UTS Midterm PDF

WESTERN AND EASTERN CONCEPT The Tao is commonly regarded as a OF SELF nature that is the foundation of all that exists. Western Thoughts There sh...

WESTERN AND EASTERN CONCEPT The Tao is commonly regarded as a OF SELF nature that is the foundation of all that exists. Western Thoughts There should be unity and harmony It emphasizes the importance of among opposing elements: the Yin and scientific methods of investigation to Yang. provide satisfactory answers to Yin means inward energy, feminine, understanding the self. dark, and negative. The Western culture is what we would Yang means outward energy, musculine, call an individualistic culture since their hot, bright, and positive. focus is on the person. Eastern Thoughts It raises questions about the ultimate meaning of human life They have developed theories of self as Confucianism they have investigated what it means to be A philosophy and belief system from a human being ancient China. Its emphasis is relational rather than Founder: Confucius individual. "Do not do others what you would not The self is considered not in isolation want others to do to you." - Confucius but in relation to others, society, and the Another important feature in Confucian universe. thought is the individual's greatest mission Eastern theories are highly practical. of attaining self-realization wherein self- They offer a variety of techniques for cultivation is instrumental. cultivating a deeper understanding of the Based on Confucian thought, moral self. character is perfected through They do not utilize the scientific continuously taking every opportunity to techniques of investigation. improve oneself in thought and action A closer look to different Eastern Hinduism Thoughts The religion of ancient people known as the Aryans Taoism Law of ‘’Karma’’ an ancient tradition of philosophy and - the most important doctrine of religious belief attributed to Lao Tzu Hinduism Taoism believes that the self is an - Everything you do in your past extension of the cosmos, not of social will eventually come back to bite relationships. you. They describe the self as one of the Hindus believe that Atman being an limitless forms of the Tao. immortal continues to be reincarnated from lifetime until it is freed from the cycle of rebirth and reach a state of Nirvana or non-birth. Karma does not end with a body’s death; its influence may extend through incarnation of the soul. MATERIAL SELF We are what we are Buddhism According to William James, the Buddhism comes from the root word material self is the sum total of all that he "budh" meaning awake. Siddhartha can call his. Gautama known as "Buddha" is the consists of one’s body, valued possessions, founder of Buddhism. and loved ones. It identifies the self most clearly in terms of material possessions. The 5 parts that compose the individual an orientation, which emphasizes 1. Matter ownership of money and possessions for 2. Sensation the purpose of happiness and social 3. Perception progress (Ward & Wackman, 1991) 4. Mental Constructs 5. Consciousness COMPOSITION OF MATERIAL SELF There is no self (or soul) There is only nothing and all else is an illusion They also believe that nothing is Body permanent, but change - inner most part of our material self "anicca" - intentionally, we invest in our body - literally means impermanence means that everything in life is Clothes always changing, that nothing last - a form of self expression forever - the style and brand becomes a symbolic The ideal is to experience Nirvana, significance Nirvana - The fabric and style of the clothes we - a state of transcendence devoid wear bring sensations to the body and can of self-reference. affect our attitude and behavior - This state of transcendence can - can include: books, bed, money, car, be achieved through meditation. house and other things that person can call his own possession Immediate Family - These people likely to shape and influence the development of self-identity - What they do of become affects us - We place huge investment in our COMPULSIVE BUYING DISORDER immediate family when we see them as The psychological dysfunction or the nearest replica of our self impairment in functioning caused by strong desire of material possessions Home Characterized by an obsession with - It is earliest nest of our self hood. shopping and buying behaviors that - Our experiences inside the home were causes adverse consequences (e.g., debts) recorded and marked on particular parts Lack or loss of material possessions could and things in our home lead to: - The home is thus an extension of self, o Anxiety because in it, we can directly connect o Insecurity ourself. o Depression EFFECTS OF MATERIAL REDUCING MATERIALISM POSSESSIONS 1. Setting Intrinsic Life Goals interested in material possessions. -Intrinsic life goals Possessions can be used as status symbol. -Extrinsic Goals People tend to measure success through 2. Minimalism material possession. - A response to the mass consumer Material possession can make people culture more 3. Utility, Simplicity, and Financial motivated to work harder to achieve them. Capacity However, lack or loss of material