Engineering Utilities 2 PDF

ENGINEERING UTILITIES 2 BUILDING PLUMBING AND DRAINAGE SYSTEM system of different kinds of plumbing fixtures are expressed in some arbitrary chosen scale....

ENGINEERING UTILITIES 2 BUILDING PLUMBING AND DRAINAGE SYSTEM system of different kinds of plumbing fixtures are expressed in some arbitrary chosen scale. DEFINITION OF TERMS  FLUSH TANK  BACK FLOW a tank located above or integral with water closet, the flow of water, or other liquid mixture or urinal or similar fixtures for flushing or removing excrements substances into the distributing pipes of a potable supply in the fixture. from any source, other than its intended source.  GRADE  BACK SIPHONAGE the slope or fall of a line of pipe in reference to a the flowing back of used, contaminated, or horizontal plane. In drainage, it is usually expressed as the fall polluted water from a plumbing fixture or vessel into a in a fraction of an inch (mm) or percentage slope per foot potable water supply because of negative pressure in the (meter) length of pipe. pipe  GREASE INTERCEPTOR  BATTERY OF FIXTURE a plumbing appurtenance or appliance that is refers to any group of two or more similar adjacent installed in a sanitary drainage system to intercept fixtures which discharges into a common horizontal waste nonpetroleum fats, oil, and greases (FOG) from a wastewater pipe or soil branch. discharge.  BRANCH  INDIVIDUAL VENT any part of the piping system other than the main, a pipe installed to vent a fixture trap & which riser, or stack. connects with the vent system above the fixture served to  BRANCH VENT terminate in the open air. a vent connecting one or more individual vents with  INVERT a vent stack. the lowest portion of the interior part of any pipe or  BUILDING DRAIN conduit that is not vertical. Part of the lowest piping of a drainage system that  LATERAL receives the discharge from soil, waste, or other drainage * in plumbing – a secondary pipeline pipes inside the walls of the building (house) and conveys it * in sewerage – a common sewer to which no other branch to the building sewer beginning 3 feet outside the building sewer is connected. It receives sewage from building sewer wall. service connections only.  CAULKING  LAVATORY The plugging of an oakum, lead or other materials a fixture designed for the washing of hands or face, that are pounded into the annular space. sometimes called wash basin.  CATCH BASIN  OFFSET a receptacle in which liquids are retained for a a deviation or change in direction of a pipe from its sufficient period of time to allow settable material to deposit. straight path.  CLEANOUT  PIPE the access point for a sewer line and is considered a a cylindrical conduit or conductor conforming to the means to access the sewer line for cleaning and unclogging. particular dimensions commonly known as “pipe size” & its  CROSS CONNECTION denoted by its interior diameter (I. D.). Any physical connection or arrangement between  PRIVY two otherwise separate piping systems (one of which an outhouse or structure used for the deposition of contains potable water and the other which contains either excrement. water of unknown or questionable safety or steam, gas, or  PVC (POLYVINYL CHLORIDE) chemical) whereby there may be a flow from one system to * Potable water pipings - color-coded BLUE the other, the direction of flow depending on the pressure * Drainpipes - color-coded GRAY, ORANGE or BROWN differential between the two systems.  RISER  DOMESTIC SEWAGE a water supply pipe, which extends vertically to one the liquid & water-borne wastes derived from the full story or more to convey water into a pipe branches or ordinary living processes, free from industrial wastes & of plumbing fixtures. such character that permit satisfactory disposal without  ROUGHING-IN special treatment. the installation of all pipings and fitting parts of the  FERRULE plumbing system, which can be completed prior to the a metallic sleeve, caulked or joined to an opening in installation of fixtures & accessories. a pipe into which a plug is screwed that can be removed for  SERVICE PIPE cleaning or examining the interior of the pipe. the pipe from the street water main or other source  FIXTURE of water supply to the building served. a receptacle other than a trap attached into a  SEWAGE plumbing system in which water or wastes may be collected any wastewater containing animal or vegetable or retained for ultimate discharge into the plumbing system. matter in suspension or solution and may include liquids  FIXTURE UNIT containing chemicals in solution. is an arbitrary quantity in terms of which the load  SEWER producing effects of water requirements on the plumbing a pipe or conduit for carrying sewage & wastewater. MADE BY JINRIE  ENGINEERING UTILITIES 2  SOIL PIPE and constructed by Registered Master Plumbers to Any soil pipe, which conveys the discharge water ensure satisfactory service. from water closet, urinal of fixtures having similar functions, 10. Each fixture directly connected to the drainage system with or without the discharges from other fixtures to the shall be equipped with a water-sealed trap. building drain or building sewer. 