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LESSON 1: THE SELF FROM VARIOUS PERSPECTIVES SOCRATES (469-399B.C) Who Am I ? Common response would be giving your Socrates was an ancient Greek Philosopher thou...

LESSON 1: THE SELF FROM VARIOUS PERSPECTIVES SOCRATES (469-399B.C) Who Am I ? Common response would be giving your Socrates was an ancient Greek Philosopher thought to be the main source of Western thought. He was put to death Name Address Age Hobbies for his Socratic Method of questioning. However, there is a deeper meaning of the self more than names, address, age, Socrates observed that a desire for pleasure inspired hobbies. A holistic approach must be recognized to understand better and deeper human choice. Absolute insight is from self-knowledge. the meaning of “SELF”. The more a person learns, the more he or she can reason Different definitions of “SELF”. and choose to have true happiness. Dictionary.com – a person of thing referred to with respect to complete Socratic method is a method eliminating hypotheses, in that better hypotheses are individuality. found through the continuous identification and elimination of those that lead to contradictions. It scrutinizes beliefs in order to assess their consistency with other Merriam-Webster – the union of elements (body, thoughts, emotions, sensations) beliefs. The basic form is a series of questions formulated as tests of logic and fact that constitute the individuality and identity of a person. intended to help a person or group discover their beliefs about some topic, exploring definitions and seeking to characterize general characteristics shared by Learnersdictionary.com. – the personality or character that makes a person various particular instances. different from other people: the combination of emotions, thoughts, feelings, etc. that makes a person different from others. The Self according to Socrates. The self exists in two parts: Damaso (1994; 1999)-The Holistic Self is a network composed of a highly integrated The physical/tangible part of the self – which is mortal and can be constantly brain and body ( through biochemical and neural circuits). changing. THREE LEVEL OF SELF: The soul which is immortal – the part that is unvarying across all realms (unchanging while attached to the body but also unmodified once you die and your Proto-Self – the sense of physical being of an organism, based on neural patterns soul leaves the body to travel to the ideal realm. thar map the organisms physical structures, of which the organism is not conscious. When we are in the physical realm we are alive with our body and soul attached, Core Self – organism’s emotional state ( fundamental physiological level) of which therefore making both parts of our self present in the physical realm, but in death the organism may be conscious, generated through encounters between the our body stays in the physical realm while our soul travel to the ideal realm making proto-self and objects in the environment our soul immortal. Extended /Autobiographical self – the conscious concept of an individual, or identity, which relies on personal characteristics and memories of past experiences. Plato (427-347) The holistic self is composed of these levels, with the proto-self as its base, on top of which the core self is constructed, and of top of which the extended self is He is a Greek scholar known for his Dialogues and constructed. This hierarchical relationship between these holistic self levels is also the establishment of his Academy north of Athens supposed to determine the relation between the corresponding self-presence which is considered to be the western world’s first levels. university. For Plato there are 2 PARTS OF REALITY ♤One aspect of us is imperfect and worldly while the other is capable of divinity and immortality. IDEAL - perfect reality of existence ♤Augustine’s sense of self is his relation to God, both in his recognition of God’s love PHENOMENA– the physical world that we experience, a flawed echo of the perfect, and his response to it – achieved through self-presentation, then self-realization. ideal model that exists outside of space and time. Augustine believed one could not achieve inner peace without finding God’ love. THEORY OF FORMS PHYSICAL REALM - the actual objects that we experienced and deal with on a regular basis, it varies and is imperfect RENE DESCARTES (1596-1650) SPIRITUAL REALM – is beyond the physical realm, the Realm of Forms or called as Realm of Ideas.Plato’s Theory of Forms maintains that the physical realm is only the Regarded as one of the greatest philosophers in shadow or image, of the true reality of the Realm of Forms. history The Self According to Plato Invented analytical geometry and introduced Self- Plato’s view of the self consists of an eternal and infinite soul, which skepticism as an essential part of scientific method embodies the true self, and a changing, worldly aspect known as the ego. The true Commonly known as the father of modern self is associated with intrinsic ideals like Good, Justice, Beauty, Wisdom, and Love, Philosophy which represent the soul's natural state. The ego, influenced by external conditions, evolves over time as it seeks to align with the true self. This alignment occurs Opposed tradition and promoted through the pursuit of virtues and an increasing participation in the higher ideals, RATIONALIZATIONS and logic instead of ideas leading the ego towards a closer resemblance to its true, essential nature. based on experiences RATIONALISM - regards reason as the chief source and test of knowledge or What's true. ST. AUGUSTINE (c. 354-430) RATIONALIST- believe that knowledge can be acquired through reason alone and Philosophy is considered as the science for the not by experience. solution of the problem of