UTS — MIDTERMS — Module 1-3.pdf

Understanding The Self GEC 1 | MIDTERM | First Semester | TR LESSON 1: ➩ Environmental factors such as : diet, nutrition, and diseases play an important role in...

Understanding The Self GEC 1 | MIDTERM | First Semester | TR LESSON 1: ➩ Environmental factors such as : diet, nutrition, and diseases play an important role in an The Physical Self individual’s physical development. - refers to the body. Sex and other physical traits - are determined by the combination of Both physical extremities and internal chromosomes and genes during organs work together for the body to fertilization when the egg and sperm perform many of its functions such as cells unite. breathing, walking, eating, and sleeping, Chromosomes among others. - are threadlike tissues that carry the The body’s ability to perform its functions genes, and are usually found in pairs. gradually changes through an - There are 23 pairs of chromosomes individual’s aging. In general, the body which are classified as autosomes or performs least during infancy and old trait chromosomes (22 pairs) and age. gonosomes or sex chromosomes. Physical efficiency generally peaks in early adulthood between the ages of ➩ The sex of the offspring depends on the twenty and thirty, and then slowly pairing of the sex chromosomes (23rd) from declines into the middle age. the father and mother. Puberty Genes - This stage is characterized by rapid - are the basic carrier of hereditary traits physical changes that include the and are classified as: maturation of the reproductive system. - dominant (strong genes) and, - recessive (weak genes). Life span - refers to the development from THEORIES OF PHYSICAL SELF conception to death. Elizabeth B. Hurlock outlines the stages in the - The theory of physiognomy suggests that life span: a person’s physical characteristics such as facial features and expressions and Prenatal – fertilization to birth body structures could be related to a Infancy – birth to 2 weeks of life person’s character or personality. Babyhood – 2 weeks of life to 2nd year Early childhood – 2 to 6 years old ➩ According to the ancient Chinese practice of Late childhood – 6 to 10 or 12 years old face reading, the face is a three-dimensional Puberty – 10 or 12 to 14 years old reflection of “who we are and how life has Adolescence 14 to 18 years old affected us”. Early adulthood – 18 to 40 years old Middle adulthood – 40 to 60 years old - This practice is rooted in the Five Element Late adulthood or senescence – 60 to Theory which makes use of the elements death of water, wood, fire, earth, and metal as archetypes for everything occurring in Two Factors Affecting Physical Growth and the natural world. Development Face readers 1. Heredity is the biological process of the - observe how facial features and inheritance of traits from parents to markings correspond to a person’s offspring. mental, emotional, and physical makeup. 2. Environment refers to the factors an individual is exposed to throughout life ➩ In ancient Greece, Hippocrates developed a which includes learning and experiences. theory based on the prominence of body fluids. 1  Understanding The Self GEC 1 | MIDTERM | First Semester | TR - The theory suggests that an excess of or Body Image deficiency in any of the four bodily fluids (or humors) in a person influences their personality, temperament, and - refers to how individuals perceive, think, well-being. and feel about their body and physical appearance. The sanguine type has the prominence - Body image is related to self-esteem of red bile. They tend to be impulsive, which is a person’s overall evaluation of cheerful, happy, and optimistic. his or her own worth. The melancholic has the prominence of black bile. They tend to be depressed Appearance and pessimistic. - refers to everything about a person that The choleric has the prominence of others can observe such as height, yellow bile. They are easily angry, jumpy, weight, skin color, clothes, and hairstyle. and temperamental. The phlegmatic has excess phlegm. Body image can affect both the They tend to be sluggish, dull, and slow. adolescent’s physical and psychological well-being. ➩ In the 1940s, William Sheldon has developed a body-type theory based on physical Anorexia characteristics. - is an eating disorder in which the person refuses to eat for fear of gaining weight The three body types are: which can result in severe starvation and Endomorphic death. Mesomorphic - It mostly affects females between the Ectomorphic ages of 12 to 40, although men may also develop it. Endomorphic body type is soft and plump. Bulimia Nervosa - People with this body type are - is an eating disorder in which the person perceived to be easy going and induces purging after binging on large sociable. quantities of food