11. The drainage pipes piping system shall be designed to  STACK VENT provide adequate circulation of air free from siphonage, an extension of a soil or waste stack above the aspiration or forcing of trap seals under ordinary use. highest horizontal drain connected to the stack. 12. Vent terminals shall extend to the outer air and installed TRAP to prevent clogging and the return of foul air to the a fitting or device designed and constructed to building. provide, when properly vented, a liquid seal prevents the 13. Plumbing systems shall be subjected to such tests to backflow of foul air or methane gas without materially effectively disclose all leaks and defects in the affecting the flow of sewage or wastewater through it. workmanship.  VENT STACK 14. Substance which will clog the pipes, produce explosive the vertical vent pipe installed primarily for mixtures, destroy the pipes or their joints or interfere providing circulation of air to & from any part of the soil, unduly with the sewage-disposal process shall not be waste of the drainage system. allowed to enter the building drainage system.  VENT SYSTEM 15. Proper protection shall be provided to prevent pipes installed to provide flow of air to or from a contamination of food, water, sterile goods and similar drainage system or to provide a circulation of air within such materials by backflow of sewage. When necessary, the system to protect trap seals from siphonage & back pressure. fixture, device or appliance shall be connected indirectly  WASTE PIPE with the building drainage system. a pipe, which conveys only wastewater or liquid 16. No water closet shall be located in a room or waste free of fecal matter. compartment which is not properly lighted and  WYE ventilated. a hose connection with two gated outlets permitting 17. If there is no sewer system in the area, suitable two connections of the same or smaller coupling diameter to provision shall be made for the disposal of building be taken from a single supply line. sewage by some accepted method of sewage treatment and disposal, such as a septic tank. PRINCIPLES OF EFFECTIVE PLUMBING SYSTEM 18. Where a plumbing drainage system may be subject to 1. All premises intended for human use or habitation backflow of sewage, suitable provision shall be made to shall be provided with a supply of pure and prevent its overflow in the building. wholesome water, neither connected to unsafe water 19. Plumbing systems shall be maintained in serviceable supply nor subject to backflow or back- siphonage. condition by Registered Master Plumbers. 2. Plumbing fixtures, devices and appurtenances shall be 20. All plumbing fixtures shall be installed properly spaced, supplied with water in sufficient volume and pressure to be accessible for their intended use. adequate to function satisfactorily and without undue 21. Plumbing shall be installed with due regard to the noise. preservation of the strength of structural members and 3. Plumbing shall be designed and adjusted to use the the prevention of damage to walls and other surfaces minimum quantity of water consistent with proper through fixture usage. performance and cleaning. 22. Sewage or other waste from plumbing system which 4. Devices for heating and storing water shall be so may be deleterious to surface or sub-surface waters designed and installed as to prevent dangers from shall not be discharged into the ground or into any explosion through overheating. waterway, unless first rendered innocuous through 5. Every building abutting on a street, alley or easement subjection to some acceptable form of treatment. with a public sewer shall connect its plumbing fixtures to the sewer system. THREE TYPES OF PLUMBING SYSTEM 6. Each family dwelling unit shall have at least one water WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM closet, one kitchen type sink, a lavatory and a bathtub It consist of the piping and fittings which supply cold or shower to meet the basic requirements of sanitation water from the building water supply to the fixtures. and personal hygiene. A system in plumbing which provides and 7. Plumbing fixtures shall be made of smooth distributes water to the different parts of the building or nonabsorbent material, free from concealed fouling structure, for purposes such as drinking, cleaning, washing, surfaces and shall be located in ventilated enclosures. culinary use, etc.; it includes the water distributing pipes, 8. The drainage system shall be designed, constructed and control devices, equipment, and other appurtenances. maintained to safeguard against fouling, deposit of solids, clogging and with adequate cleanouts so arranged that the pipes may be readily cleaned. 