UPDATED 2023 -24024 Scope of Engine Oils dr dike.pptx

Scope of Engine Oils, Recycling and Management of used Engine Oils Uses, disposal and environmental impact of Engine used Oil SWEP Program; GEC229, 2023/2024 Session Petroleum Department, Covenant University. By Engr. Dike, H. N. Ph.D...

Scope of Engine Oils, Recycling and Management of used Engine Oils Uses, disposal and environmental impact of Engine used Oil SWEP Program; GEC229, 2023/2024 Session Petroleum Department, Covenant University. By Engr. Dike, H. N. Ph.D  LECTURE OUTLINE Brief Background of the Lecture Used Oil and Waste Oil USES OF USED OIL Disposal of Used Oil and Environment Impact Standardization of Recycled Oil  BACKGROUND: EPA AND THE USED OIL Environmental protection Agency is an organized body that marshall out standards for the management of used oil. This standard is designed to promotes recycling by encouraging used oil handlers to observe simple good house keeping practice when managinging used oil. EPA defines used oil as any oil, either refined from crude oil or synthetic , that has been used and has become contaminated by physical or chemical alterations occassioned by impurities. Spent Oil: Is any used oil irrespective of the operation; it can be petro or synthetic. Unique properties of this oil makes it useful for different application  BACKGROUND:EPA AND USED OIL CONT’D. Usually from mechanical/automible, workshop gurage, industrial sources These oils include: lubricants, heat transfer fluids, hydraulic fluid, turbine oil, metalworking oil and any similar oil used for other purposes. LUBRICANT OIL: Materials used as engine oil, compression fluids Heat transfer: quench oil, transformer oil, refrigerator oil etc. Hydraulic oil: transmission fluid, oil that drips from the  Background of Used oil The so- called Used oil: Petroleum or Synthetic, is mixture that gradually deteriorates, producing organic acids, colliods and bituminous substances. The regeneration of used oil is the removal of impurities in the oil by: Sedimentation, distillation, caustic washing, and filtration. Engine oil keeps our cars, and other machine running effectively by lubricating the moving parts of the engine and prevening it from been corroded.  Background of Used Engine oil COMPOSITION : Mixture of Chemicals Impurities or Contaminants: Includes Dirt, Metal scrapping, water, chemicals absorbed into the oil during usage or life circle of the oil. These impurities detort the properties, reducing the effectiveness and performance of the oil. Low and high molecular weight (C15-C20) aliphatic, aromatic hydrocarbons etc The used oil is usually replaced with new oil to achieve the aim  USED OIL MANAGEMENT Why should I manage used oil? The question brings to bear the used oil management standard whose puspose is to: Protect the environment and preserve human health by : I. ensuring safe handling of used oil, maximize recycling and minimize disposal (a recycling resources) II. Discourage handlers from unsafe practices such as mixing used oil with hazardous materials.(makes recycling of used oil more difficult)  Cont’d Used Oil Management Handling of Used Oil 1. Used oil from any operation must be handled with care. 2.It contains toxic chemicals, water and heavy metals 3.Ensure safety hand gloves are constantly worn  USES OF Used Engine Oil 1. Direct re- use as lubricants in vehicles with old and worn out engines 2. Used as reboilers fuel by some industries. 3. Source of fuel for bakeries: Instead of flammable and toxic fuels like diesel, and petrol, used oil is deployed in bakeries (WHY?) 4. Weed control: used as pesticides and herbicides. Used oils can be poured on the ground or soil to control the growth of weeds and kill pest surrounding plants. 5. Often times, used oil are poured on dusty ground to suppress dust particles especially in market arena 6. For block and bricks making: used as lubricant for the mold; interlocking block molds are greased or applied on their walls with engine oil. This helps for easy removal after solidification  CONT’D USES OF Used Oil 1. Wood preservation( pest control): to prevent termites attack. 2. Road construction: used oil is always mixed with bitumen to form asphalt 3. To lubricate balls and joints 4. Hydraulic oil; spent oil used in hydraulic parts to lubricate parts NOTE: “ The uses enlisted are a widespread source of environmental degradation and economical damage but the harsh economic situation has encouraged some of its uses with little regard for their impact to the environment.  