PDHPE Study Notes PDF

STUDY FOR PDHPE RISKY BUSINESS STUDY TIP -\> CREATE PALM CALMS -\> QUESTION ON THE FRONT, ANSWER ON THE BACK -\> MAKE THREE BOXES -\> 1^ST^ BOX SAYING UNSURE -\> 2^ND^ BOX SAYING I KNOW IT BUT NOT THERE YET -\> THIRD BOX SAYING VERY CONFIDENT -\> WHEN STUDYING START ALL PALM CARDS IN THE FIRST B...

STUDY FOR PDHPE RISKY BUSINESS STUDY TIP -\> CREATE PALM CALMS -\> QUESTION ON THE FRONT, ANSWER ON THE BACK -\> MAKE THREE BOXES -\> 1^ST^ BOX SAYING UNSURE -\> 2^ND^ BOX SAYING I KNOW IT BUT NOT THERE YET -\> THIRD BOX SAYING VERY CONFIDENT -\> WHEN STUDYING START ALL PALM CARDS IN THE FIRST BOX -\> KEEP MOVING THEM AS YOU LEARN THEM -\> WHEN THEY REACH THE 3^RD^ BOX FOCUS ON THE OTHER TWO BOXES. **The following terms will be used throughout the unit. If you hear any other terms that are not on the list, please add the word to your glossary.** +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | **Key Term** | **Definition** | +===================================+===================================+ | Alcohol | | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | Binge Drinking | | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | Cannabis | Cannabis is dried leaves and | | | flowering tops of the Cannabis | | | sativa or Cannabis Indica plant. | | | It contains active chemicals | | | called cannabinoids that cause | | | drug-like effects through all the | | | body.  | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation | | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | Defibrillation | | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | Drink Driving | | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | DRSABCD | | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | Fatigue | Fatigue is when you feel an | | | extreme sense of tiredness and | | | lack of energy that can interfere | | | with a person\'s usual daily | | | activities.   | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | Harm Minimization | | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | Illicit Drug | Illicit drugs\' are illegal | | | drugs that are used for | | | non-medical purposes and other | | | substances used inappropriately | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | Risk | | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | Safe Partying | | | | | |   | | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | Recovery Position | Recovery positions is when a | | | person is unconscious but is | | | breathing and has no other | | | life-threatening conditions, they | | | should be placed in the recovery | | | position. | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | Peer Pressure | Peer pressure is feeling that one | | | must do the same things as other | | | people of one\'s age and social | | | group in order to be liked or | | | respected by them. | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | Ecstasy | Ecstasy is an overwhelming | | | feeling of great happiness or | | | joyful excitement. | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | Consequences | Consequences is something that | | | comes after or as a result of | | | something you do | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | Cocaine | Cocaine is a drug used in | | | medicine to prevent pain and also | | | used illegally, often in the form | | | of a white powder that is | | | breathed in through the nose. | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ |   |   | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ |   |   | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ **[RISK TAKING ]** Question: What do you think of when you hear the word 'risk' Answer: when I hear the word risk I think of how it can have **positive or negative effects** **depending on the situation**. Risk is defined as exposure to injury or loss. It is a part of our everyday lives. Risks can be **beneficial as it can help us try new things or get out of our comfort zone**. On the other hand risks can have **bad side effects as they can be harmful or even put our lives at risk.** It is crucial to incorporate the **skill 'having the ability to identity the level of risk or whether a risk is involved at all in an action/activity'** to our everyday lives. Question: Why is it significant to say no in risky business? Answer: Saying no is part of maturing and **taking control of our own destiny**. By not giving into peer pressure, we are **allowed to make our own judgement on the risk involved.** This should be respected. An example may be **getting into a friend's car and driving over the speed limit**. You should be able to express your concerns about their actions and ask them to slow down. If they don't, demand to get out of the car. In this situation **you are standing up for your beliefs, rights and opinions. It raises awareness to our society that it is okay to say no!** Question: Discuss the impact of risk-taking behaviours on adolescent health? Answer: Risk taking behaviours can have a **major impact on adolescent health**. For example, unsafe sex can lead to **serious health consequences,** like **unwanted pregnancy** and STD (Sexually transmitted disease). More examples of risky business is **drinking alcohol, taking illicit drugs, violence/abuse and reckless driving**. **These can all affect the adolescent developing brain, which can lead to mental health problems.** Question: What does risk looks/feels/sounds like? Answer: Looks like: - Hesitation or nervous **body language** - Breaking rules or pushing **boundaries** - Engaging in **dangerous activities** - Isolated or secretive **behaviour** - Exaggerated confidence - Unpredictable or impulsive **actions** Feels like: - **Exciting** but also **scary** - **Uncertain** or unsure - **Adrenaline** rush - **Anxiety**, stressed or guilty - Feeling **invincible** or **overly** **confident** - **Switching** between fear and excitement Sounds like: - Heartbeat **racing**, breathing is **quicker** - Peer **pressure**, **voices** encouraging or warning - **Shouts**, **laughter** or **gasps** - Silence or murmurs of **doubt** - voices saying \"come on you will be fine!