9. All piping shall be of durable NAMPAP-APPROVED materials, free from defective workmanship, designed MADE BY JINRIE  ENGINEERING UTILITIES 2 SANITARY DRAINAGE SYSTEM TYPES OF SEWAGE DISPOSAL Includes all the piping within public or private 1. THE CESSPOOL premises, which conveys sewage or other liquid wastes to a is a hole in the ground curbed with stones, bricks, legal point of disposal, but does not include the mains of a concrete hollow blocks, or other materials laid in such a public sewer system or a public sewage treatment or disposal manner as to allow raw contaminated sewage to leach into plant. the soil. The organic wastes accumulate and finally disposed This system is often known as the DWV System of by disintegration process. (Drainage, Waste and Vent). 2. THE PRIVY is a concrete sealed vault with a wooden shelter constructed for the collection of raw sewage. The disintegration of excrement is accomplished in the same manner as in a cesspool. It is objectionable because of the danger of contaminating the source of water supply. 3. THE SEPTIC TANK Is a device or receptacle used to expedite the decomposition of the elements contained in a raw sewage waste. Raw sewage consists of water, and settle able solid STORM DRAINAGE SYSTEM called organic materials that can be precipitated in a septic The piping system that receives clear water drainage tank in a very short time. from leaders, downspouts, surface run-off, ground water, 4. THE PUBLIC SEWER LINE subsurface water, condensate water, cooling water or other Is a public sewage system, operated and maintained similar discharges and conveys them to the point of disposal. by the government consisting of a sewage treatment plant All sanitary wastes must be excluded. that conveys the raw sewage from buildings and houses to a disposal system. FLUID FLOW FLUID  a substance with particles that can move easily and change their relative positions without separating the mass. TYPES OF DRAINAGE SYSTEM IN BUILDINGS  Liquids and gases 1. SURFACE DRAINAGE SYSTEM Surface drainage is the simplest and most CLASSIFICATION OF FLUID (based on the study of fluids) economical type of drainage system, as it relies on the 1. FLUIDS STATICS natural slope and gravity to divert water away from the site. It is the mechanism of fluids at rest or non-motion, This drainage system usually comprises open gutters, swales, and the pressure in fluids exerted by fluids on anybody. and channels to transport runoff from roads and buildings 2. FLUIDS DYNAMICS into storm sewers or bigger bodies of water. It involves the study of the flow of fluids in motion. 2. SUBSURFACE DRAINAGE SYSTEM Popular branches aerodynamics and hydrodynamics are part Subsurface drainage is the opposite of surface of fluid dynamics. drainage, as it collects and removes water from below the ground level. Subsurface drains are placed beneath the top TYPES OF FLUID layer of soil to remove excess water at the root level. 1. IDEAL FLUID Subsurface drains require the digging of deep ditches and the It is a fluid that does not have viscosity and cannot installation of underground pipes. be compressed. This type of fluid cannot exist practically. 3. SLOPE DRAINAGE SYSTEM 2. REAL FLUID Slope drains allow water to flow downward from a All types of fluids that possess viscosity are classified structure with the aid of pipes moving down a slope. A pipe is as real fluids. Examples: Kerosene and castor oil. installed and anchored into a small incline, which causes water to flow through the pipe and away from the structure. 4. DOWNSPOUT AND GUTTER SYSTEM Downspouts collect water from gutters and divert it to the ground. A downspout is typically connected to a gutter system on a building and carries water away from the roof down to the ground. Sometimes they are even connected to an underground sewer line using gutter drains or “underground drains”. MADE BY JINRIE  ENGINEERING UTILITIES 2 3. NEWTONIAN FLUID 3. COMPRESSIBLE FLOW A real fluid that abides by Newton’s law of viscosity i Type of flow in which the density of the fluid s known as a Newtonian fluid. Example: Hydrogen and water changes from one point to another point. This means the 4. NON-NEWTONIAN FLUID density is not constant. Fluids that do not abide by Newton’s law of viscosity Example: gas, vapour and steam are known as Non-Newtonian fluid. Example: Oobleck and 4. INCOMPRESSIBLE FLOW flubber Type of flow in which the density of the fluid is 5. IDEAL PLASTIC FLUID constant from one point to another. Liquids are generally If the shear stress is directly proportional to the incompressible and gases are compressible. velocity gradient, and