Biology Notes: Lyme Disease, Ecology & Population - PDF

Okay, here is the transcription of the images into a structured markdown format. ### Page 1 mm09/05/2023 Unit 1 Day 1 pre-reading: Ecology of Lyme disease (vector-borne illness) * Ecology: the study of interactions of living organisms with their environment (organism, population, community, an...

Okay, here is the transcription of the images into a structured markdown format. ### Page 1 mm09/05/2023 Unit 1 Day 1 pre-reading: Ecology of Lyme disease (vector-borne illness) * Ecology: the study of interactions of living organisms with their environment (organism, population, community, and ecosystem). * Biotic: living things (made of cells, ability to reproduce, DNA, convert molecules from the environment aka metabolism, evolution) * Abiotic: nonliving things. Abiotic components allow biotic ones to exist ex water, sunlight, carbon are necessary for plants to thrive * Emerging diseases are ones that have appeared in a population for the first time or have previously existed but are increasing in a geological range while re-emerging diseases are ones that were previously under control. Zoonoses are diseases that mainly infect animals but they can also be transmitted to humans. * Nymphal ticks most abundant during spring, northward region, increase with white-footed mice. More predators (fox, possums, bobcats, owls) decrease ticks in small forest fragments. animal biodiversity** * Organism- animal, plant, or single-celled life form * vectors as hosts such as the white footed mice, ticks, and predators * Population- group of organism that are the members of the same species that live in the same area at the same time * Community- different species within an area * Living in small forest fragments with the predators and vectors/hosts * Ecosystem- all biotic components and all abiotic components in an area * Biosphere- on, above, and below the earth's surface where life exists * Lyme disease is extremely old and only really discovered by Alfred Buchwald 130 years ago due to chronic skin rash, or erythema migrans. Discovered in the US in the 1960s caused by a bacteria called borrelia burgdorferi. Lyme, Connecticut: many undiagnosed/ untreated families (1960s/70s). In the 1980s Willy Burgdorfer found the connection between lyme and the ticks. In the 2000s lyme disease was increasing and becoming an important health issue. 5 Big Ideas of Biology: Evolution 1. The diversity of life evolved over time by processes of mutation, selection, and genetic change. Structure and Function 2. Basic units of structure define the function of all living things. ### Page 2 9/07/2023 Day 2 Notes: * $CO_2$ from today comes from dead plants (fossil fuels) which we burn from the ground and causes the rise in $CO_2$. * Keeling Curve * Image of oscillating graph showing CO2 PPM concentration from 310-400 between the seasons. * Peak-> Winter * Bottom-> Summer * Define greenhouse effect: The greenhouse effect is a process that occurs when gasses in Earth's atmosphere trap the Sun's heat. This process makes Earth much warmer than it would be without an atmosphere. The greenhouse effect is one of the things that makes Earth a comfortable place to live. Unit 1 Day 3 Pre-reading: ### Page 3 Pathways and transformation of energy and matter. 4. matter Biological systems grow and change by processes based upon chemical transformation pathways and are governed by the laws of thermodynamics. Systems 5. Living systems are interconnected and interacting Vector/Host: organism that acts as a "host" for a parasite, they transfer the parasite to the next host aka the ticks. Unit 1 Day 2 pre-reading: * List abiotic factors that affect ticks and the spread of Lyme disease * Differing behaviors can be attributed to relative humidity. As temperatures from greenhouse gasses increase, so does humidity. Ticks survived longer in higher humidity (85%-9%) compared to (75%) which is why they are becoming more abundant in the northern states compared to southern states. However lone star ticks carrying ehrlichiosis (fatigue and aches) are on the rise in the southeast region. * Distinguish between climate and weather. * Weather refers to short term atmospheric conditions while climate is the weather of a specific region averaged over a long period of time. Climate change refers to long-term changes. * Biome and give examples of biomes * Image is from the book ### Page 4 Unit 1 Session 1 What