\" or \"what if something goes wrong?\" - Sounds of **conflict** Question: What are the types of risks? Answer: Physical Social Emotional Question: Describe and explain the types of risks? Answer: - **Physical** -\> **potential dangers** that can cause **physical harm, injury, or damage to health** due to physical agents, factors or conditions present in an environment -\> some examples are: Fighting, engaging in risky sexual behaviour, neglecting personal safety, etc - **Social** -\> influenced by **human interaction and perceptions** -\> some examples are: peer pressure, bullying or being bullied, sharing personal information online, excluding or being excluded, spreading rumours, engaging in gossip - **Emotional** -\> an individual makes themselves in an **emotionally vulnerable position** with the outcome being unpredictable or undesirable -\> some examples are: emotional burnout from overcommitting, Unhealthy attachment relationships, holding grudges, not seeking help when needed, emotional blackmail, manipulation in relationships, etc Question: Give 2 examples of negative and positive risks. Outline the behaviour involved, whether it is positive/negative and justify the impacts that can occur? Answer: Negative: **drugs** -\> can **harm** or **kill** you Negative: **unprotected sex** -\> could get you **pregnant** or infections like **STD/STI** Positive: **going for a job interview** -\> get a **job** that you **enjoy** Positive: **moving schools** -\> **fresh** **start** but can be lonely Question: Why are young people known for risk taking? Answer: **Young people** are **known for taking risks**. This is because adolescence is a **time when individuals develop both cognitively and socially**. This **transformation** often **involves** **pushing** **boundaries**, **trying new things**, and **developing** a new **sense** **of identity**. The risks that young people take can be **either positive risks or negative** risks, and the reasons for t**aking these risks vary depending on the individual**. Question: Reasons why young people engage in risk taking? Answer: - They participate in risky behaviours because they **desire the thrill and excitement** that comes with taking risks. Adolescents are at a stage in their lives where they are seeking **new experiences and pushing boundaries**, which can sometimes lead to risky decision-making. - **Peer pressure** plays a significant role in influencing teen behavior - **wanting to fit in** with their friends or **impress others**. This can lead adolescents to partake in risky activities they may not have considered on their own. - **Hormonal changes** during puberty can also contribute to impulsivity and sensation-seeking behaviors. - Many teens may have **limited knowledge and understanding** of the potential consequences of their actions. This is because they have underdeveloped decision-making skills and lack of life experience. Question: What influence does the brain have on these decisions Answer: - The brain has a significant influence on our decisions when it comes to risky behaviors. The **prefrontal cortex** is **responsible for our decision-making and impulse control.** They plays a crucial role in assessing risks and rewards. When faced with a risky situation, **this part of the brain processes information quickly and determines whether the potential rewards outweigh the potential dangers.** - Another example that influences the brain are **neurotransmitters**. Neurotransmitters influence our decisions towards risky behaviors, as they **play a role in regulating** **pleasure and reward-seeking behavior.** - **Environmental factors and past experiences** also **shape how our brains** **respond** to risk-taking opportunities. - Our **brains are constantly evaluating the pros and cons of engaging in risky behaviors** Question: What can be done to lower teenagers' risky behaviour? Answer: - **Communication is crucial**. Maintaining an open and honest discussions with teenagers about the consequences of risky behaviors can really make a difference. - **Setting clear expectations and boundaries** is also important. This helps guide them in making better choices. - **Providing positive role models and opportunities**. This helps get teens involved in activities they enjoy as it steers them away from risky behaviors. - **Educating** them about the dangers of things like drug use, alcohol abuse, and unsafe sex is very important. - We need to **create a supportive and understanding environment** where **teenagers feel comfortable** talking about their struggles and **seeking help when needed**. This can go a long way in lowering their risky behavior. [PERCEPTIONS OF RISK ] Question: What is risk perception? Answer: Risk perception is **subjective to each individua**l as they **assess and evaluate** potential hazards or threats **differently**. Question: Discuss the concept of perceived risks? Answer: Perceived risks are **subjective and may vary from individual to individual**. An example is crossing the road. To a very young child the road may be viewed not risky and they will run across it. However, for an adult they will see it as a dangerous area, so they will take precaution. Question: Think of an example of where perception might influence a person's safety? Answer: An **example** of where perceptions might influence a person\'s safety is when **drivers misjudge the speed or distance of an approaching vehicle.** For an instance, on a rainy day, etc., a **driver** might **perceive a vehicle to be farther away or moving slower than it actually is**. This perception can **lead to dangerous decisions**, like pulling out into traffic when it\'s not safe, which can potentially c**ause an accident.