Mesomorphic body type is characterized by a strong muscular body. THE IMPORTANCE OF BEAUTY - People who have mesomorphic body type are perceived to be Beauty is perceived in women with slim, energetic, adventurous, assertive, high waist, narrow hips, and long black and courageous. hair. In contrast, women with a full figure - They are competitive and tend to and rounded hips were considered be dominant. beautiful during the Renaissance period. Ectomorphic body type is tall and thin. Some tribes (e.g. Africa) during the - People who have this body type Medieval Age considered chubby, fat, or tend to be strained, quiet, plump women beautiful. introverted, and artistic. People in Malaysia, Philippines, and Indonesia used to consider flat noses to be attractive. People tend to be influenced by the beautiful faces and bodies they see in the media in the way they determine what is beautiful and what is not. They are willing to spend a great deal of money to pay for the physical attractiveness that they want to achieve. The reality, however, is that beauty standards presented in the media 2  Understanding The Self GEC 1 | MIDTERM | First Semester | TR are so unrealistic that even the most beautiful ➩ In females, these characteristics include the and handsome supermodels cannot achieve it. vagina, uterus, and ovaries. ➩ In males, the primary sex characteristics Body modification include the penis, testes or testicles, scrotum, - refers to desperately changing one’s and prostate gland. physical appearance Secondary sex characteristics Tattooing - develop during the onset of puberty. - one form of body modification. - injects ink onto the skin to draw a design. ➩ For women, the earliest evidences of puberty are enlargement of the breasts, onset of Body piercing menstruation, widening of the hips, - another type of body modification. enlargement of buttocks, and growth of pubic - lets people wear jewelry through different hair. piercings in their body such as the ears, - Onset of menstruation varies among nose, and tongue, among others. countries but usually occurs at around 10 to 12 years of age. Cosmetic surgery - another form of body modification ➩ For men, Testicular growth, sperm - includes surgical and non-surgical production, appearance of facial, pubic, and procedures to restore, reconstruct, or other body hair, and deepening of voice are alter body parts. some of the first signs of puberty. Examples are: Primary sex characteristics develop as - breast enhancement, the embryo grows in the womb as a - nose lift, result of the chromosomes contained - liposuction, within the embryonic cells as well as - botox. hormonal influences. At about 5 weeks of pregnancy, two organs, called the gonads, form in the embryo. During puberty, testosterone and other androgens stimulate the development of primary and secondary sex characteristics and also increase one’s sex drive. ➩ In women, the ovaries produce estrogen and progesterone as well as small amount of testosterone. LESSON 2: Estrogen The Sexual Self - promotes female reproductive capacity and secondary sex characteristics. The beginning of adolescence is marked Progesterone by rapid physical changes, including the - stimulates growth of the female maturation of the reproductive system reproductive organs and prepares the and the development of primary and uterus for pregnancy. secondary sex characteristics. ➩ Their production follows a cyclical pattern, on Primary sex characteristics an approximately 28-day monthly cycle. - are physical characteristics that ➩ The greatest production occurs during the distinguish male from female. ovulation period, when an egg is released from the ovaries. 3  Understanding The Self GEC 1 | MIDTERM | First Semester | TR Ovulation period - occur 14 days after the beginning of the menstrual period. Reproductive system - is a system of sex organs designed for reproduction and sexual function. ➩ The female reproductive system is composed of: clitoris vagina uterus fallopian tubes ➩ The male reproductive system includes: two ovaries penis testes Clitoris scrotum - made up of erectile tissue swells with prostate gland blood and hardens when a woman is seminal vesicles sexually aroused. vas deferens epididymis. Vagina - is a muscular tube that serves as the Penis receptacle for the penis and carrier of - is the organ through which males urinate the sperm to the uterus. and deliver the sperm cells into the - It is also the birth canal where the fetus vagina during sexual intercourse. passes out of a mother’s body. - It is made up of sensitive tissues and nerve endings. ➩ The two ovaries produce, store, and release - Before reaching the penis, sperm cells the egg cell during ovulation. travel through the prostate gland and seminal vesicles. Uterus - is a hollow organ where the fertilized The