is Lyme Disease? * Caused when bitten by a deer tick also called black-legged tick (Ixodes Scapularis) and carries Borrelia Burgdorferi (spirochete bacteria) * It causes a bulls eye rash (it is the indicator of infection) * The deer ticks like to eat white-footed deer mouse. Pathogenic Bacteria * Some bacterial diseases are transmitted by other species * Lyme disease is an example, which can cause arthritis, heart disease, nervous disorders, and death * Infects about 300,000 people per year in the United States * It is caused by a bacterium that is carried by ticks * Causes sleep problems, neck pain, joint pain, muscle aches, lower back pain, speech problems, fatigue, trouble concentrating, memory problems, irritability, and depression * The tick is the vector. * Image depicting the cycle of the tics during seasons Vectors: larva, nymph, and adult ticks Hosts: mouse (and reservoir/carrier), host, and deer Tick Life Style: Year Season - Stage - Host(s) 1-Spring - Eggs - none 1- Summer - Larva - Small Mammals 1- Fall Larva - Small Mammals 1 - Winter - Larvae - Overwintering ### Page 5 | Year | Season | Stage | Host(s)? | | :--- | :------- | :----- | :---------------------------- | | 1 | Spring | eggs | nothing | | 1 | Summer | larva | small mammals ex) rodents | | 1 | Fall | larva | ^^ | | 1 | Winter | larva | Overwintering in leaf litter; remain dormant | | 2 | Spring | nymph | Larger mammals | | 2 | Summer | nymph | ^^ | | 2 | Fall | adult | ^^ | | 2 | Winter | adult | ^^ | ### Page 6 That could affect Lyme Disease: * Deforestation * People spending time outside * Population of hosts increased Abiotic things: * Soil * Water * Air * Rocks * Light * Temperature * Weather * Climate That could affect Lyme Disease: * Relative humidity * Being warmer and more humid change tick behavior Zoonosis: diseases that are carried by animals that can be transmitted to humans Parasitism: when an animal is on another animal and is benefiting from that relationship but the other animal is not benefitting Unit 1 Session 3 * Climate change has increased the territory of Lyme disease * Larger areas where temp is good enough for ticks to survive Climate: long term conditions ex) hot in the summer and cold in winter ### Page 7 Greenhouse effect: solar radiation warms surface of planet; some reflects back as heat and heat will escape into space so less will be trapped in the atmosphere; greenhouse effect is when heat cannot escape because ozone layer is thickening Ozone: layer of atmosphere that protects Earth from solar rays Unit 1 Lesson 4 Population Ecology Populations in space * Density * Distribution Populations through time * Age structure * Survivorship * Selective species * Growth curves Higher density = more individuals in population Clumped distribution: form in tightly packed groups for protection or warmth ex) elephants and penguins Random distribution: form in random places ex) plants Uniform distribution: form in a specific order ex) birds flying north Survivorship curves: * Type I: have few offspring and die at old age; a lot of parental care ex) human * Type II: have few offspring and die at any age; fair amount of parental care ex) birds * Type III: have many offspring and few survive early years; little to no parental care ex) fish ### Page 8 Weather: short term conditions ex) it will snow tomorrow | climate | weather | | :--------------- | :---------- | | Dry seasons | Rain | | Wet seasons | Snow | | Tropical | Sunny | | Hurricane season | Windy | | | Cloudy | | | Hurricanes | Biome: vegetation corresponding to the climate of a region * Arctic tundra * Desert * Temperate Forests * Temperate Grassland * Savannah * Tropical Rainforest * Taiga (Boreal Forest) * Fresh Water * Marine Drilling for ice cores in the polar regions: the ice contains bubbles and biological substances that provide important info for researchers * $CO_2$ levels fluctuate with volcanic eruptions * Ice ages = more $CO_2$ in the atmosphere * During this time earth's climate fluctuated from very cold temps when glaciers covered large parts of the world to warm periods when glaciers melted * Cold periods = glacials * Warm periods = interglacials Charles Keeling: measured $CO_2$ in atmosphere Impacts of climate change ### Page 9 $r=0$ same pop, $r> 0$ increase pop ($b-d>0$), $r<0$ decrease pop ($b-d<0$) $\frac{dN}{dT} = (b-d)N$ $\frac{dN}{dT} = r_{mac}N$ $\frac{dN}{dT} = r_{max}N(\frac{K-N}{K})$ N=K no growth in pop, N>K