Hala, Si Self! (Unpacking the Self) (PDF)

HALA, SI SELF! (UNPACKING THE SELF) PRESENTED BY: GROUP FIVE  SEXUAL SELF Your sexual self speaks your sexual health, sexual orientation, gender identity and expression and values around sexuality.  GONADS (SEX ORGANS) Reproductive glands that produce the gametes or sperm; te...

HALA, SI SELF! (UNPACKING THE SELF) PRESENTED BY: GROUP FIVE  SEXUAL SELF Your sexual self speaks your sexual health, sexual orientation, gender identity and expression and values around sexuality.  GONADS (SEX ORGANS) Reproductive glands that produce the gametes or sperm; testis or ovary (Marieb, E. N. 2001) begin to develop around the eighth week of embryonic development. Initially, male and female embryos share similar reproductive structures in what is known as the indifferent stage.  The differentiation into male or female structures occurs with the presence of testosterone. Testosterone is the primary male hormone regulating sex differentiation, producing male sex characteristics, spermatogenesis, and fertility. EMBRYOS IN MALE AND FEMALE  In male embryos, the testes produce testosterone, leading to the development of male duct systems and external genitalia. In female embryos, the absence of testosterone from the ovaries results in the formation of female ducts and external genitalia.  Any disruption in the normal production of sex hormones during embryonic development can lead to abnormalities. WHAT WILL HAPPEN IF THE FEMALE MAKE TOO MUCH TESTOSTERONE?  A genetic female exposed to testosterone, such as from a mother with an androgen-producing tumor, may have ovaries but develop male ducts, glands, and an empty scrotum.  This results in pseudohermaphrodites, individuals whose accessory reproductive structures do not match their gonads.  A person whose gonads are consistent with the chromosomal sex but who has external genitalia of the opposite sex.  True hermaphrodites, who have both ovarian and testicular tissues, are rare, called ovotesticular disorder.  CRYPTORCHIDISM A condition that often affects young males and can lead to infertility and increased risk of testicular cancer. To address this issue, surgery is usually performed during childhood.  ABNORMAL CHROMOSOMES Separation during meiosis can cause reproductive system defects.  Females with only one sex chromosome (XO) appear normal but lack ovaries,alse called turner syndrome, while YO males don't survive development. Milder conditions, like phimosis (narrowing of the foreskin) and misplaced urethral openings, primarily affect males  PUBERTY Is the period of life, generally between the ages of 10 and 15 years old, when the reproductive organs grow to their adult size and become functional under the influence of rising levels of gonadal hormones  MALE PUBERTY In males, puberty typically begins around age 13 with the growth of reproductive organs, followed by the appearance of hair in the pubic area, underarms, and face. The reproductive organs continue to grow for about two years, leading to sexual maturation, marked by the presence of mature semen in the testes.  FEMALE PUBERTY In females, the budding of their breasts usually occurring at the age of 11 signals their puberty stage. Menarche is the first menstrual period of females which happens two years after the start of puberty. Hormones play an important role in the regulation of ovulation and fertility of females.  DISEASES ASSOCIATED WITH THE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM Infections are the most common problems associated with the reproductive system in adults. Vaginal infections are more common in young and elderly women, the usual infections include those caused by Escherichia coli which spread through digestive tract: THE SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED MICROORGANISMS SUCH AS SYPHILIS, GONORHEA AND HERPES VIRUS AND YEAST (A TYPE OF FUNGUS).  In males, the most common inflammatory conditions are prostatitis, urethritis and epididymitis, all of which may follow sexual contacts in which Sexually Transmitted Disease (STD) microorganisms are transmitted.  Most women hit the highest point of their reproductive abilities in their late 20s. Natural decrease in ovarian function usually follows characterized by reduced estrogen production that causes irregular or ovulation and shorter menstrual period. EROGENOUS ZONES Refers to parts of the body that are primarily receptive and increase sexual arousal when touched in a sexual manner  HUMAN SEXUAL BEHAVIOR Refers to a wide range of physical and psychological actions that involve sexual arousal, desire, and satisfaction.  TYPES OF BEHAVIOR The various types of human sexual behavior are usually classified according to the gender and number of participants. SOLITARY BEHAVIOR (MASTURBATION) Self-gratification means self-stimulation that leads to sexual arousal and generally, sexual climax. Generally, beginning at or before puberty, is very common among young males.  SOCIOSEXUAL BEHAVIOR Heterosexual behavior is the greatest amount of sociosexual behavior that occurs between only one male and one female.  