Psychological Health PDF

January 17 & 19, 2017 **CHAPTER 2** **PSYCHOLOGICAL HEALTH** **Psychological health** -- mental health, defined either negatively as the absence of disease, or positively as the presence of wellness - - - - **Maslow's Hierarchy** - - - - - - - **Self-actualization**...

January 17 & 19, 2017 **CHAPTER 2** **PSYCHOLOGICAL HEALTH** **Psychological health** -- mental health, defined either negatively as the absence of disease, or positively as the presence of wellness - - - - **Maslow's Hierarchy** - - - - - - - **Self-actualization** -- the highest level of growth in Maslow's hierarchy Self actualized people share certain qualities: - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - **What Psychological Health is Not** - - - **Growing Up Psychologically** - - - Age Conflict Important People Task ------------------ ----------------------------------- -------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Birth - 1 year Trust vs. mistrust mother or primary care giver in being fed and comforted, developing the trust that others will respond to your needs 1-3 years Autonomy vs. shame and self-doubt parents in toilet training, locomotion and exploration, learning self-control without losing the capacity for self-assertiveness 3-6 years Initiative vs. guilt family in playful talking and locomotion, developing a conscience (based on parental prohibitions) that is not too inhibiting 6-12 years Industry vs. inferiority neighbourhood and school in school and playing with peers, learning the value of accomplishment and perseverance without feeling inadequate Adolescence Identity vs. identity confusion peers developing a stable sense of who you are -- your needs, abilities, interpersonal style and values Young adulthood intimacy vs. isolation close friends, sex partners learning to live and share intimately with others, often in sexual relationships Middle adulthood generativity vs. self-absorption work associates, children, community doing things for others, including parenting and civic activities Older adulthood integrity vs. despair humankind affirming the value of life and its ideals **Developing an Adult Identity** - - - - - - - - - - **identity crisis** -- internal confusion about who you are **Developing Intimacy** - - - **Developing Values and Purpose in Your Life** - **values** -- criteria for judging what is good and bad, which underlie a person's moral decisions and behaviour - - - Living according to values means: - - - **Striving for Spiritual Wellness** - - - - - - - - - - - - - **Achieving Healthy Esteem** **Developing a Positive Self-Concept** - - - - - - **Meeting Challenges to Self-Esteem** - - - - **cognitive distortion** -- a pattern of negative thinking that makes events seem worse than they are - **self-talk** -- the statements a person makes to him or herself - - - **defence mechanism** -- a mental device for coping with conflict or anxiety - **Defence and Coping Mechanisms** Mechanism Description Example ------------------------------ -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Projection Reacting to unacceptable inner impulses as if they were from outside the self A student who dislikes his roommate feels that the roommate dislikes him Repression Expelling from awareness an unpleasant feeling, idea, or memory The child of an alcoholic, neglectful father remembers him as a giving, loving person Denial Refusing to acknowledge to yourself what you really know to be true A person believes that smoking cigarettes won't harm her because she's young and healthy Passive-aggressive behaviour Expressing hostility toward someone by being covertly uncooperative or passive A person tells a co-worker, with whom she competes for project assignments, that she'll help him with report but never follows through Displacement Shifting your feelings about a person to another person A student who is angry with one of his professors returns home and yells at one of his housemates Rationalization Giving a false, acceptable reason when the real reason is unacceptable A shy young man decides not to attend a dorm party, telling himself he'd be bored Substitution Deliberately replacing a frustrating goal with one that is more attainable A student having a difficult time passing courses in chemistry decides to change his major from biology to economics Humour Finding something funny in unpleasant situations A student whose bicycle has been stolen thinks how surprised the thief will be when he or she starts downhill and discovers the brakes don't work **Being Optimistic** - - **Maintaining Honest Communication** **assertiveness** -- expression that is forceful but not hostile - - **Dealing with Loneliness** - - - **Dealing with Anger** - - - - - **Managing Your Anger** - - - - **Dealing with Anger in Other People** - - - **Psychological Disorders** - - **Anxiety Disorders** **anxiety** -- a feeling of fear that is not directed toward any definite threat - **simple (specific) phobia** -- a persistent and excessive fear of a specific object, activity, or situation - - **social phobia** -- an excessive fear of being observed in public; speaking in public is the most common example - - **panic disorder** -- a syndrome of severe anxiety attacks accompanied by physical symptoms - - - **agoraphobia** -- an anxiety disorder characterized by fear of being alone, away from help, and avoidance of many different places and situations; in extreme cases, a fear of leaving home **generalized anxiety disorder (GAD)** -- an anxiety characterized by excessive, uncontrollable worry about all kinds of things and anxiety in many situations **obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)** -- an anxiety disorder characterized by uncontrollable, recurring thoughts and the performing of irrational rituals - **obsession** -- a recurrent, irrational, unwanted thought or impulse - **compulsion** -- an irrational, repetitive, forced action, usually associated with an obsession - - **behavioural addiction** -- an activity or a behaviour that is maladaptive and persistent despite the negative consequences - - - **post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)** -- an anxiety disorder characterized by reliving traumatic events through dreams, flashbacks and hallucinations - - - - **Treating Anxiety Disorders** - - - - **Mood Disorders** **mood disorder** -- an emotional disturbance that is intense and persistent enough to affect normal function; two common types of mood disorders are depression and bipolar disorder **depression** -- a mood disorder characterized by loss of interest, sadness, hopelessness, loss of appetite, disturbed sleep, and other physical symptoms - - - - - - - - - - - - Warnings of suicide: - - - Risk factors increase the likelihood of suicide: - - - - - **Treating Depression** - - - **electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)** -- the use of electric shock to induce brief, generalized seizures; used in the treatment of selected psychological disorders - - **seasonal affective disorder (SAD)** -- a mood disorder characterized by seasonal depression, usually occurring in winter, when there is less daylight - - **mania** -- a mood disorder characterized by excessive elation, irritability, talkativeness, inflated self-esteem, and expansiveness - **bipolar disorder** -- a mood disorder characterized by alternating periods of depression and mania - - **schizophrenia** -- a psychological disorder that involves a disturbance in thinking and in perceiving reality - - - - - - - - - **Models of Human Nature and Therapeutic Change** **The Biological Model** - - **Pharmacological Therapy** - **placebo** -- a chemically inactive substance that a patient believes is an effective medical therapy for his or her condition. To help evaluate a therapy, medical researchers compare the effects of a particular therapy with the effects of a placebo. The *placebo effect* occurs when a patient responds to a placebo as if it were an active drug - - - - - - **attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)** -- a disorder characterized by persistent, pervasive problems with inattention or hyperactivity, or born, to a degree that is considered inappropriate for a person's developmental stage and that causes significant difficulties in school, work and in relationships - **The Behavioural Model** - - - Behaviour is analyzed through: **stimulus** -- anything that causes a response **response** -- a reaction to a stimulus **reinforcement** -- increasing the future probability of a response by following it with a reward - - **The Cognitive Model** - - - **The Psychodynamic Model** - - - - - **Evaluating the Models** - - - **Determining the Need for Professional Help** Indications that someone needs professional help: - - - - Choosing a Mental Health Professional - - - - - - -