life; hence his thought mainly revolves around god and the soul and TRUTH- is acquired not by the senses but by the intellect consequently also around the problem of evil, which must be solved in order that one may know the Rationalism applies primarily to logic and mathematics. nature of the soul. In a word, the thought of SKEPTICISM- His primary method for acquiring knowledge was to subject Augustine is more concerned with the solution of everything to doubt. religious, ethical and moral problem than with those of pure speculations. THE SELF ACCORDING TO DESCARTES: ♤He believed that man is bifurcate (divided into two branches) in nature, which is ♤An individual's capacity to think is indicative of his existence,setting them apart our PHYSICAL BODY and the SOUL. from other individuals. ♤He declared that his ability to think was proof of his existence. ♤EXPERIENCE- are derived mainly from the stimulation of the sense organs (sight, sound, smell, taste, feeling) ♤He expressed this concept through the French Phrase “Cogito Ergo sum” which means “ I think, therefore I am”. THE SELF ACCORDING TO JOHN LOCKE DESCARTES DIVIDED HUMAN BEINGS INTO 2 COMPONENTS: ♤He believed that the self could be comprehended through conscious awareness and memory of prior experiences. THINKING PART– refers to the mind or soul which engage in contemplation, decision making and commanding the body ♤That personal identity was linked to consciousness, which could extend backward to any past action or thought, establishing the same self over time. ACTING PART – which follows the order of the mind. Thus, the same self that existed in the past is the same self that exists in the Mind or soul is eternal while the body is mortal. present and it is through this self that one reflects on past actions. JOHN LOCKE (1632-1704) He is an “empiricist” – knowledge was founded on DAVID HUME (1711 – 1776) OBSERVATION and EXPERIENCE. A SCOTTISH philosopher, HISTORIAN, ECONOMIST, Personal identity is based on the psychological and ESSAYIST continuity rather than the substance of the soul or the body known especially for his philosophical empiricism and skepticism. He believed that consciousness, specifically memory, was the foundation of personal identity or He asserted that any understanding of reality is the self. unattainable as it must be rooted in experience. ♤He suggests that a person is not defined by their physical body or soul but rather He challenged conventional beliefs about personal by their mental state and experiences. identity and maintained that there is no permanent or unchanging “self” that persist overtime.. ♤A person can remain the same person overtime even if their body or soul undergoes significant changes. IMPRESSIONS- which are direct, vivid and powerful products of immediate experiences. ♤TABULA RASA – refers to the idea that the human mind is like a “clean slate:’ before it is filled with ideas and experiences that results from sensory reactions to IDEAS- which are weak copies of these original impressions. the external world of objects according to empiricists. Hume believes that EVERY IDEA MUST BE DERIVED FROM PRECEDING ♤ EMPIRICISM- is a philosophical view that asserts that all concepts have their IMPRESSION, it is logical to investigate the origin of our ideas by examining the origins in experience, and that rationally accepted beliefs or propositions must be impressions they originate from. justifiable or knowable only through experience. THE BUNDLE THEORY OF THE SELF ♤EMPIRICISM -is derived from the Greek word EMPIERIAwhich means experience. ♤Hume challenges us to reflect on the origin of our idea of self. We commonly By emphasizing the importance of both the inner and outer self, Kant helped to perceive ourselves as distinct and enduring entities that persist overtime. establish a more comprehensive view of what it means to be a person and how we develop a sense of personal identity overtime.. ♤We cannot observe ourselves as a unified whole, only the present experiences we are having. THE OUTER SELF ♤While memories can help us trace the connections between our ideas and -The external/outer self is the façade we present to the world, which we often try feelings overtime, there is no real evidence of a central core that connects them. to construct in the most favorable way possible. ♤Hume’s argues that our concept of self arises from our natural inclination to -The material self is primarily concerned with material things such as our ascribe a cohesive identity to any set of associated parts. appearance, our social groups or role we assume. ♤The self is nothing more that a collection of perceptions or mental contents that -It is preoccupied with managing the demands of daily life such as work, school, and are associated with one another. family responsibilities, which can leave us with limited time to evaluate whether our external realities align with our innermost desires. ♤This belief of a unified self is not based on any direct observation or evidence but is merely a natural tendency of the human mind to attribute unified existence to THE INNER SELF associated parts. Hume’s argue that this belief, like our belief in the necessary connection of cause -pertains to intangible aspects such as beliefs, emotions, thoughts, values, personalities, etc. and effect is natural but ultimately unjustifiable. -A robust inner self implies that you can manage your emotions effectively, have (ang paniniwala na ito—katulad ng paniniwala natin sa koneksyon ng sanhi at self-awareness, possess a clear understanding of your values, and have a sense of bunga—ay natural pero sa huli ay hindi mapapatunayan o nabibigyang-katwiran). purpose in life. -It also means that he can remain composed and resilient in the face of external IMMANUEL KANT (1724-1804) challenges. Kant