testes or testicles located in a loose embryo grows to become a fetus. pouch-like sac of skin called the scrotum are responsible for the production of sperm cells Cervix - The lower part of the and male sex hormones. uterus, a passageway between the uterus and the vagina that Vas deferens expands during childbirth. - transports the sperm-containing fluid called semen. Fallopian tubes - carry the fertilized egg from the ovary to Epididymis the uterus. - is a set of coiled ducts connected to the ➩ Pregnancy starts from fertilization and end at vas deferens where the sperm cells are birth, for an approximate duration of 260 days. stored. ➩ The prostate gland and seminal vesicles produce semen and nourish the sperm cells. Ejaculation - is the release of sperm cells from the penis. - Each ejaculation approximately contains 300 to 500 million sperm cells. - Sperm cells can live up to 48 hours inside the uterus. 4  Understanding The Self GEC 1 | MIDTERM | First Semester | TR ➩ Expression of sexual desire is also influenced by sexual scripts or the stereotyped patterns of expectations on how people should behave sexually. THE PHASES OF SEXUAL RESPONSE ➩ William Masters and Virginia Johnson found that the biological responses of males and females to sexual stimulation are quite similar. - They use the term sexual response cycle to describe the changes that occur in the SEXUAL AROUSAL AND EROGENOUS ZONES: body as men and women become WHAT TURNS PEOPLE ON sexually aroused. Human sexual arousal They divide the sexual-response cycle into four - Is complex. phases: - It may be produced by direct stimulation of the body’s erogenous zones on the 1. Excitement phase areas of the body that provide pleasure. - is the beginning of sexual arousal and can last from one minute to several Erogenous zones hours. - are areas of the body which are highly - During this phase, pulse rate increases, sensitive and produce sexual responses blood pressure rises, breathing quickens, when stimulated. and the skin shows a rosy flush - Include the genitals, mouth, breasts, particularly on the chest and breast ears, anus, and to a lesser degree, the areas. entire surface of the body. - The nipples harden in both men and women. ➩ One of the most basic forms of sexual stimulation is masturbation or self-stimulation In men, the penis becomes erect, the skin of that causes sexual pleasure or orgasm. It the scrotum thickens, and the testes increase in involves the rubbing or fondling of the genital size. areas and provides a good index of sexual In women, the clitoris swells, the lips of the desire because it is not constrained by the vagina open and its insides become wet in availability of a partner. preparation for sexual intercourse. ➩ Other sexual activities such as intimate 2. Plateau phase kissing, cuddling, necking, petting, or touching - the changes in the body continue. the erogenous zones may be uniquely important to sexual arousal. In men, the penis becomes more erect, the circumference of its head increases, and few Sexual Arousal drops of fluid are released. - is closely tied to variations in hormonal In women, the outer part of the vagina swells levels. with the surge of increased amounts of blood to Sexual fantasies that area, while the clitoris retracts under the - play a significant role in sexual arousal. clitoral hood but remains highly sensitive. The outer lips of the vagina become redder in color. ➩ Many believed that compared with women, men think about sex more often because they - Breathing becomes more rapid, heart report more frequent sex fantasies and more rate increases, body temperature rises, frequent feelings of sexual desire. and blood pressure increases during this stage. 5  Understanding The Self GEC 1 | MIDTERM | First Semester | TR 3. Orgasm or Orgasmic phase In the context of interpersonal relationships, - contractions of the muscles in and psychologist Robert Sternberg suggests that around the penis stimulate the release of there are three components of love: the semen which contains sperm cells. Intimacy Passion In men, it usually achieve one intense orgasm Commitment during sexual intercourse. In women, orgasm involves the contraction of Intimacy component the pelvic muscles that surround the vaginal - refers to the feelings of closeness, walls and can happen multiple times. connectedness, and bondedness. 