Utility- only buy something that possessions can be disruptive to the is truly useful mental health of some people. Simplicity- resist the urge to buy The negative effect of the strong desire more if you do not need it for material possessions Financial Capacity- live within your means Materialism - too much desire on a material thing PHYSICAL SELF - The excessive pursuit of material - shaped by genetics and influences body possessions and wealth. image, self-esteem, and cultural perceptions. While appearance matters, MATERIALISTIC PERSON true beauty also includes inner qualities Someone with a high level of materialism like kindness and confidence Excessively concerned with the acquisition of material possessions Two Factors Affecting Physical Growth - Shopaholic and Development 1. Heredity - biological process from the inheritance trait of the parents from offspring. 2. Environment - exposed throughout the How can self-esteem be developed? life which includes learning, and Acceptance experiences. Environmental factors such Physical Appearance is not everything. as diet, nutrition, and diseases. Individual Development Self Awareness - Becoming self-aware is Self-esteem - is used to describe a a starting point for self-improvement person’s overall sense of self worth or personal value. But self-esteem goes BODY IMAGE - refers to how beyond that individuals perceive, think, and feel about Self- Esteem in : their bodies and physical appearance. Psychological Perspective Self-esteem isn't fixed; it can go up or APPEARANCE - refers to everything down depending on what happens in your about a person that others can observe. life. Cultural Differences Causes of Poor Body Image: How self-esteem is viewed can vary Emphasis on Thin Ideal Body depending on cultural values. Some cultures might value personal success, Bullying and Peer Pressure while others might focus on how you Media contribute to your community. Effects of Poor Body Image: Being Kind to Yourself it's also connected to how compassionate Body Dissatisfaction you are towards yourself, especially when Depression things go wrong. Impact on Relationships Low Self-Esteem People with higher self-esteem tend to Eating Disorders have healthier relationships because they - ex: Bulimia and Anorexia Nervosa feel secure in themselves. On the other hand, low self-esteem can lead to Some Philosophical Views about Beauty difficulties in relationships, like being  St Augustine: Things were overly dependent on others for validation. beautiful because it gave delight Influence on Goals and Motivation  Plato: beauty as a response to love If you have high self-esteem, you're more and desire likely to set challenging goals and believe  Aristotle: asserted that beauty are you can achieve them. With low self- order, symmetry, and definiteness esteem, you might avoid challenges because you doubt your abilities. 2 Types of Beauty Resilience People with strong self-esteem are often Internal Beauty - encompasses the more resilient. Those with low self-esteem intangible qualities and traits that might struggle more to recover from define a person's character, such as failures. confidence, kindness, and generosity.  External Beauty - encompasses the associated with sexuality are testosterone observable physical characteristics of and estrogen. a person, including skin composition, 2. Psychological body shape, style, and hair color. GENDER IDENTITY - CISGENDER - People who identify Achieving Physical Well-being their sex assign at birth - TRANSGENDER - People whose Healthy Eating gender identity do not coincide with their Embrace a Healthy Lifestyle sex Maintaining proper hygiene SEXUAL ORIENTATION - It pertains to the genders sexually attracted to and Being Confident want to have relationships with. - ALFRRED KINSEY - It is the diverse Sexual Self range.of sexual behaviors and - It refers to one thinks about themself as a experiences reportedly by his participants sexual individual. -It speaks of your on his research. sexual health, sexual orientation, gender - People do not always fit into identity, and expression and values around exclusive heterosexual and homosexual your sexuality. categories. Three Aspects in Human Sexuality 1. Biological Sex - The set of biological traits in humans. Also called labeled/assigned sex Types of Sexual Orientation that includes sex organs, such as ovaries 1. Heterosexual - People attracted to Gender - Cultural meanings attached to different gender often call themselves being a masculine and feminine which STRAIGHT. influence personal identities. 2. Homosexual - People attracted to Sexuality - Sexual attraction, practices, people of the SEAME GENDER and identity which may or may not align 3. Bisexual - People attracted to BOTH with sex and gender. men and women, called themselves as Puberty - The time in life when a boy or bisexual. girl becomes sexually mature. It is a 4. Pansexual/Queer - People whose process that usually happens between ages attraction REGARDLESS of gender. 