**   Question What might influence your ability to see the images Answer: - Prior/personal **experiences** - Visual **focus** - Cognitive **Flexibility** - Attention to **detail** - Mental state/ **trauma** - **Angle** Question: Why do some people rank some activities higher risk than others? Answer: Perceived risks can be **different to each individual** depending on their **experience, knowledge and personality**. Many individuals have **different opinions** about what is risky and what is not. Perception of a **risk is a rational assessment and emotional response to situations**. Everyone is different so some risky activities might be rated higher or lower than others. Some Examples: - Education - Brain development - Experiences - Beliefs - Judgments - Opinions - Assessment of situation - beliefs **[DECISION MAKING]** [POOCH MODEL ] Question: What are the pooch model steps? Answer: P -- **problem** -\> what is the problem O -- **options** -\> what might be done? O -- **outcome** -\> possible result for each option C -- **choice** -\> what option will I go with? H -- **how** -\> how did it go Question: Apply the decision-making model to a scenario where a friend offers you a vape? Answer: The **problem** is that you are offered a vape which is illegal The **options** I could possibly make are: take it; shout at my friends; say I have to go; or say I am competing in a race and don't want to risk anything The **outcomes** of these options are: taking part in this risky behaviour may cause you health issues or create addiction; shouting at my friends create enemies and makes them angry; saying I have to go helps you get out of the situation but your friends may perceive you as a weak and a goody two shoe; saying you are competing in a sport activity is less likely to make enemies The **choice** I made was to look after my health. So I made a white lie about competing in a competitive race so I have to look after myself. **This choice was a good option** as I didn't offend any of my friends and I could still hangout with them without taking part in vaping. [DECISION MAKING- MANAGING SITUATION WHERE RISK IS ENCOURAGED BY OTHERS ] Question: Why is it important to develop and implement strategies? Answer: It is important to **develop strategies that can be used in situations** where you **find** **yourself** at **potential risk** or **being encouraged** **by others** to engage in **risk-taking behaviour.** Question: Identify situations where you may be exposed to risk and describe strategies you may use to reduce each risk. Hint: How to set it up -\> situation, risks, strategies to reduce risk, decision Answer: **Situation**: **Attending a party out of town with a friend** **Risks**: Getting **lost** on the way or way home, **losing your friend** among the crowd, having **drinks spiked**, being approached by **strangers**, etc. **Strategies to reduce risk**: Prior to the party, **research and print out specific directions** (and leave a copy them with a parent or carer). After arriving, **organise** **a** **meeting point** in case you lose contact with your friend. **Do** **not accept drinks from others** and **never leave drinks unattended.** **Decision**: I am **not going** because I would **rather go to a party nearby**. I **will have a fun night at home with my friends and family.** Question: What is assertiveness? Answer: assertiveness **lies between being passive and aggressive**. It is **communicating** with others i**n a direct and honest manner** without intentionally hurting anyone's feeling. Discuss how assertiveness may be used in a potential risk situation. Provide examples. Answer: assertiveness is a **valuable tool to use in potential risk situations**. It allows **clear and direct communication** of **concerns**, **needs**, and **opinions** while respecting others. Some examples when you have to be assertive are: - **Personal safety** in **public spaces** - **Workplace** safety - **Peer pressure** and risky behaviour - **Medical** situations - **Online safety** and cyberbullying - Dealing with **manipulative behaviour** - **Emergency** situations - **Consent** and personal boundaries - **Protecting** **others** [MANAGING PEER PRESSURE ] Question: What is peer pressure? Answer: Peer pressure is influencing and encouraging individuals to change their attitudes, values or behaviours. It can be positive or negative and often driven by the desire for social acceptance, fear of rejection Question: How does peer pressure feel/listen/look  Answer: Look - **Grins** - **Leaning** in - **Direct eye contact** - **Encouraging** specific behaviours - **Physical** gestures - People **trying to fit** in - Uncertainty and unsure **expressions** - **Mirroring** group behaviours - **Forceful** behaviours Listen: - **Demands** -\> "everyone is doing it", "don't be a wimp" - **Tone of voice** ranging from casual to insistent - **Teasing** - **Mocking** - **Approval** - **Begging** to leave them alone - **Persuading** them Feel: - **Anxiety** - **Conflict** - **Stress** - **Discomfort** or unease -\> knot in the stomach, heart racing - **Temporary** relief - **Acceptance** that aligns with the group, despite personal beliefs Question: Positive vs negative peer pressure Answer: **Peer pressure is only a problem when it is negative**. Peer pressure becomes **negative when it threatens or conflicts with your values, beliefs, or goals.** It **produces conflict** within you and can **make you feel powerless and stressed.** This **conflict** is between what others **think you should do, and what you know you should do.** Question: Why is it important to stay focussed on personal values, beliefs and goals when exposed to peer pressure? Answer: It is **important to stay focused on personal values, beliefs and goals when exposed to peer pressure**, as it ensures that we stay true to ourselves and making decisions that align with our principles. **Peer pressure is very powerful** and can **make us compromise our values** in order to fit in or gain acceptance from others. However, it is **crucial** that we **stay rooted in our own beliefs to help us maintain our integrity and self-respect.