Biology Notes PDF

Biology- is the study of all living things Cell- smallest living unit of an organism. Living things are called organisms, All cells contain living material called Organisms include bacteria, protists, fungi, cytoplasm. (everything inside a cell) plants, and animals....

Biology- is the study of all living things Cell- smallest living unit of an organism. Living things are called organisms, All cells contain living material called Organisms include bacteria, protists, fungi, cytoplasm. (everything inside a cell) plants, and animals. All cells are surrounded by a cell membrane Prokaryotic- organisms whose cells lack a that controls what enters and leaves the cell. nucleus and other organelles. Cells are complex and highly organized. Eukaryotic- organisms whose cells contain a nucleus and other membrane-bound Cells have parts called organelles that do organelles. different jobs. 3 DOMAIN: The simplest cells are called Eukarya (eukaryotic) Prokaryotes. Prokarya (prokaryotic) More complex cells are called Archaebacteria (prokaryotic) Eukaryotes. Unicellular Organisms- living organisms made up of one cell. Multicellular Organisms- living organisms made up of many specialized cells. 5 KINGDOM SCHEME K. Monera (prokaryotic cell/bacteria) (Uni) K. Protista (eukaryotic cell) (Uni) K.Fungi (eukaryotic cell) (Uni if yeast)/Multi K. Plantae (eukaryotic cell) (Multi) K.Animalia (eukaryotic cell) (Multi) Fungi doesn’t undergo photosynthesis because it does not contain the green pigment chlorophyll. All living things share common characteristics. 1. Basic Unit is the Cell 2. They Reproduce 3. All based on Universal Genetic Code (DNA) 4. Grow & Develop 5. Obtain & Use Materials & Energy 6. Respond to their Environment 7. Maintain a Stable Internal Environment 8. As a Group, Living things Evolve, That is why they change over time. Two Types of Reproduction: Cells have a Genetic Code DNA (deoxyribose nucleic acid) carries Sexual Reproduction- creating a new the genetic code for all organisms organism from two parents' gametes. All organisms contain DNA Asexual Reproduction- a type of DNA codes for the proteins that make reproduction in which only a single parent is up cells & do all the work involved. Growth & Development Fertilization- union of egg cell & sperm cell. Organisms grow by producing MORE CELLS & by cell ENLARGEMENT Zygote- fertilized egg cell that results from Organisms develop as they mature the union of the egg cell & sperm cell. into an adult organism Zygote→Embryo→fetus (3 months) Haploid- A cell that contains a single set of To make your body work, you need chromosomes. ATP. Diploid- A cell containing two copies of each chromosome. If ATP is not used, it will be stored as fat or glycogen. As the end result of gamete fusion, a zygote is diploid with 23 pairs of chromosomes (46 chromosomes). SEX CHROMOSOMES: homogametic sex (female)= XX heterogametic sex (male)= XY Hermaphrodite (both male and female)- an organism having both male and female sex organs or other sexual characteristics. In-vitro fertilization: Producers: Monera, Plantae, Protista Consumers: Animalia, Protista Decomposers: Monera, Fungi 3 kinds of organism: Producers- are organisms that make their own food by absorbing sunlight and using this energy to grow. Consumers- are animals that eat living things as a source of energy. Decomposers- break down dead plants and animals.  Cellular Respiration- cells releasing the Cells Require Food & Energy chemical energy stored in foods. Food Requirements: C6 H12 O6 + 6O2 —> 6CO2+ 6H2O +energy Autotrophs- can make their own food cellular respiration equation/produces atp auto = self troph = food Photosynthesis equation- 2 types of Autotrophs 6CO2 + 6H2O —light—> C6 H12 O6 + 6O2. Photoautotrophs- use sunlight to make food (photosynthesis) Photosynthesis converts light energy into Chemoautotrophs- use chemicals chemical energy. such as iron & sulfur as their energy Organic Substance- Heterotrophs- can not make their own C6H12O6→GLUCOSE food, they must consume other organisms. All organisms that have chlorophyll can Herbivores- eat plants undergo photosynthesis. Carnivores- eat meat Omnivores- eat plants & animals Metabolism- the chemical reactions in the body's cells that change food into energy. 1. Anabolism- any process that involves building. 2. Catabolism- any process that involves breaking 2 kinds of respiration 1. Aerobic- with oxygen 2. Anaerobic- without oxygen All organisms respond to stimuli (temp, water, food supplies, etc.) in order to survive and reproduce Homeostasis- steady or stable. 1. Physiological change- automatic 2. Behavioral change- doing something on your own will