Petting differs from hugging, kissing and generalized caresses of the clothed body to practice involving stimulation of the genitals.  Coitus, the insertion of the male reproductive structure into the female reproductive organ, is viewed by society quite differently depending upon the marital status of the individuals. Majority of human societies allow premarital coitus is more likely to be tolerated but not encouraged if the individuals intend marriage PHYSIOLOGY OF HUMAN SEXUAL RESPONSE Sexual response, follows a pattern of sequential stage or phase when sexual activity is continued. 4 TYPES OF SEXUAL RESPONSE  EXCITEMENT PHASE It is caused by increase in pulse and blood pressure.  PLATEAU PHASE It is generally of brief duration. If stimulation is continued, orgasm usually occurs.  PLATEAU PHASE It is generally of brief duration. If stimulation is continued, orgasm usually occurs.  SEXUAL CLIMAX It is marked by a feeling of abrupt, intense pleasure, a rapid increase in pulse rate and blood pressure and spasms of the pelvic muscles causing contractions of the female reproductive organ and ejaculation by the male, It is also characterized by involuntary vocalizations.  RESOLUTION PHASE The last stage that refers to the return to a normal or subnormal physiologic state. Males and females are similar in their response sequence. NERVOUS SYSTEM FACTORS The entire nervous system plays a significant role during sexual response. The autonomic system is involved in controlling the involuntary responses. In the presence of a stimulus capable enough of initiating a sexual response, the efferent cerebrospinal nerves transmit the sensory messages to the brain. The hypothalamus and the limbic system are the parts of the brain believed to be responsible for regulating the sexual response, but there is no specialized "sex center" that has been located in the human brain. Apart from brain-controlled sexual responses, there is some reflex (not brain-controlled) sexual response.  SEXUAL PROBLEMS Sexual problems may be classified as physiological, psychological, and social in origin.  PHYSIOLOGICAL Physiological issues, like infections or hormonal imbalances, are relatively rare and often treatable with medication or surgery.  EXAMPLE John, 45, has been struggling with erectile dysfunction (ED) for the past few months, causing anxiety and tension in his marriage with Sarah. Initially blaming stress, he finally sees a doctor who links his ED to early signs of cardiovascular issues and poor blood flow. After adopting lifestyle changes and starting treatment, John’s condition improves. The doctor also encourages him to talk openly with Sarah, strengthening their relationship and reducing his stress.  PSYCHOLOGICAL Psychological factors, the largest category, usually come from societal pressures and myths, leading to anxiety or feelings of inadequacy.  EXAMPLE James, 35, feels nervous about performing well with his new partner, Emma. His anxiety causes him to lose his erection. After talking to a therapist, he works through his fears and regains his confidence in their relationship.  PSYCHOLOGICAL Common issues include premature ejaculation due to tension, while erectile impotence in younger men is usually psychological, often linked to performance anxiety. Other conditions include ejaculatory impotence, often linked to traumatic memories, and vaginismus, a painful spasm that can stem from psychological trauma or conditioning, treatable through therapy and gradual dilation.  SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES Physiological problems are the least among the three categories. Psychological problems comprise by far the largest category. Premature emission of semen is a common problem, especially for young males. Ejaculatory impotence, which results from the inability to ejaculate in coitus, is uncommon and is usually of psychogenic origin. Vaginismus is a strong spasm of the pelvic musculature constricting the female reproductive organ so that penetration is painful or impossible. Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STDs) are infections transmitted from an infected person to an uninfected person through sexual contact. can be caused by bacteria, viruses or parasites one of the leading STD world wide is AIDS STDs are significant global health priority because of their overwhelming impact on women and infants and their inter- relationship with HIV and AIDS. Can lead to long-term health problems, usually in woman and infants, there are health complications that arise from STD such as; pelvic inflammatory disease infertility tubal or eutopic pregnancy cervical cancer perinatal or congenital infections in infants born to infected mothers LIST OF SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES (STDS) CHLAMYDIA GONORRHEA SYPHILIS CHANCROID HUMAN PAPILLOMAVIRUS HERPES SIMPLEX VIRUS TRICHOMONAS VAGINALIS  NATURAL AND ARTIFICIAL METHODS OF CONTRACEPTION  NATURAL METHOD The natural family planning methods do not involve any chemical or foreign body introduction into the human body. People who are very conscious of their religious beliefs are more inclined to use natural ways of birth control and others follow such natural methods because they are most cost effective. ABSTINENCE involves refraining from sexual intercourse most effective natural birth control with 0% fail rate. most effective way to avoid STIs, however most people find it difficult to comply with abstinence, so only dew use this method.  