proposed that the self cannot be fully understood Conflict Between Inner and Outer Self. solely through the perspective presented by Locke and When the inner and outer self are not in harmony, problem arises, i.e. when one’s Hume. action does not align with one’s belief. The wider the gap, the greater the conflict. Apperception and Representation Apperception refers to the ability to be aware of one’s own mental states or In his view our consciousness comprises both an inner modifications. For those who possess apperception, there is a distinction between and outer self, and it is only through an understanding of both that we can gain a feeling pain and recognizing that one is in pain and attributing that state to oneself. complete understanding of the self. (Sa madaling salita, ito ay ang pagkakaiba ng simpleng pakiramdam ng sakit at ang pagkilala na ikaw ay nasa isang estado ng pagdurusa). THE SELF ACCORDING TO KANT Kant talks about “self love or selfishness. Self love is natural for a rational being but SIGMUND FREUD (1856 – 1939) not constitutive there of. Founder of psychoanalysis Pioneer of Psychiatry Our In these sense, the self is very much tied to our own experiences and point of childhood experiences have a significant impact on view. our adult lives, molding our personality. (Ibig sabihin, kung paano natin tinitingnan ang sarili natin at ang mundo ay 3 STRUCTURE OF PERSONALITY naka-ugat sa kung ano ang naranasan natin at sa ating sariling pov). 1. THE ID– represents the primitive and instinctual GILBERT RYLE (1900 – 1976) aspect of the mind.( repressed memories, sexual/aggressive impulses Gilbert Ryle believes that our behavior makes us who we are 2. SUPER EGO– functions as a moral conscience. The Self is not merely an entity that you can easily 3. EGO – realistic component that mediates between the id’s desire and the locate or analyze but simply the convenient name superego’s restrictions. that people use to refer to all the behaviors that PSYCHOANALYSIS – posits that individuals can achieve healing by bringing their people make. unconscious thoughts and motivations to the forefront of their consciousness. The Self is open for exploration into different Techniques such as interpreting ink blot, studying parapraxes, practicing free facets. association, interpreting dreams, analyzing resistance and exploring transference. He further claimed that "our knowledge of other people and ourselves depends on noticing how Ego is what Freud considered as the “self”. they and we behave” A person with a strong ego has a healthy personality and that imbalance in this MAURICE MERLEAU-PONTY system can lead to neuroses and unhealthy behavior. (1908 –1961) PAUL CHURCHLAND (1942 - ) believes that the definition of the Self is all about Paul Churchland believes that the brain is the one’s perceptions of his or her experiences and how essence of the Self. we interpret those experiences. He believes that by empirically investigating how the the mind and body are intertwined or connected brain functions, we will be able to predict and explain and that they cannot be separated from one another. how we function. He dismisses the CARTESIAN DUALISM and says that Therefore, we are our brains. Everyday, the living body, our thoughts, emotions, and common-sense, experiences are all one FOLK PSYCHOLOGY-which seeks to explain human behavior in terms of the 3. LINGUISTIC ANTHROPOLOGY– is concerned with the study of language as a beliefs and desires of agents, is actually a deeply flawed theory that must be cultural resource and the act of speaking as a cultural practice. eliminated in favor of a mature cognitive neuroscience. 4. ARCHAEOLOGY – they are concerned with the study of material remains from the Eliminative materialism is a theory in philosophy and cognitive science that suggests past and present cultural systems in order to gain insights into the technical, social, our everyday understanding of mental states (like beliefs, desires, and emotions) is political organization of these systems as well as the large process of cultural incorrect and doesn't actually reflect reality. According to this view, as neuroscience evolution that gave rise to them. and artificial intelligence advance, our common "folk" psychology will be replaced Archaeologists are involved in the reconstruction of extinct cultures through the by more accurate scientific explanations. analysis of artifacts – the physical objects that were created, used and left behind THE SELF ACCORDING TO CHURCHLAND by humans (clothing, pottery, tools, etc.) Instead of accepting dualism, Churchland subscribes to materialism which asserts THE SELF IN ANTHROPOLOGICAL VIEW that the only physical matter exists. The self is seen as a social construct, shaped by cultural and societal norms and In the context of the mind, this means that the brain is a physical entity that gives values. us our sense of self, and not the mind as traditionally conceived. Anthropologists may also consider the self as a product of individual experiences LESSON 2-3 ANTHROPOLOGY AND SOCIOLOGY and interactions with the environment, (people and natural world). -Anthropology is the systematic study of humans, with the goal of knowing our The self is viewed as a complex and multi-dimensional aspect of human identity evolutionary origins, our distinctive nature as species, and the vast diversity of our that is shaped by a range of cultural, historical and personal factors. modes of social life in the world and overtime. THE SELF AND PERSON IN CONTEMPORARY ANTHROPOLOGY -They research the past to assist with the understanding of the present. They also PERSON/PERSONHOOD – is a bundle of roles, norms of behavior, expectations, research our ancient history and human origins through the archeology subfields, responsibilities, obligations