Collection OF Used Engine Oil 1. Samples of used oil from vehicles and blended oil are collected..... WHAT TYPE OF OIL CAN BE RECYCLED? WASTE OIL OR USED OIL (EXPLAIN) 2. OIL storage: can be stored as follows:  oil containers, oil barrels, oil drum and oil tanks. The chioce of any of the above depends on : 2. Type of oil to be disposed 3. How much waste or used oil is gereated from your operation 4. How often do you want the waste or oil to be collected  IMPORTANCE OF EPA Having listened to the content of slide 11, the following questions put forward to handlers becomes very imparative. 1. Does the oil you handle meet EPA definition of regulated used oil 2. When is your used oil regulated or referred to hazardous waste 3. Must used oil be managed. 4. How do i determine EPA definition of a used oil? 5. May be testing may be required. lets check it out in  IMPORTANCE OF EPA 1. Must have been used and contain some level of impurities within the acceptable limit enlisted by EPA (listed and charcteristic hazardous waste)  Characteristic hazardous materials: Toxicity; ignitability, corositivity, and reactivity. 2. Used oil becomes or referred to hazardous waste when it is mixed: used oil+ Listed hazardous waste+ characteristic hazardous waste = hazardous product 3. How do i determine EPA definition of a used oil? Determination of total halogen content in a used oil is done via: 1. Applied knowlege  HOW DO I MANAGE THE USED OIL Once the used oil has been determined as hazard free, the management of the oil will depend on the handler’s operation. However, what are common to all handlers include: Storage: store in containers with no signs of rusting and label as uesd oil Response to release: In a case where the oil is release to the environment; a quick stop is required, followed by containment and clean up of the flow. Transportation If the used oil contains characteristic waste (student should mention), it becomes a candidate for disposal as hazardous waste (solid)  Disposal of Used Oil To ensure proper disposal of used oil, the outlined practices should be followed: i. Do not dispose used oil on the ground; in a ditch, a creek, river or lake or the garbage ii. Avoid mixing used oil with gasoline, solvents, antifreeze, pesticides, etc. iii. Always transfer used motor oil to a clean, leak-proof plastic container with a very tight cover (milk jug, empty oil containers, etc.). Avoid leakage and Containers for storage must be duly labelled as used oil. iv. Entrapped used oil in the oil filter must be allowed to drain off for hours.  Disposal of Used Oil What is Bio-degradability of a lubricant? How fast a lubricant can break itself into Co2 and water by naturally occurring microganisms.  Benefits of Recycling and Reusing of Used Oil Stringent environment laws to regulate any operation are anchored on SDGs; To reduce cost, impact on environment, and safety The benefits include: 1.Spent oil can be re-refined, processed into new oil and used as raw materials for the petroleum industry (drilling operations). 2. Less energy is required to produce a gallon of re-refined base stock than a base stock from raw crude- oil. 3.Recycling helps to reduce negative impact on the environment (contamination of underground water, land/soil) 4.Oil is saved for future oil. (Conservation of natural resources). 5.Recircling ensures sustainability.  Scope of Lubricant or Lubricating Oil Lubricating oil refers to range of products characterized by base chemicals and additives Lubricating oils can be mineral-based or synthetic Consideration in this program is the petroleum-based lube oils A typical Petro-based oil contains 80-90% distillates and 10-20% additives. Lube oils are used to lubricate various internal combustion engines Lube oils get deteriorated by two ways: contamination, and Physical or chemical changes due to oxidation  Scope of Lubricant or Lubricating Oil (cont.) Sources of Contaminant In internal combustion engine: 1. air-borne dust and wear particles; water, unburnt fuel, fuel combustion products. 2. Fuel combustion products e.g. oxides of nitrogen and Sulphur are sources of strong-acid contaminants. 3. Water is usually absorbed from environment or as product of combustion and in the presence of acids in the oil, promotes corrosion. For these reasons, additives are always added to lube oil for ICE to inhibit activities of acid. 4. Oxidation products are mainly acidic materials (weak organic acid) and asphaltenes. Asphaltenes associate with the fuel contaminants, and water to form solid sludge that coat on the surfaces of particles that are entrained in the lube oil.  Usefulness/Functions of a Lubricating Oil 1. It prevents metal surfaces from been corroded. 