The Self According to Modern and Contemporary Philosophers PDF

The Self according to Modern and Lesson 3 Contemporary Philosophers WHO AM I? THE MODERN DAY PHILOSOPHERS  RENE DESCARTES (1596-1650) Known for his “Cogito, Ergo Sum” or “I think, , I am.” The self is an immaterial mind and a material body.  jOHN lOCKE (1631-1704)...

The Self according to Modern and Lesson 3 Contemporary Philosophers WHO AM I? THE MODERN DAY PHILOSOPHERS  RENE DESCARTES (1596-1650) Known for his “Cogito, Ergo Sum” or “I think, , I am.” The self is an immaterial mind and a material body.  jOHN lOCKE (1631-1704) Explains that at birth the (human) mind is a tabula rasa which means “blank slate” He argued that the “association of ideas” that individuals make when young are more important than those made later because they are the foundation of the self. Locke emphasized the “freedom of individuals to author their own soul.” Like St. Augustine and St. Thomas, Locke believes that “God created man, and we are, in effect, God’s property.”  (1724-1804) According to Kant, a human person has an inner and an outer self which, together, form his/her consciousness. The inner self consists of his/her psychological state and rational intellect. The outer self is a human person's senses and the physical world. proposed that humans possess a two-fold nature, consisting of: Homo Noumenon this refers to the "thing-in-itself” Homo Phaenomenon this refers to the "thing as it appears"  (1724-1804) Groundwork for the Metaphysics of Morals divides his arguments into three parts: 1. The only thing that is good in itself is “goodwill”. 2. He introduces us to what he refers to as a “categorical imperative”. “Act only according to that maxim by which you can at the same time will that it should become a natural law.” 3. Deals with the practical application of categorical imperative in specific cases. THE CONTEMPORARY PHILOSOPHERS MAURICE MERLEAU-PONTY (1908-1961) According to Maurice Merleau-Ponty, the self is an inextricable union between mind and body. For him, there is no experience that is not an embodied experience. Corpuz, et al (2019) assert that "Everything that we experience in this world - experiences of joy, sadness, love, remorse - happens with our bodies. There is never a moment in which we are separated from our bodies as if it is a clothing that we can shed off." MAURICE MERLEAU-PONTY (1908-1961) Corpuz, et al (2019) continue: Our bodies open our existence to the world.... We grow and move about in the world in such a way that our bodies learn to be in harmony with it.... Merleau- Ponty refers to this oneness or harmony between the body and the world as our being-in the-world. The hyphenation of the phrase indicates an inextricable relation. With Merleau-Ponty, it is clear that "the mind and the body are so intertwined that we cannot even distinguish where the work of the mind ends and where the work of the body begins. Bodily knowledge shows that the body is also intelligent.  Gilbert Ryle (1900-1976) a Century British philosopher known to be associated with the Ordinary Language Philosophy movement Well known for his definitive critique of the Dualism of Descartes ("the workings of the mind are not distinct from, the actions of the body but are one and the same.") Philosophical Behaviourism - the belief that all mental phenomena can be explained by reference to publicly observable behavior  PAUL CHURCHLAND (1942- ) He believes in materialism, the belief that nothing except matter exists. If a thing can't be recognized by the senses then it is not real. For Churchland, decision-making and moral behavior are a biological phenomena. Human behavior must be explained rather by a mature cognitive neuroscience. Human behavior must be explained materially in terms of "recurrent neural network." Thus, Churchland speaks of a neuro-conscience The Self from Sociological CHapter 2 Perspective  SOCIALIZATION Socialization is the whole and lifetime process by which people learn the values, attitudes and behaviors that are appropriate and expected by their culture and community. It is the process of internalizing the norms of society which influence one’s beliefs, actions and behavior. The process of socialization helps shape a person’s image. According to both Cooley and Mead, the concept of Self is developed through a socialization process. GEORGE HERBERT MEAD (1863 - 1931) SELF DEVELOPMENT The self is not present at birth; it develops through social experiences. Arises from interactions and relationship with others. ROLE OF SIGNIFICANT OTHERS Influential figures shape our self-perception. Influence is strongest during certain life stages, particularly in childhood. GEORGE HERBERT MEAD (1863 - 1931) GENERALIZED OTHER As children mature, they begin to understand societal expectations and how they are perceived by others. CONCEPT OF SELF Mead differentiates between two aspects of personality: “I” - The natural, existential aspect of the self. “Me” - The socialized, culturally influenced self.  CHARLES COOLEY (1864-1929) Explains how we develop our sense of self or self-image by his looking-glass self theory. And there are three steps in the formation of looking glass self: 1. We imagine how we appear to others. 2. We imagine how others judge our appearance. 3. We develop feelings about and responses to theses judgment. (Brinker hoof, D. & White, L. K. 1989). THANK UOU FOR LISTENING! GROUP1: Alina, Edsan Marie Carteciano, Alysa Lorinne Garcia, Cyrhille Lustre, Alliyah Mhae Malillin, Ronalyn Palileo, Jazfer