4. Resolution phase Passion component - the body returns to its normal state after - refers to the drives that lead to romance, orgasm. physical attraction, and sexual consummation. In men, the erection is lost, the testes decrease in size, and the skin of the scrotum Commitment component thins again. - refers to the decision to love and the In women, the clitoris, and the vagina return commitment to maintain that love. to their normal state. Love - is classified based on the combination of any of these ATTRACTION, LOVE, AND ATTACHMENT components. Puberty is an important stage in sexual Romantic love - has strong components development. It is the time when many of sexual attraction and infatuation, and boys and girls first experience their first is often experienced in the early stage of sexual attraction. a love relationship. Initial attraction Helen Fisher - is influenced by social norms, physical - biological anthropologist and expert in attractiveness, and processes of the science of human attraction interpersonal exchange. suggests the important ingredients of Social norms romantic love: - influence attraction in several ways such as in determining who are appropriate as Lust - is driven by the desire for sexual lovers and spouses. gratification. Attraction - is often associated with Physical attractiveness sexual attraction. - refers to the degree to which a person’s Attachment - occurs when individuals physical traits are regarded as desire to connect with another person aesthetically pleasing or beautiful. intimately. - It may also be called affectionate Social exchange theory or companionate love. - proposes that attraction is the result of the rewards and costs they entail. John Bowlby - defines attachment as a strong Romantic love includes a complex affectional tie that binds a person to an combination of different emotions such intimate companion. as fear, anger, sexual desire, joy, and jealousy. Some of these emotions may He maintains that the quality of early also be sources of suffering (Santrock, parent-child attachment has a lasting impact 2002). on the kind of relationships people have later in life, including romantic relationships. 6  Understanding The Self GEC 1 | MIDTERM | First Semester | TR Gonorrhoea SEXUAL ORIENTATION - is caused by gonococcal bacteria which attack the lining of the mucous - refers to a person’s sexual identity membrane such as the mouth, throat, anchored on what gender they are vagina, and urethra. attracted to. - can be treated by penicillin or other antibiotics. Heterosexuality - The most common sexual orientation in Syphilis which one is sexually attracted to - infects the genital areas and other parts members of the opposite sex. of the body including the brain and can cause paralysis or even death when left Homosexuality untreated. - is the orientation of one who is sexually attracted to the same sex. Chlamydia - is caused by the bacteria chlamydia ➩ Homosexual males are referred to as gays, trachomatis. while homosexual females are referred to as - In men, chlamydia can cause swollen lesbians. testicles and a burning sensation during urination. Bisexuality - It can result in sterility among women if - is an orientation where one is attracted left untreated because it damages the to both opposite and same sex. uterus, ovaries, and fallopian tubes. SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED INFECTIONS (STIs) Genital herpes AND EARLY PREGNANCY - can cause itching and tingling sensations, abscesses, and blisters in the genital area. Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) or - There is no cure for herpes. sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) Genital warts - are contracted primarily through sexual - are caused by the human papillomavirus contact (vaginal, oral, or anal sex). and women with human papillomavirus are prone to cervical cancer. ➩ Many STIs affect the sex organs themselves while others have broader and more ➩ Anyone who is sexually active is at risk of STIs life-threatening effects. and STDs and should practice safe sex. STIs commonly include: human immunodeficiency METHODS OF CONTRACEPTION AND THE virus/acquired immunodeficiency REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH LAW syndrome (HIV/AIDS) Gonorrhoea Contraception syphilis - refers to methods that are used to chlamydia prevent pregnancy. genital herpes genital warts One common method of contraception is the use of condoms which can also HIV/AIDS prevent some STIs. - are caused by direct contact with body fluids such as through blood transfusion, Intrauterine device or IUD breast feeding, and sexual intercourse. - a tiny device made of flexible plastic that - It attacks the immune system and the is inserted in the uterus to prevent infected person eventually dies. pregnancy; birth control injectable that is given every three months to women; oral 7  Understanding The Self GEC 1 | MIDTERM | First Semester | TR contraceptive pills which are taken every possessions but also his or her reputation day; and withdrawal method. and beliefs. The self, therefore, is composed of the Material self — which is the manifestation of one’s identity through his material possessions. The basic component of the material self includes the body. Another