** Question: Positive peer pressure practice tips? Answer: - It is important to **surround ourselves with friends who encourage and push towards doing good thing** -\> reflects who we are as followers of Jesus - White glove getting dirty when placed in mud describes how the **wrong kind of friends can negatively influence you** - Walk with the wise to become the wise - There is a **difference between having a good friend** who offers support and guidance, **versus a bad friend** who encourages negative behaviour - **Evaluate** your **friendships** and **ensure they are being positively influenced** by peers - **Be the kind of friend who influences others to do good things**, promoting positive peer pressure Question: Tips to manage peer pressure? Answer: 1. **Be assertive** -\> say \'no\' to situations with confidence and no guilt as it is the right decision for you 2. **Choose you friends wisely** -\> surround yourself with people who respect your values and beliefs 3. **Plan ahead** -\> think about how you will handle situation that may be challenging for you or out of your comfort zone 4. **Use an excuse** -\> white lie -\> instead of saying no give a valid reason why you can\'t do that activity 5. **Seek support** -\> talk to a trusted friend, family member **[Alcohol ]** [WHY DO YOUNG PEOPLE DRINK ALCOHOL ] Question: Why do young people drink alcohol? Answer: Young people drink alcohol for **various reasons.** They often drink due to **curiosity**, **peer pressure**, and a desire to **fit in socially**. Many see drinking as a way to **feel like a grown up** or **rebel against the law**, while others may use it as a **coping mechanism.** Question: Describe the decision-making process when faced with peer pressure to drink alcohol? Answer: **Situation**: Being invited to a party and friends pressuring you to drink. **Risks**: - you may not know how strong/level of alcohol - if you have to much you may feel queasy (vomit and pass out) - if at a party you don't know what could be in the drink - someone could get hurt **Strategy**: - prior to the party, hint to friends that you don't want to be drinking alcohol tonight - take your own drinks -\> say I am drinking my own - think of white lies to tell your peers -\> I have a race coming up, I have a major test tomorrow, etc - if the situation gets out of hand ask parents to come and pick you up early **Decision**: - my decision is to still attend the party however I will inform my parents how there is going to be alcohol there. I will be cautious of the risks involved and stick to my beliefs. If I feel uncomfortable, I will contact my parents to pick me up Question: Alcohol in Australia? Answer: **Alcohol** is the **most widely used social drug** in **Australia**. It is a **depressant drug** that **slows down the messages travelling between the brain and body**. Alcohol and can **affect people in different ways**. The '**riskier'** someone's level of drinking is, the more likely it is to **cause serious health, personal and social problems**. Heavy drinkers, binge drinkers and very young drinkers are particularly at risk. The health effects of **alcohol consumption can vary depending on your age, size, weight, current health and other risk factors.** Question: List some short-term effects of alcohol? Answer: After a few drinks Effects: elevated mood, relaxed, poor concentration, slow reflexes A few more Effects: fewer inhibitions (choices you won't usually make), more confidence, less coordination, slurred speech, intense moods (sad, happy, angry, etc) And a few more Effects: confusion, blurred vision, poor muscle control More still Effects: nausea, vomiting, sleep Even more alcohol may cause coma or death Question: List some long-term effect of alcohol? Answer: **Skin**- flushing, sweating, bruising **Lungs**- greater chance of infections **Pancreas (helps control sugar levels)**- painful inflammation **Intestines**- lining becomes inflamed, Ulcers (sores) **Sexual organs**- Males -\> impotence (makes less sperm), shrinking of testicles \| Females -\> greater risk of gynaecological problems (infertile or problems with the baby) **Blood**- changes in red blood cells (low iron and vitamins) **Brain**- loss of memory, confusion, hallucinations, loss of brain cells (makes you dumber) **Heart**- high blood pressure, irregular pulse, enlarged heart (toxic to heart so it gets bigger) **Stomach**- lining (the inside barrier) becomes inflamed, bleeding, Ulcers **Nervous system**- tingling and loss of sensation in hands and feet **Liver**- severe swelling and pain, hepatitis (inflamed liver), cirrhosis (scar tissue), liver cancer **Muscles**- weakness, loss of muscle tissue , - 6upn PO 一 q Question: What is binge drinking? Answer: binge drinking is when an **individual consumes a large amount of alcohol** **in a short time (4 or more)**. It can often lead to serious health risks like alcohol poisoning and impaired judgement, long term negative effects on physical and mental health. Question: Which alcoholic drinks do young people prefer? Answer: young people usually prefer **beer or pre-mixed spirits** (females prefer spirits over beer) Question: What are the Australian guidelines recommended for young people to reduce health risks? Answer: the Australian guideline recommend that young individuals **under 18 should avoid drinking altogether as it is the safest option for your health.** For those who are aged **18-24**, it is recommended to **limit alcohol consumption to no more than 10 standard drinks per week and no more than 4 standard drinks on any single day** to reduce long term health risks. Question: Why are young people under the age of 18 not recommended to drink alcohol? Answer: adolescents are more **vulnerable to the effects of alcohol**. It can **interfere with brain development** which is not good for your health, and it can also **develop alcohol dependence later on in life.** Question: Why are young people identified as a priority population group in the Australian drug strategy 2017-2026? Answer: Young people are **identified as a priority population group because they are in a critical development phase**, making them **more vulnerable** to the negative effects of alcohol and other drugs. Furthermore, this population group are also a **target for prevention efforts as habits are formed during youth**, which can **influence** **behaviours into adulthood.