that situate a human being in a social life. which recover material and physical remains and analyzes them. A person is the way a human fulfills, enacts, negotiates or struggles with the diverse FOUR SUBFIELDS OF ANTHROPOLOGY ways in which they are also a person defined by social, legal, moral, economic and 1. SOCIOCULTURAL ANTHROPOLOGY – analyze the nature of individual cultures, political institutions. describe differences between cultures and study cultural change and transformation SELF– is a dynamic process by which a human experiences and identifies his process. specificity as a human in tension with being a person. The self is an identification 2. BIOLOGICAL ANTHROPOLOGY - investigates a range of topics related to human that negotiates the tension/opposition between a person and being a unique evolutionary biology. It includes analyzing fossils to gain insights into the history of human. human evolution, comparing the physical and physiological adaptations of contemporary humans to their environment and the study of behavior of nonhuman primates (monkeys, apes) to better understand the origin of human VIEW ON SELF REPRESENTATION behavior. ♤Self-representation refers to the way in which an individual perceives and CULTURAL RELATIVISM – involves comprehending a culture according to its own interprets their own image. It is an essential aspect of the ego providing a values and customs rather than evaluating it through the lens of one’s own cultural particularized understanding of an individuals identity and subjective experience. standards. ♤According to Ewing, the self encompasses the physical organism, all aspects of 2 DISTINCT CATEGORIES OF CULTURAL RELATIVISM psychological functioning and social attributes. 1.ABSOLUTE – maintains that everything occurring within a culture is beyond ♤The process of self-representation begins in early infancy as individuals become questioning and should not be challenged by outsiders. aware of their distinct physical existence separate from others, then continue 2.CRITICAL – involves questioning cultural practices and understanding who accepts throughout adulthood and is subject to change as individuals develop cognitively them and why. and socially. SOCIOLOGY ♤Beside cognitive and social maturation, social environment ,may also significantly affect self-presentation. -It is the study of human social institutions and relationships. It encompasses a diverse range of subjects including crime, religion, family, state, race, social class, ♤The Self is a complicated collection of implicit and explicit memories. culture, social stability and societal change. ♤People utilize explicit memories daily, from recalling information -It’s objective is to understand how cultural and social structures shape human ♤Explicit memory is also referred to a declarative memory since individuals can behavior and consciousness. consciously retrieve and articulate the information. Influence of Social and Cultural systems on the Sense of Self TYPES OF EXPLICIT MEMORY -As we begin to construct our identities in early childhood, a family plays a crucial 1.EPISODIC MEMORY– refers to the long-term recollection of specific events such as role in our development. We are a child to our parents and a brother or sister to our their high school graduations. siblings. This position within the family network influences how we define ourselves to the people around us. 2.SEMANTIC MEMORY – comprises memories of general knowledge, facts, names, concepts, etc. -Age and gender contributes to these relationships and our identity. Implicit Memories – pertain to things that people don’t deliberately try to THE DEVELOPMENT OF SELF George Mead’s Theory of development of Self: remember. It is unintentional and unconscious ( not exerting conscious effort to do 1.PREPARATORY STAGE- which occurs in childhood. In this stage children learn to or recall) mimic and imitate the behavior of those around them. PERSONALITY AND CULTURE 2.PLAY STAGE – which occurs in, thus develop early childhood. Children begin to -Culture encompasses shared values, beliefs and norms within a specific group of take roles of specific people such a doctors or teacher in play activities. It enables people them to see themselves from the perspective of others thus developing a sense of awareness. - it has a profound influence on how we learn, live and behave. Cultural psychologists and social anthropologists -believe that culture has a profound impact on one’s personality. 3.GAME STAGE– occurs in later childhood. Children learn to take multiple roles at PIAGET’S THEORY OF COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT once such as team sports. In here it enables children to understand the rules of Piaget, a French psychologist, proposed that children’s learning and development expectations of a particular social group and how their behavior affect others. are influenced by several factors including schemas. Mead’s 3 Types of Socialization A schema refers to the mental and physical actions involved in understanding and 1.PRIMARY SOCIALIZATION – a child learns the attitudes, values, and actions acquiring knowledge. Schemas are categories of knowledge that help individuals appropriate to the individuals as members of a particular culture. interpret and make sense of the world around them. 2.SECONDARY SOCIALIZATION – involves learning the appropriate behavior as a When individuals encounter new experiences or information, they use this new member of a smaller group within the larger society. knowledge to modify, expand or alter their existing schemas. 