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Review Questions 1 Solved Example 1 2  Solved Example 2 L = 1.17 m D = 5x10-5 m. A wire has a length of 1.17 m and a diameter At To = 20 0C, ρo = 1...

Review Questions 1 Solved Example 1 2  Solved Example 2 L = 1.17 m D = 5x10-5 m. A wire has a length of 1.17 m and a diameter At To = 20 0C, ρo = 1.673 μWm 0C α = 56.56 x10-5/ 0C of 5x10-5 m. The electrical resistivity, of the wire is R(T) = Ro[1+α(T-To)] 1.673 μWm at 20.00 0C and that its coefficient of ρ(T) = ρo[1+α(T-To)] R = ρL/A thermal expansion, α, is 56.56 x10-5/ 0C, compute the resistance of the wire at 24.8 0C. 3  Solved Example 3 L = 1.00 m D = 5x10-5 m. At To = 20 0C, ρo = 1.673 μWm 0C 56.56 x10-5/ 0C R(T) = Ro[1+ o (T) = o[1+ o 4 4  Solved Example 3 L = 1.00 m D = 5x10-5 m. At To = 20 0C, ρo = 1.673 μWm 0C 56.56 x10-5/ 0C (T) = o[1+ o R(T) = Ro[1+ o i 5 Solved Example 4 6 Solved Example 5 7 Solved Example 6 8 Solved Example 7 9 Solved Example 8 10 Solved Example 8 11 Solved Example 8 12 Solved Example 9 13 Solved Example 10 14   State the characteristics of an ideal transducer: Should be insensitive to signals other than those that should be measured Should not alter the physical quantity be measured Should be amenable to modifications using appropriate processing and display devices Should have good accuracy Should have good reproducibility (precision) Should have amplitude linearity Should have adequate frequency response (i.e. good dynamic response) Should not induce phase distortions (i.e. should not induce time lag between the input and output) Should be able to withstand hostile environments without damage Should maintain the accuracy within acceptable limits Should be easily available and reasonably priced Make the Following Sketches  Sketch an open circuit, a short circuit and a closed circuit. State the impedance of each Open circuit (infinite impedance) Closed circuit (finite impedance) 17  Sketch the signal Y = 3 + 2sin (4t). State the signal frequency in Hz. Show on the sketch the Dc offset, the amplitude, the peak-to-peak value, the period, and the phase at t = 0. Frequency = 2 Hz 6 Y Period 5 4 Amplitude Peak-to-peak 3 2 DC offset 1 0 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1 Time, t 18  Sketch a power supply with a grounded output and a power supply with a floating output  Most electrical circuits have a ground which is electrically connected to the earth, hence the name "ground".  The ground is said to be floating when this connection does not exist. 19  Sketch an analog signal and a digital signal 20   Sketch the live, neutral and earth connections and show where a relay should be connected and why  When placing a relay in a circuit, it is preferred put it on the live wire as opposed to on the neutral wire, to avoid a situation in which someone accidently connects the live wire to the ground and get electrocuted. 21  Sketch how the given input signal will be seen on an oscilloscope with a DC coupling mode and an AC coupling mode 22  Sketch the output voltage versus the output current for a power Supply in regulation and out of regulation 23   Sketch an inverting operational amplifier with a gain of 5. Gain = (Vout / Vin) = - (Rf / Rin) Select Rf/Rin = 5 (note that the feedback resistor is R1, Rf = R1) 24   Sketch a non-inverting operational amplifier with a gain of 3. The input signal is feed into the positive or Non-inverting pin of the op-amp circuit. We provide positive feedback across the amplifier via Rf (R2) Vout / Vin = 1 + (R2 / R1) 25  Sketch a voltage follower (unity-gain amplifier) and state its use 26  Sketch an analog low-pass RC filter. Then, sketch a typical Bode plot showing the bandwidth, the pass band, the critical frequency and the stop band of the low-pass filter R Vi C Vo The Bode Plot or frequency response curve of a low-pass filter 27  Make a sketch showing four situations: low accuracy and low precision, low accuracy and high precision, high accuracy and low precision, high accuracy and high precision 28  Make a sketch showing the meaning of the sensitivity of a transducer. Show the saturation on the same sketch saturation 29  Make a sketch showing the meaning of the hysteresis in a transducer. 30  Sketch the dynamic system response for a step-input for a first-order system. Show the time constant on the sketch  After one time constant, the output has increased to approximately 63.2% of its final value.  After three time constants, the output has increased to approximately 95.0% of its final value. 31  Sketch the dynamic system response of a second-order system to a step input at different damping ratios  is the damping ratio > 1: Over-damped = 1: Critically-damped =0.7: Optimally-damped 