** Question: Propose some reasons why young people are choosing to not drink alcohol? Answer: - Growing health consciousness among young people, with more focus on fitness, mental health, and avoiding toxins. - Changing social norms, where avoiding alcohol is more accepted or even encouraged in certain social circles. - Increased awareness of the long-term health risks and negative short-term effects (e.g., hangovers, impaired judgment) of drinking. - Financial concerns, as alcohol can be expensive, and young people may prefer to save money. - Alternatives to drinking, such as socializing in alcohol-free settings or enjoying non-alcoholic beverages, have become more popular [UNDERSTANDING THE IMPACT OF ALCHOHOL ] Question: How does alcohol affect the brain? Answer: alcohol affects the brain by acting as a depressant, impairing judgement, coordination and memory. Even small amounts can lead to slurred speech and blurred vision. While heavy drinking can cause blackouts and alcohol poisoning. Long term use may result in brain shrinkage (particularly in areas responsible for memory) and can interfere with brain development in young people. Question: What are the physical effects of alcohol? Answer: the physical effects of alcohol are Brain and nervous system -\> - interferes with communication pathways in the brain - Affects mood, behaviour, thinking and coordination - can lead to memory problems and increased risk of stroke and dementia Heart -\> - can cause cardiomyopathy (stretching and drooping of heart muscle) - arrhythmias (irregular heartbeat) - high blood pressure - increased risk of heart attack and stroke Liver -\> - can lead to fatty liver, alcoholic hepatitis (inflamed), fibrosis (scaring) and cirrhosis (scaring) - impairs the liver's ability to filter toxins Pancreas -\> - can cause pancreatitis (inflammation and swelling of the pancreas) Immune system -\> - weakens the immune system, making the body more vulnerable to diseases Cancer risk -\> - increases risk of various cancers, including mouth, throat, liver, breast and colorectal (bum hole) cancer Digestive system -\> - irritates the lining (inside barrier) of the stomach and intestines - can lead to nausea, vomiting and diarrhea Dehydration -\> - **interferes with the brain's regulation of hydration**, leading to increased urination and dehydration Weight gain -\> - **contains empty calories** and can lead to **unhealthy weight gain** Sexual and reproductive health -\> - can **reduce fertility** in **both** men and women - may cause **sexual performance issues** Bone health -\> - **weakens bones**, increasing the risk of fractures/brakes These effects can vary depending on the amount and frequency of alcohol consumption. Question: What are the psychological and emotional effects of alcohol? Answer: **Short term** effects - relation and **reduced anxiety initially** - **mood changes** - impaired judgement and **decision making** - increased impulsivity and **risk-taking behaviour** **long term** effects - **increased risk of developing mental health problems** like depression and anxiety - making existing **mental health condition worse** - disruption of brain chemistry, affecting mood regulation **withdrawal** effects - **anxiety** and irritability - **depressed** mood - difficulty **sleeping** - in severe cases, **hallucinations** and confusion **impact** on emotional well-being - **mood swings** and emotional instability - **increased stress** and difficulty coping with life challenges - **relationship problems** due to alcohol related behaviour - **feelings of guilt** or shame related to drinking cognitive (thinking) effects - **memory** problems - difficulty **concentrating** - impaired **learning ability** self-medication risks - some people **use alcohol to cope with mental health issues**, which can lead to **dependence** social and behavioural impacts - potential for **engaging in risky** or embarrassing behaviour **while** **intoxicated** - **social isolation** if drinking becomes problematic - difficulties in **work or personal relationships** these effects can vary based on the amount and frequency of alcohol consumption, individual factors and pre-existing mental conditions. Question: What are the social impacts of alcohol? Answer: **Family and relationship problems** - increased **risk of divorce** and **spousal abuse** - **strain on family relationships** and potential **neglect of children** - mutually **dependent** issues **among family members** **violence and crime** - higher rates of **physical and verbal abuse** - increased risk of **sexual assault and rape** - more **robberies**, **aggravated** assaults, and **simple** **assaults** **workplace issues** - poor **job performance** - reduced **productivity** **public safety concerns** - increased risk of **accidents and injuries** - **disorderly conduct** in public **health and social** **services** **burden** - increased demand on **emergency services** and healthcare systems - higher rates of **homelessness** and **financial** problems **social behaviour changes** - increased **aggression** and **antisocial** behaviour - higher likelihood of engaging in **risky sexual behaviour** - impaired judgement leading to **poor decision making** **community impact** - **disturbances** in public spaces - **property** **damage** - increased **fear** and **victimisation** among community members economic costs - **lost** **productivity** in the workplace - increased **healthcare** and **law** enforcement costs - **financial** **strain** on individuals and families long term social consequences - potential development of **alcohol dependence** - negative impact on **educational** and **career opportunities** - **strained** or **broken** **social** **relationships** these social impacts demonstrate that alcohol misuse affects not only the individual drinker but also their families, workplaces and broader communities Question: What is blood alcohol content (BAC) and its impact Answer: it is the **reading of alcohol in your blood stream**. The higher the level the more impaired thinking gets. It is important for **when driving** because you have to **stay under a blood alcohol level, which is under 0.05** Question: What is alcohol and the law? Answer: **alcohol** is a **legal drug** however there is rules and laws. 1. By law you can not **drink** alcohol in a **public space under the age of 18** 2. **L plater or P** plater **cannot** have any **alcohol before driving** 3. For a **full license** driver the **blood alcohol level** has to be **under 0.05**. This can be tested in the RBT (random breath test) Question: What are the healthy choices and alternatives? Answer: **Healthy choices** - **Limit** the amount of alcohol - Have on **special occasions** - **Avoid** binge drinking **Alternative** - **Water** - **Soft drinks** - **Non**-alcoholic drinks Question: How does risk taking behaviours link to alcohol? Answer: **risk taking behaviour increases with excess use of alcohol**. The **more** you drink, you have a **higher risk** of having an accident where you could get injured. An example: driving a car with excess alcohol will lead to much higher risk of an accident where you can hurt yourself and others. Furthermore, it is illegal and you may find yourself loosing your license and even worse ending up in jail. Questions: what are the consequences of underage drinking Answer: - **Getting in trouble with the police** as it is illegal to drink in a public place - **Increase of risky behaviour** -\> violence, fights, physically sick, injured, unwanted sex, taken advantage of It is **not illegal to drink at home with parent supervision**, but it is advise not to do so Question: what are the laws around drink-driving? Answer: 1. **L platers and P** platers are allowed **zero alcohol** 2. For the **L platers** the **supervisor** has to be **below 0.05** 3. **Full license** holders they can have a **blood alcohol count of up to 0.05** 4. This is **tested by RBT (random breath test)** 5. **Fines** can be applied, **loss of license** and even **jail time** Question: How does peer pressure link to drinking? Answer: as a teenager there is more pressure to fit in and be like your friends. They might make you feel guilty for not taking part in their action (drinking). This can make you feel excluded and not part of the group. An example: going to a party where there is plenty of alcohol and people keep offering you drinks. They might put pressure on you and call you names like "chicken", "weak", etc. however the most important thing is to realise that it is okay to say no and true friends won't force anything upon you. Question: What are the impacts that alcohol has on relationships? Answer: - **increase stress** in relationships - **Increase risks of violence**, fights, and physical + verbal abuse - Emotionally **not stable** - Increase of a **relationship break up** - Can become an **abusive relationship** - **Impulsive decisions** Question: Explain how alcohol affects the teenage brain? Answer: the **teenage brain is still growing and developing** up to the early and mid 20s. **excess alcohol can damage brain cells and impact memory**. Furthermore, it can increase problems with school, work, relationships and personal + mental health. Question: What is the legal drinking age and why it exists? Answer: the legal **drinking age is 18+**. This **rule exists** because it is **there to protect younger brains from getting damaged and making bad decisions**. Question: What are the benefits of avoiding alcohol? Answer: There are **multiple benefits** in avoiding alcohol - **Saves money** - **Improve health** and wellbeing - **Less chance of** getting involved in **risky behaviour** - **Less chance of having long term damages** to **ALL** **organs** in our **body** - Gives you a **chance to improve your general health** - You make **better choices** Question: Why is it important to promote alcohol free events and activities? Answer: it is important as it **encourages individuals to have fun and socialize without depending on alcohol to enjoy yourself**. Also there are **less legal problems** in having alcohol free events. [STANDARD DRINKS ] Question: What is a standard drink? Answer: a standard drink is a **unit of measurement that contains 10 grams of pure alcohol** Question: Do your alcoholic drinks contain more than one standard drink? Answer: unfortunately, **many alcoholic drinks contain more than one standard drink** Question: Know your standard drinks. What is the number of standard drinks in pint glass of full-strength beer (570ml) -\> average restaurant serve of red wine (150ml) -\> Average restaurant serve of white wine (150ml) -\> pre-mix spirits can (575ml -- 5% alc/vol) -\> shot of spirits (30ml) Answer: **Pint size of full strength beer** (570ml) =**2.2 standard drinks -\> 22grams of alcohol** **Average restaurant serve of red wine** (150ml) = **1.6 standard drinks -\> 16grams of alcohol** **Average restaurant serve of white wine** (150ml) = **1.4 standard drinks-\> 14grams of alcohol** **Pre mix spirits can** (375ml- 5% alc/vol) = **1.5 standard drinks -\> 15 grams of alcohol** **Shot of spirits** (30ml) = **1 standard drinks -\> 10 grams of alcohol** Question: If your drinking packaged alcohol, will the number of standard drinks be written on its label? Answer: **yes** it is required by law Question: Why is it important to understand what a standard drink look like? Answer: Understanding what a standard drink looks like **can help you keep track of how much alcohol you are drinking/consuming.