3.ORGANIZATIONAL SOCIALIZATION– process of acquiring the knowledge and skills ASSIMILATION– is the process of integrating new information into our existing necessary to assume an employee’s organizational role. schemas , where we tend to adjust and modify new experiences to fit our existing beliefs. The I-self and the Me-self ACCOMMODATION – involves altering our existing schemas or creating new George Mead believes that the mind is shaped by the social process and that this schemas in response to the new information or experiences. This process entails process involves two aspects: the “I” and the “Me”. modifying or changing our ideas based on the new knowledge acquired. The ME represents the social self. The ME is the object Stages of Cognitive Development I is the individual's response to Me. The I is the subject 1.SENSORIMOTOR STAGE – knowledge of the world is limited but developing, and PSYCHOLOGY intelligence is demonstrated through motor activity without the use of symbols THE SELF AS A COGNITIVE CONSTRUCTION 2.PRE-OPERATIONAL STAGE - thinking is done in non-logical, non-reversible manner and egocentric thinking predominates. -Cognitive development is the construction of thought processes, including memory, problem-solving and decision-making from infancy through adolescence to 3.CONCRETE OPERATIONAL STAGE – intelligence is demonstrated through logical adulthood. and systematic manipulation of symbols related to concrete objects, and egocentric thoughts diminishes. -Cognitive development refers to how a person, through the interaction of genetic and learned influences, perceives, thinks and develop understanding of their 4.FORMAL OPERATIONAL STAGE – intelligence is demonstrated through the logical environment. Information processing, knowledge, reasoning, language development use of symbols related to abstract concepts, although many people do not reach and memory are among the areas of cognitive development. this stage. WILLIAM JAMES THEORY OF SELF -Self also explore the role of cognitive processes such as perception, memory and attention in shaping an individual’s self understanding. -He is a well known American psychologist who formulated the theory of self-awareness. Lesson 4 THE SELF IN WESTERN AND EASTERN THOUGHT -He dissected the SELF into 2 components namely the I and ME. 2 Important concepts that aid in the understanding of Self THREE TYPES OF ME 1.ATMAN 1.MATERIAL ME – physical me/attributes - is the individual soul or primary living energy that forms the eternal essence of each living thing. 2.SOCIAL ME – influenced by the social environment such as reputation, social roles and relationships (opinions and expectation of others) - Atman is immortal and eternal 3.SPIRITUAL SELF– refers to the person’s innermost being, thoughts, feelings, and 2. BRAHMAN experiences that define who they areas a unique person. - is the world soul or cosmic soul which is the eternal essence of the universe and Global Self vs Differentiated Self the ultimate divine reality. Solid Self vs Psudo Self - It is the life source of all existence and not an individual being, but more like the primal ground or reality of all being. True Self vs False Self BUDDHISM- Established in India by Siddharta Gautama, also known as the Healthy False Self vs Unhealthy False Self “Buddha”. They also believe in REINCARNATION. Unified Self vs Multiple Self -They do not recognize a supreme God or Deity, instead they strive to achieve Proactive vs Agentic Self achievement or enlightenment, a state of inner peace and wisdom, that when achieved, experience Nirvana. Intentionality Forethought -Buddha means “ Enlightenment” Self-reactiveness Self-reflectiveness -The path to enlightenment is attained through morality, meditation and wisdom SELF IN PSYCHOLOGICAL VIEW -Adherent to Buddhism can worship in temples or their homes -The self is an individual's internal representation and experience of their own identity. It encompasses an individual's thoughts, emotions, beliefs, values and DHARMA - Teachings are known as Dharma, and he taught that wisdom, kindness, behavior, and is shaped by a range of factors including genetics, life experiences, patience, generosity and compassion are important virtues. social interactions. -The self is often divided between Self-concept ( how one perceives oneself) and Self-esteem ( evaluates one’s self=worth) 5 moral precepts which prohibits: Wilhelm Reich – the mind and the body are a unified whole, with all the psychological processes being part of physical processes and vice versa. The body is Killing living things Taking what is not given a crucial element in all psychological functioning and plays a vital role in storing and Sexual misconduct Lying Using drugs or alcohol channeling the bioenergy that forms the basis of human existence and experience. Western Thoughts Erik Erikson – believed that the foundation of human experience lies in the blueprint of the body. He placed particular importance on the role of bodily organs Individualistic self vs Collective self during the early stages of development. INDIVIDUALISM- highlights the personal aims and liberties of an individual Carl Gustav Jung – believed that the physical processes were only relevant to the extent that they were represented in the psyche. He considered the body and spirit COLLECTIVISM-prioritizes group goals, the greater good of the collective and to be mere aspects of the reality of the psyche, stating that the psychic experience interpersonal connections was the only immediate experience. THE PHYSICAL SELF: THE SELF AS IMPACTED BY THE BODY B.F, Skinner – emphasized the primary importance of the body. He considered The Concept of Beauty in Psychology personality and self to be explanatory fictions, believing that all there is , is body. The physical body serves as a conduit for our existence, allowing us to connect Abraham Maslow – His Need Theory suggests that once a person’s physiological with the world and those around us. The body is what comprises then physical self, needs