10 and 14 for girls and ages 12 and 16 for 5. Asexual- People who DON’T boys. It causes physical changes, and EXPERIENCE any sexual attraction for affects boys and girls differently. anyone. Hormones - play a role in the development of sexual characteristics such 3. Social as voice, body hair, and the feeling of Gender Roles - a set of social sexual attraction. The primary hormones expectations about behaviors, characteristics, and thoughts for what is - Do things happen for a reason? considered masculine and feminine. - What is my connection to the world Gender Stereotypes - is a generalized around me? and often oversimplified belief about the - How can I live my life in the best way traits, roles, and behaviors expected of possible? men and women. These stereotypes provides the framework and practices for impose restrictive norms that can limit exploring deeper aspects of existence with individuals' opportunities and self- actions such as exploring ourselves, expression by dictating what is considered practices, beliefs and more. appropriate for each gender. Human Relationships Spiritual self is our personal experiences and Sexism - can be a belief that one sex is understanding of those aspects. superior to or more valuable than another interpreted by Hinduism is a missing sex. concept known as Atman (based on Gender Sensitivity - is a process by which Sanskrit word which means "essence, people are made aware of how gender breath or soul") The thematic focus being plays a role in life through their treatment "know your Atman" which is also "Know of others thy Self." They express that the Atman or Self aren't the body, mind, or ego but Triangular Theory of Love rather, the soul or self. There is an us that - Robert Sternberg is distinct from our physical, emotional, or Intimacy - feelings of closeness, psychological self. connectedness, and bondness Passion - feelings and desires that lead to SOUL physical attraction, romance, and sexual fulfillment - the immaterial aspect or essence of Decision/Commitment - feelings that human being, that which confers lead a person to remain with someone and individuality and humanity, often move toward shared goals considered to be synonymous with mind - ex. Arrange marriage or the self. - part of the individual which partakes of SPIRITUALITY divinity and often is considered to survive the death of the body Spirituality a sense of connection to something Rituals bigger than ourselves, and it typically religious ceremonies consisting of a involves a search for meaning in life. series of actions performed according to a connected to large questions about life prescribed order. They are performed to and identity, such as: work with and behalf of the community - Am I a good person? and the self - What is the meaning of my suffering? Considered as sacred language  It means conforming to religious rites be hidden, it provides all individuals or creatures the potential of growth or Ceremonies awakening. refers to movement that expresses feelings and beliefs beyond the limitation True self - it's believed to be real, speech permanent, and already present in every Can be elaborate or simple unenlightened individual It is also an act of courtesy Cult - typically refers to a group of people Religion - an organized system of ideas who have extreme or unorthodox religious, about the spiritual sphere by which people spiritual, or philosophical beliefs, often try to interpret an aspect of the universe centered around a charismatic leader or an beyond their control. ideology. Cult - a social group defined by their Magic - mythical force that is believed to unusual religious, spiritual, and supposedly protect an individual from evil. philosophical beliefs or a common interest in a particular object Witchcraft - a practice that is believed to focus on magical skills, spells, Vedanta tradition incantations, and magical rituals one of the traditions in Hindu philosophy It focuses on the nature of reality, the VIKTOR FRANKL self, and the universe - Logotherapy, or "healing through it teaches that the ultimate goal of life is meaning" in Greek, is the psychological to realize one's true identity as part of the theory developed universal consciousness - he formulated his meaning-centered It is believed from this tradition, the approach which promotes freedom of Spiritual Self is a non-violent, stable, choice and personal responsibility eternal, and differentiated identity from - he believed that humans are motivated your body, mind, and feelings. by something called a "will to meaning", which equates to a desire to find meaning Spiritual Self in life. lies in the concept of the Buddha-nature - He argued that life can have meaning referred as the tathagatagarbha and the even in the most miserable of buddhadatu which are roughly translated circumstances and that the motivation for as the "womb" or "embryo." living comes from finding the meaning it is believed that the buddha nature is - Logotherapy - proposes that meaning in the "true self" life can be discovered in three distinct from the Buddhist tradition and ways perspective, is understood to be a universal nature. It's a a hidden womb that By creating a work or doing a deed exists in all beings and even though it may By experiencing something or encountering someone - unpredictable actions in the future By the attitude