2. It helps in controlling the friction between load-bearing surfaces 3. Heat generated by the friction and combustion of fuel increases the temperature of any ICE. Lube oils help cool the engine by absorbing the heat and reducing the temperature 4. Areas of application determines the type of lube oil and includes: Industrial lubricant; marine, automotive lubricants etc. 5. Machine type, tools, engines etc. ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT & ASPECT (A CASE OF THE DISPOSAL OF USED OIL)  WHAT IS ENVIRONMENT? The environment is defined as a life supporting system consisting of the air, water, land and all plants, human beings and animals living there-in And the inter-relationships which exist among these or any of them. WHAT IS ENVIRONMENT IMPACT? A VISCOUS CIRCLE MAN PLANT FISH LAND POLLUTANTS RIVER  ENVIRONMENT DOES YOUR JOB  IMPACT THE  ENVIRONMENT?  HOW?  ASPECT & IMPACT IMPACT: Of any activity is a deviation from the baseline that is caused by the activity ( In our study context is: the disposal of used oil in the ennvironment) Any change to the environment whether adverse or beneficial, wholly or partially resulting from an organization’s activities, products or services. ASPECT– Element of an organization’s activities,  EIA The formal process of identifying the impact of an activity on the environment. The term that describes a technique and a process by which information about the environmental effect of a project is collected, both by the developer and from other source, and taken into account by the planning authority in performing their judgments on whether the development should go ahead. In essence, EIA is a process, a systematic process that examines the environmental consequences of developmental  EIA : BASELINE SITUATION Describing the baseline solution requires descrbing both normal and environmental components, and current trends in these components. TYPES OF IMPACT DIRECT OR INDIRECT : disposal of engine oil, release of green house gases to the air ADVERSE OR BENEFICIARY: CUMULATIVE: accumulation of all activites on the environment  WASTE MANAGEMENT STRATEGY Waste could be defined as substances or object which no longer have commercial value and as such cannot be economically renewed, repaired, or recycled. The three basic approaches to waste control: Zero pollution or no waste: This control measures believe that, no waste is produced at all. The meaning is that the process or operation must not result in the generation of any form of pollutant, whether gaseous, liquid or solid. This approach is very difficult and appears to be ideal, but achievable through painstaking and meticulous efforts by industries and individuals.  WASTE MANAGEMENT STRATEGY Waste Minimization: Involves the reduction of pollution through certain modifications to the process, operation or the redesign of equipment or plant. Waste Minimization is now commonly applied worldwide because of stringent Regulations. The third approach, the End-of-pipe Treatment: concerns the treatment of wastes generated in the processing or operation.  WASTE MANAGEMENT STRATEGY Pollution prevention is the reduction or elimination of discharges or emissions to the environment. This includes all pollution: hazardous and non-hazardous, regulated and unregulated, across all media, and from all sources. Pollution prevention can be accomplished by reducing the generation of wastes at their source (source reduction) or by using, reusing or reclaiming wastes once they are generated (environmentally sound recycling).  WASTE MANAGEMENT STRATEGY The pollution prevention practices are based on the simple but powerful idea that it makes far more sense to eliminate the generation of waste than to develop complex and costly treatment schemes once it has been generated. Pollution prevention is good business. While most pollution control strategies cost money, pollution prevention has saved many firms thousands of dollars in treatment and disposal costs alone.  Pollution Prevention & BENEFITS hrough the reduction or T The central focus of elimination of wastes a firm can: Pollution Prevention 1. Solve the waste disposal problems created by land bans 2. Reduce waste disposal costs is the minimization 3. Reduce costs for energy, water and raw materials 4. Reduce operating costs, 5. Protect workers, the public and the environment or elimination of 6. Reduce risk of spills, accidents and emergencies 7. Reduce vulnerability to lawsuits and improve its public image 8. Generate income from wastes that can be sold. waste.  