are met, the become more concerned with the higher-order needs. The body which is the observable and measurable dimension of an individual. should be given its due and rejected asceticism, self-denial and deliberate rejection of the demands of the organism. William James believed that the body serves as the primary source of sensation and essential for the development and maintenance of personality. Carl Rogers – person –centered work appears to focus on physical feelings, but not given any special attention to the role of the body. James regarded the body as a tool for expressing consciousness and emphasized that good physical health arises from a well-trained muscular body which instill a The Beauty Bias sense of satisfaction and serves as a vital component of spiritual hygiene. Deborah Best -according to her a psychologist who specializes in gender stereotypes The Body according to: among young children, the emphasis on appearance begins early, even newborns are subjected to comments on their physical appearance from parents, friends William James – serves as the primary source of sensation and essential for the family who often unwittingly reinforce the message that looks are important. development and maintenance of personality. He regarded the body as a tool for expressing consciousness, and emphasized the good physical health arises from a The Halo Effect well-trained muscular body which instills a sense of satisfaction and serves as a vital -It is a cognitive bias that influences our evaluation of a persons character based on component of spiritual hygiene. our overall impression of them. Sigmund Freud – the physical body is at the core of human experience and -Although physical appearance is a significant factor in the halo effect, it can also be personality. The Ego is primarily a body ego. associated with other characteristics. - The term “halo” comes from a religious art where the halo is often depicted over a Cultural Standards of Beauty saint’s head to signify that the person is virtuous. Different cultures have different standards of beauty. Impact of Halo Effect: In some countries in Africa, to be fat is a sign of prosperity, fertility and beauty. In Education – teachers may treat students differently based on their perceived Filipinos wants to have white complexion while European wants to have tan level of attractiveness. complexion. In workplace – performance appraisals and reviews can be influenced by a single Now adays beauty is equated with status, wealth, reputation.Filipinos are obsessed characteristic instead of overall performance and contribution by the supervisors, with Beauty: the case of Xander Ford. ( Facelift, breast lift, Botox, etc) In the marketplace – buying and selling products can be influenced by the A Healthy Body Image, and Self-Esteem in Peril characteristics of the endorsers. Our society has not only placed so much importance on looking beautiful, but also Body Image and Self-esteem – a person’s body image can be influenced by various done a great job in commercializing the same. ( Tri-media commercials) factors as as societal expectations, media portrayal, family and peer attitudes. When you fall short of the standard of what is beautiful, discrimination, bullying, Body Image and Self Esteem- Self esteem is the measure of an individual’s depression, sets in. self-worth and self-respect, encompassing their beliefs and opinions about their overall values as a person and not just physical appearance. ANOREXIA – ex. Celine Deon ( eating less because she see herself as fat) Factors that affect Body Image and Self-Esteem BULIMIA – force vomiting after eating so as not to be fat 1.Controllable factors – such as our own behaviors and attitudes The Filtered self- Social media put pressure on us to look even betterPeople editing pictures of self to have more likes, shares, positive comments and be 2.Uncontrollable factors – genetic factors, medical conditions beautiful/handsome ( hoping to boost self-image) 3.Personal factors – looks, size, weight, gender - Cultural concepts of beauty should be celebrated, however practices that 4.Societal factors – societal norms, culture, family, friends enhances attractiveness are harmful to health and should be stopped. ( cases of beauty surgery that goes wrong) The Importance of Beauty / Physical Attractiveness -Embrace your physical self, accept yourself as you are, appreciate what you have Physical attractiveness is a significant factor in one’s experiences and research had and not what you do not have. shown that it has a substantial impact on self-esteem. Enhancing physical attractiveness can result in a more positive interpersonal interactions, which can be internalized and positively impact one’s self-esteem. THE SEXUAL SELF Exploring Erogenous Zones SEXUALITY – is commonly defined as “ the ways people experience and express Aside from the genitals, there are other areas of the body that when touched can themselves as a sexual being,. produce or can contribute to sexual arousal. -Sexuality is a central aspect of being human throughout life encompasses sex, Genital-specific erogenous zones gender identities, and roles, sexual orientation, eroticism, pleasure, intimacy, and 1.Clitoris 2.The vagina 3.The penis 4.The scrotum reproduction. Other Areas of the Body - Sexuality is experienced and expressed in thoughts, fantasies, desires, beliefs, attitudes, values, behaviors, practices, roles and relationships. While sexuality can 1.The perineum – between the anus and the genital 2.The anus include all of these dimensions, not all of them are always experienced or expressed 3.The breast and nipples 4.The mouth and lips (WHO 2006a as cited in Defining sexual health, 2018. ) 5.The neck 6.Ear lobes SEX - refers to a person’s characterization as female or male at birth, typically based THE SEXUAL RESPONSE CYCLE- It encompasses the series of physical and emotional on the appearance of external genitalia or other biological characteristics including changes that takes place as an individual becomes sexually aroused and engages in chromosomes sexual activities such as masturbation or intercourse. Understanding one’s response can not ony improve the quality of sexual relationships but also aid in identifying GENDER – refers to social characteristics that may be or not be aligned with a any sexual issues and their underlying causes. person’s sex and adopted by an individual as their gender identity. 