** [ALCOHOL AND RISKY DRINKING ] Question: What are some goals for why people binge drink? Answer: - To get **high/drunk** - **Loose control** - To have **fun** - To win **challengers and games** -\> beer pong - Increase **confidence** - Wanting to get **hammered or smashed** - To give you **"Dutch courage"** -\> meaning the sailors use to drink so they have confidence at sea Question: What is binge drinking defined as? Answer: Binge drinking is **excessive drinking undertaken in one session**. In Australia, binge or risky drinking is defined as drinking more than four standard drinks at any one time. Question: What is the amount of drinks you can have at one time? Answer: the recommendation **(guidelines) is 4 standard drinks** Question: Why do some teenagers feel the need to drink alcohol? Answer: - *Acceptance* - *Peer pressure* - *Fitting in -\> friends doing* - *Be more confidence* - *Get rid of emotions* Question: How do stereotypes and peer expectations play a role in alcohol? Answer: - **Young people drink when they go to parties** - **Boys** are expected to **drink** **beer** - **Girls** are expected to **drink any pretty drinks** - **Boys are expected to drink more** -\> drinking games -\> sculling -\> taking shots Question: What do people may do under the influence of alcohol that they wouldn't normally do or may regret doing? Answer: - Vomiting - Open you up - Social media -\> embarrassing photos of yourself - Say things that you shouldn\'t - Negatively impact relationships and friendships - Drink, drive - Games and Dares -\> people get silly and make stupid decisions - Unprotected sex - Unwanted sexual behaviour - Cheating on partner Approximately how many people have to go to hospitalisations each year across Australia because of the causes of alcohol? Answer: **150 000** Question: Approximately what is the percentage of individuals under the age of 18 have reported having been harmed by another person's drinking? Answer: **21%** of Australians **under the age of 18** report having been **harmed by another person's drinking** Question: On a night out what is the percentage of18-24 year olds consuming 7+ standard drinks? Answer: on a normal night out **29%** of **18-24 year** old report consuming **7+ standard drinks** Question: Justify the need for stricter regulation on alcohol sales to minors? Answer: by having **stricter regulation will hopefully reduce the amount of teenagers buying alcohol**. An example of a **strategy** that could be applied is **increasing fines**. This will make teenagers not want to buy or take the risk of a fine. Currently it is i**llegal to sell alcohol to minors, however the fines are only \$20 on the spot.** - Teenager**s may steal alcohol from parents or store** - May get o**lder friend to buy the alcohol** for them - **Fake ID** Question: Evaluate the effectiveness of school programs in preventing alcohol abuse? Answer: the **school programs are designed to educate students of the risk of alcohol abuse.** They should **provide strategies** on how to avoid alcohol consumption and the reasons why. The **important thing is to explain that a teens brain is still developing and alcohol can damage cells that may never repair.** Question: Outline the reasons why pre-loading is considered dangerous. Answer: **preloading is considered dangerous** as it **encourages binge drinking or consuming high volumes before the event occurs**. **Reasons** why people do this is to **save money or get high**. Question: what is preloading? Answer: is **drinking alcohol before an event** -\> getting drunk -\> often term is "pre" **E-CIGARETTES** Question: In the past decade what has been the popular alternative to replace tobacco cigarettes? Answer: the post popular alternatives is **e-cigarettes (vapes)** Question: What is the link between e-cigarettes and tobacco cigarettes? Answer: they both have **nicotine** which is a highly addictive drug Question: What are electronic cigarettes (electronic cigarettes-vapes)? Answer: Electronic cigarettes are **devices** **that deliver aerosol by heating a solution that users breath in**. They are **battery operated** and many look like cigarettes, cigars, pipes, pens, or memory stick. Question: What liquids and chemicals are used in E cigarettes? Answer: Chemical -\> **glycerine and Propylene Glycol** liquids -\> Flavours, Vegetable Glycerine (VG), Propylene Glycol (PG), Nicotine Question: What are the short and long term effects? Answer: Short term - Mouth and airway **irritation** - Relaxation - Persistent **coughing** - Nausea/**vomiting** - Chest **pain** - **Poison** from e-cigarette liquid (if swallowed) - Overheating or **exploding** Long term - **Dependence** (addiction) - **Respiratory** (breathing) problems - **Harm** to the developing adolescent brain - Can be a **tool** to help quitting for people dependent on cigarettes (although the evidence for this is weak) - **Permanent** lung damage due to e-cigarette or vaping products - **Death** due to lung damage Question: What are the key statistics? Answer: Adolescents **(12-17 years of age)** - around **14% have tried an e-cigarette** - students most commonly reported getting the las e-cigarette they had used from **friends (63%)**, **siblings (8%)** or **parents (7%)** -\> **around (12%)** of students reported buying an e-cigarette **themselves** - frequency of **use** **rose among smokers between 2016 and 2019** Question: What are some examples of devices used as e-cigarettes? Answer: - First generation -\> **disposable e-cigarettes** - Second generation -\> **e-cigarettes with prefilled or refillable cartridge** - Thrid generation -\> **tanks or mods** -\> **sub-ohm tank** - Fourth generation -\> **pods mods** What are some protective strategies that can be used? Answer: - **Education** and awareness - **Avoid** peer pressure - Seek **support** - Focus on **alternatives** - Be **aware** of marketing tactics - Be **critical** of advertising and social media content promoting e-cigarettes - Practical **refusal skills** - **Seek** **help** if already using it - Create a **vape free environment** - **Lead** by example - **Say no** -\> create excuses like I am on a health journey lec Question: What are the Australian government law around vaping? Answer: - You can **buy vapes if you are over 18 years old from a pharmacy with limited flavours and plain packaging** - It is **illegal** for tobacconists, vape shops and convenience store **to sell any type of vape or vape products** - You have to **list the real ingredients** - It has to be **nicotine free** - Made with **safe chemicals** Question: What does vaping do to your health? Answer: Affects - Airways - Coughing - Fitness -\> out of breath - Vomiting - Headaches - Dizziness - Seizures - Burns or injuries - Dependent - Heart race - Harms brain development - Lung damage Question: Why is nicotine addictive? Answer: In our **brain** we have **chemicals** called **dopamine** that **makes us feel good**. **Nicotine increases dopamine** in the brain which **makes it addictive** Question: How does vaping impact mental health? Answer: - Brain development - Memory - Attention - Learning - Mood - Increase anxiety and depression Question: What are some support services for people who want to stop vaping? Answer: - Kid helpline - 13YARN - Headspace - ReachOut - Beyond Blue - Head to Health Question: Outline the risks associated with vaping? Answer: Can be **addictive** and **have physical + mental health problems** in the **short term and long term**. You **don't see the affects of vaping until later.