Waste Minimization i.Improved Segregate process (oily) waste streams Operating Procedures from relatively clean rainwater runoff in order to reduce the quantity of oily sludge Generate and increased the potential for oil recovery. WHY? Significant portion of the refinery waste comes from oily sludge found in combined process/s sewers. Conduct inspection of industrial plants/systems for leaks. For example, check hoses, pipes, valves, pumps and seals. Make necessary repairs where appropriate.  Waste Minimization i.Improved Use correct pressures, temperatures Operating Procedures and mixing ratios for optimum recovery of product and reduction in waste produced.  Employ street sweeping or vacuuming of paved process areas to reduce solids to the sewers. Pave runoff areas to reduce transfer of solids to waste systems. Use water softeners in cooling water systems to extend useful cycling time of the water.  Waste Minimization ii. RECYCLING Recycling is the use, reuse or reclamation of a waste after it is generated. At present the petroleum industry is focusing on recycling and reuse as the best opportunities for waste minimization  Waste Minimization ii. RECYCLING Recover valuable product from oily sludge with solvent extraction. Use phenols and caustics produced in the refining operations as chemical feeds in other applications. Cuttings re-injection, produced water treatment for re-use. Gas flare utilization in EOR etc.  Waste Minimization Process Engineers have done good jobs of designing iv. Process Redesign and modifying processes and technologies to recover product and unconverted raw materials. In the past, they pursued this strategy to the point that the cost of further recovery could not be justified Greater reductions are possible when process engineers trained in waste minimization (pollution prevention) plan to reduce waste at the design stage. Designs that reduce waste can also reduce energy consumption and maintenance costs.  Waste Minimization Summary Pollution prevention requires a new attitude about pollution control. Traditional thinking places all the responsibility on a few environmental experts in charge of treatment. The new focus makes pollution prevention everyone's responsibility. Preventing pollution may be a new role for production-oriented managers and workers, but their cooperation is crucial. It will be the workers themselves who must make pollution prevention succeed in the workplace.  Waste Minimization Summary Pollution prevention requires a new attitude about pollution control. Traditional thinking places all the responsibility on a few environmental experts in charge of treatment. The new focus makes pollution prevention everyone's responsibility. Preventing pollution may be a new role for production-oriented managers and workers, but their cooperation is crucial. It will be the workers themselves who must make pollution prevention succeed in the workplace.  Waste Minimization PRINCIPLES OF REDUCTION Minimize stocks. and reduece Possible deterioration. Procure more possible non-hazard products Recycle materials and encourage local recycling plant Provide adequate storage facilities Scrap metals and surplus to be sold to dealers  Waste Minimization Handling of waste requires that; segregation we separate waste into distinct components and concentrated as much as possible. eg Oil contaminated water should not be mixed with non-oil contaminated materials. Waste chemical should not be placed in the same skip as industrial waste  The Functional Elements of Waste Waste Collection: Collection involves the gathering of waste and recyclable materials, the transport of these materials, after collection, to the location where the collection vehicle is emptied. This location may be a materials processing facility, a transfer station or a landfill disposal site. The separation and processing of wastes that have been separated at the source and the separation of commingled wastes usually occur at a materials recovery facility, transfer stations, combustion facilities and disposal sites.  TREATMENT METHODS The purpose of waste treatment is to lower the effect of potential hazards associated with the waste: 1. toxicity 2. Minimize its volume 3. Altering its state so that it becomes suitable for a disposal option NOTE: Disposal of waste requires prior treatment. And the selection of any method for a particular treatment is a function of its effectiveness and cost. REMOVAL OF SUSPENDED H/C( WASTE OIL) 1. GRavitional separation: Based on density difference 2. Filtration: Passing the waste through filter beds 3. Biological degradation: Some organism degrade the waste  TAKE HOME! 1. DON’T MIX USED OIL WITH ANY TYPE OF HAZARDOUS WASTE 2. RE-USE AND RE-REFINING PROLONG THE LIFE OF THE OIL 3. BUY RECYCLED USED OIL 4. CHARACTERIZATION IS KEY TO DETERMINE THE PROPERTIES OF USED OIL 5. THINK COST! SAVE ENVIRONMENT!! (WASTE TO WEALTH; A SOLUTION)