Understanding the Self: Western and Eastern Perspectives PDF

Understanding the Self: Western and Eastern Perspectives "Self" Concept The concept of "self" is central to human understanding. Western Philosophy Offers contrasting perspectives on the nature of the self. Eastern Philosophy Offers complementary perspectives on the nature of the self. Individual...

Understanding the Self: Western and Eastern Perspectives "Self" Concept The concept of "self" is central to human understanding. Western Philosophy Offers contrasting perspectives on the nature of the self. Eastern Philosophy Offers complementary perspectives on the nature of the self. Individualism versus Collectivism Western Individualism Eastern Collectivism Western thought emphasizes individual autonomy, Eastern philosophies prioritize social harmony, group personal goals, and self-reliance. The focus is on personal identity, and collective responsibility. Individuals are seen achievement and self-expression. as interconnected members of a larger community. Buddhism Anatta (Non-Self) Buddhism rejects the notion of a permanent, unchanging self. The self is seen as an illusion, a constantly changing stream of experiences. Karma and Reincarnation Actions have consequences that shape future lives. The goal is to break free from the cycle of birth and death by achieving enlightenment. Compassion and Interdependence Buddhism emphasizes the interconnectedness of all beings. Compassion is a central virtue, motivating individuals to help others achieve liberation. Confucianism 1 Ren (Benevolence) 2 Li (Ritual Propriety) Confucianism stresses the importance of Proper conduct and social etiquette are essential for compassion, empathy, and social harmony. maintaining social order and harmony. 3 Xiao (Filial Piety) 4 De (Virtue) Respect for elders and ancestors is central to Moral character is cultivated through self-cultivation Confucian ethics, emphasizing family loyalty and and ethical conduct. continuity. Taoism Wu Wei (Non-Action) 1 Taoism emphasizes effortless action, aligning with the natural flow of the Tao. Yin and Yang 2 The universe is composed of complementary and opposing forces that interact and balance each other. Self-Cultivation 3 Taoism encourages individuals to cultivate inner harmony and align with the natural order. Hinduism Concept Explanation Atman (Soul) The eternal, unchanging essence of the individual, connected to Brahman. Karma and Reincarnation Actions have consequences that shape future lives, with the goal of liberation from the cycle of birth and death. Dharma (Duty) Ethical principles and responsibilities that guide individuals in fulfilling their purpose in life.