if the value of shear stress i s greater Example: the stream of water flowing at high speed from a than the resultant, it is referred to as i deal plastic fluid. garden hose pipe Example: Sewage sludge, drilling muds 5. ROTATIONAL OR IRROTATIONAL If the angle between the two intersecting lines of FLUID FLOW the boundary of the fluid element changes while moving in Refers to the movement of these fluid particles from the flow, the flow is a rotational flow. Depending on the one point to another. angular motion of the fluid, it is classified into rotational fluid Example: Water Flow in a Riverbed, Hot water in Central or irrotational fluid. Heating Systems, Convection Currents If the fluid rotates as a whole with no change in angles between the boundary lines, the flow of the fluid is VISCOSITY classified as irrotational flow. Viscosity is a measure of a fluid’s resistance to flow. 6. UNIFORM FLOW It can be thought of as the internal friction within a fluid that Type of fluid flow in which the velocity of the flow at any opposes its motion. In simpler terms, viscosity describes how given time does not change with respect to space (along the “thick”or “sticky”a fluid is. For instance, honey has a higher length of direction of flow) viscosity compared to water because it flows More slowly 7. NON-UNIFORM FLOW due to its higher internal friction. Type of fluid flow in which the velocity of the flow at any given time changes with respect to space. NEWTON’S LAW OF VISCOSITY 8. LAMINAR FLOW  Newton described how normal liquids or fluids behave, Type of flow in which the fluid particles move along a well- and he observed that they have a constant viscosity defined streamline or paths, such that all the streamlines are (flow). straight and parallel to each other. In a laminar flow, fluid particles move in laminas. The layers in Laminar Flow glide COMPARING VISCOSITY smoothly over the adjacent layer. The flow is laminar when  Water vs. Porridge: Water flows easily because it has the Reynolds number up to 2000. low viscosity, while porridge, being thicker and denser, 9. TURBULENT FLOW has high viscosity and flows more slowly. Type of flow in which the fluid particles move in a zig-zag  Oil vs. Water. Similarly, oil has a higher viscosity manner. The movement in zig-zag manner results in high compared to water due to its greater internal friction. turbulence and eddies are formed. This results in high energy loss. Reynolds number is greater than 4000. *Laminar and Turbulent flow in a pipe flow is characterized based on Reynold number. *A fluid flow in a pipe, that has a Reynolds number between 2000 and 4000 is said to be in transition state. CLASSIFICATION OF FLUID FLOW 1. STEADY FLUID It is the fluid whose velocity, density and pressure remains constant at each and every point while flowing. 2. UNSTEADY FLUID It is the fluid whose velocity, density and pressure differs between any two points while flowing. MADE BY JINRIE  ENGINEERING UTILITIES 2 10. ONE DIMENSIONAL FLUID FLOW A fluid flow in which, the flow parameter such as velocity is expressed as a function of time and one space coordinates. 11. TWO-DIMENSIONAL FLOW A type of flow in which the velocity is a function of time and two rectangular space co-ordinates. The velocity of flow along the third direction is considered negligible. 12. THREE DIMENSIONAL FLOW The type flow in which the velocity is a function of time and three mutually perpendicular rectangular space coordinates (x, y and z) APPLICATION OF FLUID FLOW  DYNAMIC LIFT Fluid flow around airplane wings creates lift, essential for flight.  SPRAY GUNS Ensure even dispersion of liquids or paints.  BUNSEN BURNER Controls flame size and heat using fluid flow. PROPERTIES OF FLUIDS PASCAL’S PRINCIPLE Pascal’s principle states that the pressure applied to an enclosed fluid is transmitted to every portion of the fluid and the walls of the containing vessel. Mathematically, ARCHIMEDES’ PRINCIPLE AND BUOYANCY Archimedes’ Principle states that when a body i s completely or partially immersed in a fluid, the fluid exerts an upward force on the body. Buoyant force i s the upward force exerted by a fluid. MADE BY JINRIE  ENGINEERING UTILITIES 2 CONTINUITY EQUATION BERNOULLI’S EQUATION AND TORRICELLI’S THEOREM The relationshi p between flui d speed, pressure, and elevation was first derived in 1738 by the Swiss physicist Daniel Bernoulli. Bernoulli ’s equation relates pressure, flow of velocity and height for flow of an ideal fluid. Torricelli ’s Theorem is a special case of Bernoulli ’s Equation. Torricelli ’s Theorem states that the speed of efflux of a liquid from an opening in a reservoir equals the speed that the liquid would acquire if allowed to fall from rest from the surface of the reservoir to the opening. For small openings, the flow of the liquid is given by MADE BY JINRIE