4 Distinct phases of sexual response cycle SEXUAL HEALTH – is fundamental to the overall health and well-being of individuals, couples and families, and to the social and economic development of communities 1.Excitement 2.Plateau and countries. 3.Orgasm 4.Resolution - Sexual health when viewed affirmatively, requires a positive and respectful approach to sexuality and sexual relationships as well as the possibility of having a The Science of Love pleasurable and safe sexual experiences, free of coercion, discrimination and Love is primarily a product of the brain (hypothalamus) which then causes the rest violenceThe ability of men and women to achieve sexual health and well-being of the body to go into overdrive. depends on their access to comprehensive, good-quality information about sex and sexuality.. Knowledge about the risks they may face and their vulnerability to 3 Distinct categories of romantic love. (Dr. Helen Fisher) adverse consequences of unprotected sexual activity, ability to access sexual health care and living in an environment that affirms and promotes sexual health. 1.LUST( Testosterone /Estrogen) Primary and Secondary Characteristics and the Human Reproductive System 2.ATTRACTION( Dopamine, Norepinephrine, Serotonin) PRIMARY CHARACTERISTICS – body structure and genital organs 3.ATTACHEMENT (Oxytocin, Vasopressin) SECONDARY CHARACTERISTICS– body hairs, breast development, beard/mustache, LUST-It is the primary urge for sexual pleasure, a desire rooted in the need to voice reproduce that is common among all living beings -The hypothalamus is responsible for stimulating the production of sex hormones (STD )sexually transmitted disease, -infectious and spread from person to person such as testosterone and estrogen from the testes and ovariesTestosterone through intimate or sexual contact. increases libido in all individuals while estrogen can also contribute to sexual Family PlanningContraception [ pregnancy prevention]Birth control methods motivation in women during ovulation when its levels peak 1. IUD – intrauterine system – inserted into the uterus of a woman to release a low ATTRACTION-It is a distinct yet interconnected phenomenon with lust. While lust amount of progestin daily and prevent pregnancy and attraction can occur together, one can exist without the other. 2. Implant – a progestin-containing rod implanted under the skin of a woman upper - Attraction also leads to the release of norepinephrine, a hormone that induces arm feelings of excitement and euphoria. 3.Shot – woman receive injection of progestin hormones in either arms or buttocks -Even causing decreased appetite and insomnia. every three months -The brain pathways responsible for reward behavior plays a crucial role in 4.Pills – contains both estrogen and progestin and must be taken everyday attraction which may explain why the initial stages of a relationship can be so thrilling and all-consuming 5.Patch – transdermal patch is applied to lower abdomen, buttocks or upper body (releases progestin and estrogen into bloodstream. Dopamine, produced by the hypothalamus is a well known participant in the brain’s reward pathway, and its levels increases when we engage in activities that feel 6. Ring – inserted into the vagina for about three weeks and it releases progestin pleasurable, such as spending time with a love one or engaging in sexual activity. and estrogen, inserted after menstrual period ATTACHMENT- plays a crucial role in long-term relationships, encompassing 7.Diaphragm – inserted into the vagina to cover the cervix and prevent sperm from friendship, parent infant bonding and other intimate connection. passing throu -Oxytocin and vasopressin are the primary hormones involved in attachment, with 8.Spermicide – available in various forms such as gel, foam, cream, suppository or oxytocin often referred to as “cuddle hormone”. tablet, inserted in the vagina one hour before sexual activity and left in place for at least six to eight hours after sexual activity. Sex vs Gender 9.Fertility awareness based method – awareness of monthly fertility cycle of SEX-pertains to the biological distinction between male and female while women to determine when to have or not have sexual contact.Tubal ligation for GENDER- is a more complex concept encompassing a person’s societal role as a both man and woman. male or female or their internal perception of themselves. THE ECONOMIC /MATERIAL SELF Transgender vs Transexual Consumer psychology - Seeks to understand the underlying cognitive processes that TRANSGENDER - refers to individuals whose gender identity does not match the sex guide our decision-making and how marketing and other external factors influence assigned to them at birth with. our choice. It explores how our thoughts, feelings and beliefs influence our purchasing habits and our relationships with products and services. TRANSEXUAL- involves medical interventions like hormones or surgery to align their appearance and anatomy more closely with their gender identity. -By studying consumer psychology marketing professionals can gain insights on how ECONOMIC MODEL (Marshall) - suggests that individuals will allocate