decrease pop, N<K increase pop $\frac{dN}{dt} = rN$ Exponential growth $\frac{dN}{dt} = r_{max}N$ Per capita growth rate (r) doesn't change, even if pop. gets very large. Logistic growth $\frac{dN}{dt} = r_{Max}N (\frac{K-N}{K})$ Per capita growth rate (r) gets smaller as pop. approaches its max. size.graphical representation of exponential and logistic growth models. Biotic Potential or $r_{max}$: maximal growth rate for a species, equivalent to $(b-d)N$ ### Page 10 * Exponential growth: unlimited natural resources grow rapidly and then population growth decreases as resources become depleted * Logistic Growth: limited resources "survival of the fittest" * Description of exponential and Logistical Model * Figure 45.9 When resources are unlimited, populations exhibit exponential growth, resulting in a J-shaped curve. When resources are limited, populations exhibit logistic growth. In logistic growth, population expansion decreases as resources become scarce, and it levels off when the carrying capacity of the environment is reached, resulting in an S-shaped curve. * Population Growth Rate: the number of organisms added in each reproductive generation increasing at a greater and greater rate. * When calculating the growth rate of a population: $\frac{∆N(change \space in \space number)}{∆T (change \space in \space time)} = B(birth \space rate) - D (death \space rate)$ * B (birth rate) = bN (the per capita birth rate "b" multiplied by the number of individuals "N") * D (death rate) = dN (the per capita death rate "d" multiplied by the number of individuals "N"). ### Page 11 * Mark and Recapture: This method involves marking a sample of captured animals in some way (such as tags, bands, paint, or other body markings), and then releasing them back into the environment to allow them to mix with the rest of the population. * Population Size: $\frac{(number\space marked\space first\space catch \space x \space total \space number \space of \space second\space catch)}{number \space marked \space second \space catch} $ = N * Species dispersion patterns (or distribution patterns) show the spatial relationship between members of a population within a habitat at a particular point in time. In other words, they show whether members of the species live close together or far apart, and what patterns are evident when they are spaced apart. * Individuals in a population can be equally spaced apart, dispersed randomly with no predictable pattern, or clustered in groups. These are known as uniform, random, and clumped dispersion patterns * Images depicting uniform, random, clumped population distribution. * Demography is the statistical study of population changes over time: birth rates, death rates, and life expectancies:may be affected by the population characteristics described above. For example, a large population size results in a higher birth rate because more ### Page 12 * Respiration * Can die * Population can evolve overtime * Can convert molecules from the environment to new molecules (metabolism) * Contains genetic material Characteristics of nonliving (abiotic) things: * Not living * Provide resources for biotic things A virus is not a cell but it is partially biotic. It can not reproduce but it contains genetic material Biotic things: * Plants * Animals * Bacteria * Insects * Humans * Virus That could affect Lyme Disease: * Deforestation * People spending time outside * Population of hosts increased Abiotic things: * Soil * Water * Air * Rocks * Light * Temperature * Weather * Climate That could affect Lyme Disease: * Relative humidity * Being warmer and more humid change tick behavior Zoonosis: diseases that are carried by animals that can be transmitted to humans ### Page 13 * Image depicting competitive exclusion graph symbiosis: * Commensalism = one species benefits and it has no effect on the other species (nest and a tree) * Parasitism = one species benefits and the other suffers (tick and host) * Mutualism = both species benefits (algae and coral) Unit 2 Session 1 Fir Tree → Moose → Wolves Primary producer → primary consumer secondary consumer Food web: more detailed relationships and can reach more trophic levels Food chain: linear relationships and defined trophic levels 10% of energy flows up from one trophic level to the next Energy comes from the sun 70% energy is lost as respiration and reproduction I hope this meets your requirements! Let me know if you need help with anything else.