that we take toward - unhealthy unavoidable PHYSICAL SELF six basic assumptions of logotherapy Aesthetic self - human nature is drawn to -Body, Mind, and spirit beautiful things -Life has meaning in all circumstances -Humans have will to meaning Physiognomy - judging a person based on -Freedom to find meaning facial expression -Meaning of the moment Morphopsychology - judging a person -Individual are unique based on structure MA'AM JASMINE Heredity & Environment - plays an important role in physycal self. Western We also talk about development in here individualism - development - lifelong “ womb scientific method to tomb” - physical, cognitive, psychosocial Eastern individualism is an illusion Growth - only encompasses height, weight, collectivism physical Hinduism Anorexia nervosa - afraid to consume Atman - human soul food Brahman - soul of God Bullemia nervosa - eat large amounts of Conformity - ginagawa mo kasi ginagawa food at one time, then try to get rid of the din ng iba food or weight gain by throwing up -act of matching attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors to group norms BDD - Body Dysmorphic Disorder - a person spends a lot of time worrying Attachment styles about flaws in their appearance - Ainsworth - develop when they grow 4 humors - this doesn't predict the future it influence 1. Red Bile (sanguine) - passion, intimacy 1. Secure - healthiest attachment sobran 2. Avoidant - nonchalant 2. Black Bile (melancholic) - lead to - doesn't seek personal attachment depression 3. Anxious - puno ng doubt 3. Yellow Bile (choleric) - kapag 4. Disorganized - combination of avoidant nasobrahan you will become irritable and and anxious aggressive 4. Phelgm - laziness Triangular Theory of Love SEXUAL SELF Transgender - a feeling of being trapped in a wrong body Transexual - the one who undergoes surgery Compassionate love - Intimacy + Commitment - couple that are happy but no passion in 4 Phases of Human Sexual Response marriage 1. Excitement - excitement phase Fautous Love 2. Arousal / Plateau - extends to the brink - Passion + Commitment of orgasm - love at first sight - woman is wet Romantic Love 3. Orgasm - the climax of the sexual - Intimacy + Passion response cycle - enjoying relationship with no - woman can experience more orgasm commitment 4. Resolution - the body slowly returns to Consume Love its normal level of functioning, and - Intimacy + Passion + Commitment swelled and erect body parts return to - most perfect love their previous size and color MATERIAL SELF Sexual Dysfunction Consumer Behavior - buying things with Excitement you responsibility Arousal/Plateau - buying things that conform with peers Orgasm Material self - buying things about your personality Premature ejaculation - is a male sexual dysfunction that occurs when a male Color Psychology expels semen soon after beginning sexual Red - powerful activity Orange - happy color Yellow - happy color Anorgasmia - a type of sexual dysfunction - to much of this can cause irritation in which a person cannot achieve orgasm Green - calmness despite adequate sexual stimulation Blue - calmness Indigo Love - a social construct Purple / Violet - powerful - no concrete or uniform definition Black - with power and death (subjective) White - innocence, purity, health  Ethics - moral principles Carl Jung Law - system of rules which a particular S - Sensing - senses country or community recognizes N - Inviting Rituals - practice T - Thinking - rational people - Example prayer, sign of the cross F - Feeling - more on the subjective - for purification - put their personal values over rationality Ceremony - example are mass 1. Christianity - God SPIRITUAL SELF - Sacred Objects Logotheraphy Bible 2. Islam - a strictly monotheistic religion, and its adherents, called Muslims, regard the Prophet Muhammad as the last and most perfect of God's messengers - Allah - Sacred Objects Quran - dereflection - you focus away from Minaret yourself and toward other people allowing Minbar you to become "whole" and to spend less Ka'aba time feeling preoccupied with a problem Black stone or worry 3. Buddhism - paradoxical intention - used to treat - medication start recursive anxiety by repeatedly rehearsing - Gautama Buddha the anxiety-inducing pattern of thought - Sacred Objects - socratic dialogue - a form of dialogue, Bodhi Leaf which encourages a group to question and Bodhi Tree reach consensus in answering a universal 4. Hinduism question. - Brahma - the creator - Vishnu - the preserver Grandiose delusions - center on the belief - Shiva - the destroyer that you're exceptional compared to - Sacred Objects everyone else Lotus Flower - people believe they are God Padma 5. Judaism - oldest Concept of Spiritual Self is originated in - comprises the collective spiritual, Buddhism cultural, and legal traditions of the Jewish people. Spiritual self- motivated by morality and - Yahweh - that is, the god of Abraham, moral principle Isaac and Jacob, and the national god of the Israelites - Sacred Objects Torah scroll Pentatuch Theist - a person who believes in the existence of a god or gods Atheist - a person who disbelieves in the existence of a god or gods