their income to effectively sell tier products and services. towards purchasing goods that provide them with the most satisfaction, taking into account their preferences and the prices of goods available. Consumer psychologists study SOCIAL-PSYCHOLOGICAL MODEL(Veblen) – focuses on how human behavior and How consumers choose business, products and servicesThought processes and needs are shaped by the norms and standards of their culture, sub-cultures, and emotions behind consumer decisions social groups. How environmental variables such as friends, family, media and culture influence PAVLOVIAN LEARNING MODEL – is based on the idea that learning occurs through buying decisions associations, and that much of human behavior is conditioned this way. This model What motivates people to choose one product over another includes 4 central concepts namely DRIVE, CUE, RESPONSE and REINFORCEMENT How personal factors and individual differences affect people’s buying choices FREUDIAN PSYCHO-ANALYTICAL MODEL– The ID is the source of strong urges and drives in human while the ego mediates between the ID and Superego which What marketers can do to effectively reach out to their target customers. channels this instinct into socially acceptable outlets to avoid guilt and shame. Theories and Models of Consumer Behavior MASLOW’S HIERARCHY of Needs provides insight to motivation of human beings based on a hierarchy of needs, with consumers seeking to satisfy lower-level needs. WALTER(1974)-Consumer behavior is defined as the process by which individuals Each level of needs is more important than the one-before and the process determine whether, what, when, where, how and from to purchase goods and continues a the consumer aspires to fulfill higher-level needs. services According to ENGEL, KOLLAT and BLACKWELL MODEL – consumers decision MOWEN (1993) defines consumer behavior as the study of buying of units and making process is influenced by the following: exchange processes involved in acquiring, consuming and disposing of goods, services, experience and ideas. 1.Individual Differences SCHIFFMAN AND KANUK (1997) defines it as the behavior that consumers exhibit consumer resources knowledge attitudes when searching for, purchasing, using, evaluating and disposing of products, services and ideas. motives personality values lifestyle 2 Types of consumers 2. Environmental Influences 1.Personal 2.Organizational culture social class personal influences family / situation BEHAVIORISM -argues that people’s actions are driven by external stimuli, that we 3. Psychological Processes are convinced to do things because of some outside influence (John Watson) need for recognition search for alternatives information processing COGNITIVE APPROACH-They suggests that our behaviors are caused mostly by our culture pre-purchase alternative evaluation purchase mental processing, that is taking into consideration the influence of external stimuli consumption and post consumption alternative evaluation divestment and of our own rational thinking and mental processing that leads to buying. Onkivist, Shaw (1987)Consumer’s self-image has a direct impact on their buying Pros and Cons of consumerismPros: decisions stimulates economic growth boosts creativity and innovation Sirgy (1982) introduced the concept of self-image congruity: purchasing or brands cost reductions are encouraged because of consumerism that align their symbolic self-image. weeds out the poor performers naturally Shaping the way we see ourselves: Consumer culture and Self-identity encourages free lancing, entrepreneurialism and self-employment Consumer Culture – refers to the material culture that is enabled by the market, giving rise to a distinct connection between the consumer and the goods or services creates safer goods for consumersconsumers are given more choices in this society they utilize or partake in. There is a close psychological association between identity – the subject concept The Cons: that a person holds of him or herself and material goods. They communicate and symbolize personal and social identity to self and others. economy takes precedence over the environment it changes the moral fabric of the society Material possessions often play a positive role for identity maintenance and it encourages debt ( use of credit cards ) continuity it leads to health problems Favorite material possessions can help individuals to sustain a sense of who they it does not provide fulfillment are, particularly during period of change or crisis. it can be used as a political tool They provide a life record of with whom and where people have been overtime, aiding their sense of connectedness, inner stability, and self-continuity consumerism conflicts with various spiritual beliefs the poor are always left behind by consumerism A concern with one’s appearance, body shape And fitness can be conducive to both self-esteem and physical health, as long as people invest sensibly in products, Increasing consumerism may also result in a shift from values of community, services and activities that can in fact contribute to their well-being. spirituality and integrity and toward competition, materialism and disconnectedness (Dr. Wei) Social media vs Buying The Self in Economics Perspective- Understanding the relationship between Social media compel us to consume/buy more and more in the society we live in ( consumerism and the self is essential in making informed choices about purchasing commercials / advertising ads, famous or popular persons as influencers to buy the behaviors and personal values. By being mindful of the role consumerism plays in product or services offered). shaping our sense of self, individuals can work towards creating a more balanced and fulfilling life that align with their core belief and values.