self and evaluation of oneself in terms of shared attributes that define membership of the specific Sally senses that she is becoming more anxious group one belongs to (p. 142). as she begins her speech. “Personal identity is tied to the personal self; Public Self- Awareness social identity is tied to the collective self,’ (Hogg & Tindale, 2005, p. 142). An awareness of one’s overt actions and features  Social identity acts as a member of a group, believe in, which are being shared or rather than as an individual. Examples of posted by others online. personal identity are “I” statements such as “I like ice cream,” or “I am John Smith’s wife.” Examples of soc