component of the material self is the clothes that people wear. Clothes In the calendar method, the number of - represent the self. days in each menstrual cycle is recorded - The style and brand of clothes become and the couple avoids sex during the significant symbols, particularly among fertile period. adolescents. The cervical mucus method ➩ The clothes they tend to wear are greatly - also called the Billings ovulation method influenced by their peer groups because - is a type of natural family planning adolescents are anxious to conform to what method based on careful observation of their peer groups find fashionable and mucus patterns during the course of the attractive. menstrual cycle. Apart from clothes, the material component of The mucus pattern may help in determining the self can include: when a woman is most likely to conceive or not. - one’s house - car Responsible Parenthood and Reproductive - pets Health Act of 2012 - other things that he or she considers as - also known as Reproductive Health Law his or her possession. or RH Law - guarantees universal access to methods The material component of the self also of contraception, fertility control, sexual includes people—an individual has education, and maternal care. relationships such as one’s immediate - provides for the “prevention and and extended family members as well as treatment of HIV/AIDS and other STIs and close friends with whom one feels STDs,” especially since the number of HIV psychologically connected. These people cases among the youth is rising. are likely to shape and influence the - aims to keep couples and women development of one’s self and identity. especially, well-informed about available family planning methods that they can Pets could also symbolically define a freely use depending on their needs and person’s identity. beliefs. - A person’s pet could be an expression of one’s social status, LESSON 3: pride, and prestige, as in owning a The Material Self dog or cat of a very expensive breed. According to William James (1980, p.291), the self is everything that an individual considers to be his or hers, not only his or her body and material 8  Understanding The Self GEC 1 | MIDTERM | First Semester | TR remains high throughout life as people seek for happiness. THE ROLE OF MATERIAL POSSESSIONS ON THE SENSE OF SELF AND IDENTITY Lack or loss of these material possessions could lead to anxiety, Regardless of how much or how little Insecurity, and depression in people material possessions people have, they who are overly materialistic. remain valuable because these possessions are symbolic of one’s social Consumer Culture status. Cars, houses, gadgets, and clothes are to some the most valuable possessions - is a social system in which consumption because they are the most visible in the is dominated by the consumption of eyes of others. commercial products. - denotes a social arrangement in which Russell Belk (1988) the relations between lived culture and - has a work named “Are We What We social resources, and between Own?” meaningful ways of life and the symbolic - suggests that material possessions act and material resources on which they as an objective manifestation of the self. depend on, are mediated through markets. Material possessions - can be a reflection of hard work and Central to consumer culture: success. consumption of market-made commodities ➩ Normally, people tend to measure success desire-inducing marketing symbols through the amount of their material possessions. Owning material possessions Consumerist society becomes a driving force in urging an individual - is one in which people spend a great to seek a high level of achievement in order to deal of time, money, and energy to be able to acquire more possessions. “consume” commercial products, goods, and services. Materialism - refers to giving more importance to Consumerism material possessions than intangible - is the consumption of material goods, values. and services in excess of one’s basic needs. Materialistic person - is closely tied to materialism. - is one who is excessively concerned with the acquisition of material possessions. ➩ Both heavily influence the way individuals The strong desire for material view the self. It can be viewed positively and possessions could lead to psychological negatively. dysfunction or impairment in functioning such as compulsive buying ➩ The state of needs and wants tends to be disorder (CBD) endless, and thus, could cause negative effects such as dissatisfaction, unhappiness, and Compulsive buying disorder (CBD) depression. - is characterized by an obsession with shopping and buying behaviors that can cause adverse consequences - Example : debts Developmental evidence - suggests that identification with material things begins quite early in life but 9