CALENDAR METHOD Also called as rhythm method It entails withholding from coitus during the days that the woman is fertile Woman is most likely to conceive three to four days before and three or four days after ovulation. The needs to record menstrual cycle for six months to calculate the woman's safe days to prevent conception  BASAL BODY TEMPERATURE The Basal Body Temperature (BBT) indicates the woman's temperature at rest. Before and during ovulation, BBT falls at 0.5°f, it increase to a full degree because of progesterone and maintain it's level throughout the menstrual cycle Woman must record her temperature every morning before any activity.  CERVICAL MUCUS METHOD The change in the cervical mucus during ovulation is the basis for this method. Cervical mucus is copius, thin and watery. it can be stretch up untill 1 inch and is slippery. The woman is fertile as long as the cervical mucus is copius and watery SYMPOTHOTHE- RMAL METHOD Combination if the BBT method and the cervical mucus method Woman records temperature every morning and also takes note of changes in her cervical mucus Should abstain from coitus three days after a rise in her temperature or on the fourth day after the peak of a mucus change. OVULATION DETECTION Uses an over the counter kit that requires urine sample of the woman The kit can predict ovulation 12 to 24 hours before ovulation  COITUS INTERRUPTUS One of the oldest method The man withdraws the moment he ejaculates to emit the spermatozoa outside of the female reproductive organ Disadvantage of this method is pre-ejaculation fluid that contains a few spermatozoa that may cause fertilization  ARTIFICIAL METHODS Artificial contraception methods are designed to prevent pregnancy by interfering with the natural process of ovulation, fertilization, or implantation.  ORAL CONTRACEPTIVE Also called as "the pill" a pill that contains hormones to change the way the body works and prevent pregnancy. take 1 pill every day for 21 days (3weeks) in a row. Don't take any pills for seven days (on week 4) every singel day at the same time of the day regardless of whether of whether you're going to have a sex side effects: nausea, headaches, cramping, breast tenderness and increase vaginal discharge or decreased libido. TRANSDERMAL PATCH Small patch releases hormones to bloodstream that thicken cervical mocus and suppress ovulation. this contais the hormones estrogen and progestin, you wear the patch to avoid pregnancy. may cause dizziness, lightheadedness, fainting peel of the backing from the patch apply to clean and dry and fair free of the lower stomach or upper buttock area. VAGINAL RING Form of contraception (birth control) soft plastic ring that put in to your vagina. it releases the same hormones as the contraceptive pill to prevent pregnancy. vaginal ring can also help control your periods such as cramps and make your period lighter. it stays in your vagina for 3 weeks after that, take it out and wait for 7 days before inserting new ring  HORMONAL INJECTIONS Prevents pregnancy by releasing progestogen which prevent you for releasing an egg makes it difficult to sperm to get to an egg. side effects are acne, lower sex drive, mood changes, hot flushes, head acne's. it will effect or work in 3 months at a time. INTRAUTERINE DEVICE are small contraceptive devices that are inserted into the uterus (womb) to prevent pregnancy. CHEMICAL BARRIERS - Physically block the sperm's access to a woman's uterus. it include condoms, diaphragms, cervical caps, contraceptive gels, contraceptive sponges and spermicides. prevent the ovaries from releasing the egg wence no fertilisation can accur thus preventing pregnancy. DIAPHRAGM It fits inside the vagina and covers the cervix (entrance to the uterus womb) to stop sperm from meeting and fertilizing an egg. soft shallow cup made of silicone 94% effective against pregnancy with perfect use. CERVICAL CUP A small cup made of silicone that fits over the cervix. each time you have vaginal set. the cup will last for 1 year you need a prescription to your doctor, the doctor also help you to fit you for the right size NOT recommended for young women and teens because it can be very hard to insert correctly.  MALE CONDOMS Help prevent pregnancy and reduce the risk of sexually transmitted infections. 98% effective at preventing pregnancy  FEMALE CONDOMS Help prevent pregnancy used the finger inside the condom to push the closed end as far in to the vagina as it will go. 95% effective at pregnancy preventing. SURGICAL METHOD During vasectomy, a small incision is made on each side of the scrotum. In women, tubal ligation is performed after menstruation and ovulation.