** Question: Propose a strategy to reduce vaping among teenagers? Answer: 1. **Restricting** vapes to pharmacy (only prescribed) 2. **Band** from stores (not medical related) 3. Higher **fines** 4. **Educate** 5. **Encourage** teenagers to make healthier choices Question: What do you know/what have you heard about E-cigarettes? Answer: - Has **many health risks** - Can have **nicotine** in it - Has other **harmful** substances - Has may **similarities** and **differences** to **traditional** cigarettes - Youth **concerns** - Lots of concerns about **regulation** and **safety** - Has **secondhand** exposure Question: Is nicotine the main chemical in tobacco and why? Answer: **Yes** because it makes people **wanting more and is addictive**. It also makes people feel good because it increases dopamine in the brain, which makes it addictive. Question: Are e-cigarettes safe? Answer: **No** they are not safe. Question: What are some common myths about e-cigarettes Answer: - They are **safer** than cigarettes - They don't cause **cancer** - They don't have **nicotine** - They don't **harm** you - They make you feel **good** Question: What is passive smoking? Answer: Passive smoking is when you are **nearby a smoker**, and **you are breathing** in **the fumes -\> second hand smoking** Question: Where does second-hand smoke come from? Answer: **Passive** smoking Question: Do e-cigarettes (vaping) create second-hand smoke? Answer: **Yes** they do Question: Symptoms of lung disease linked to vaping? Answer: - Chronic coughing - Infections - Lung cancer - Inflammation Question: Fill out the missing words -\> Formaldehyde is classified as a human. These are chemical that cause. In particular, formaldehyde can cause life long damage to the passages, tract and of smokers Hint: nasal, cancer, respiratory, lungs, carcinogen Answer: Formaldehyde is classified as a human **carcinogen**. These are chemical that cause **cancer**. In particular, formaldehyde can cause lifelong damage to the **nasal** passages, **respiratory** tract and **lungs** of smokers **Test your knowledge with a quiz** Risk taking link: Decision making link: Alcohol link: E-cigarettes link: **HOW TO RESPOND TO NESA KEY VERBS IN YEAR 9 PDHPE?** **Outline** -\> definition -- provide a brief description or summary of the main points **Describe** -\> definition -- give a detailed account of something, including characteristics, qualities, and features **Explain** -\> definition -- make an idea, situation, or problem clear by describing it in more detail or revealing relevant facts **Discuss** -\> definition -- examine and talk about a topic in detail, considering different ideas and opinions **Apply** -\> definition -- use knowledge or skills in a particular situation or context **Justify** -\> definition - provide reasons or evidence to support an argument or conclusion **Propose** -\> definition -- put forward a plan or suggestion for consideration **Evaluate** -\> definition -- asses the value, significance, or extent of something in a detailed and systematic way **PEEL response structure** -\> P- point/ E- example/ E- explanation/ L- link Point -\> state your point Example -\> provide an example to support your points Explanation -\> explain how the example supports your point Link -\> link back to the main topic or question **Comparison of NESA Key Verb Responses** **NESA Key Verb** **Definition** **Example Question** **Simple Response** ------------------- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- **Outline** Provide a brief description or summary of the main points. Outline the reasons why pre-loading is considered dangerous. Pre-loading can lead to excessive drinking, accidents, and health issues. **Describe** Give a detailed account of something, including characteristics, qualities, and features. Describe the reasons why pre-loading is considered dangerous. Pre-loading involves drinking a lot before going out, which can cause impaired judgment, alcohol poisoning, and risky behaviors. **Explain** Make an idea, situation, or problem clear by describing it in more detail or revealing relevant facts. Explain why pre-loading is considered dangerous. Pre-loading is dangerous because it quickly raises blood alcohol levels, overwhelming the body and increasing the risk of accidents and health problems. **Discuss** Examine and talk about a topic in detail, considering different ideas and opinions. Discuss why pre-loading is considered dangerous. Pre-loading is linked to binge drinking, poor decision-making, and higher chances of accidents and assaults. Different views highlight the need for awareness and prevention. **Apply** Use knowledge or skills in a particular situation or context. Apply your understanding of pre-loading to explain its dangers. Knowing the dangers of pre-loading helps in making safer choices, like drinking less and planning safe transport. **Justify** Provide reasons or evidence to support an argument or conclusion. Justify why pre-loading should be avoided. Pre-loading should be avoided because it greatly increases the risk of harm, including accidents, injuries, and long-term health issues. **Propose** Put forward a plan or suggestion for consideration. Propose ways to reduce the dangers of pre-loading. To reduce pre-loading, suggest educational programs on responsible drinking and more alcohol-free social activities. **Evaluate** Assess the value, significance, or extent of something in a detailed and systematic way. Evaluate the impact of pre-loading on health and safety. Pre-loading significantly contributes to emergencies and health problems, showing the need for targeted interventions.