ELA Study Guide - Vocabulary from The Giver - PDF

ELA STUDY GUIDE Section 3 Vocabulary from the giver ​ ​ Palpable: Able to be touched or felt; something that is so intense that it seems tangible or obvious. ​ Example in context: "The tension in the room was palpable," meaning the tension could...

ELA STUDY GUIDE Section 3 Vocabulary from the giver ​ ​ Palpable: Able to be touched or felt; something that is so intense that it seems tangible or obvious. ​ Example in context: "The tension in the room was palpable," meaning the tension could almost be physically felt by those in the room. ​ Distraught:Deeply upset or agitated, often due to worry or stress. ​ Example in context: Jonas’s parents discuss the Ceremony, and Jonas feels a sense of being distraught or uneasy about the upcoming event. ​ ​ Disposition: A person's usual mood or temperament; how someone typically behaves or feels. ​ Example in context: The community discusses the disposition of a child, such as their general attitude, personality, or behavior. ​ ​ Transgression: A violation of a rule, law, or moral principle. ​ Example in context: In the community, any rule-breaking or behavior that goes against the rules is seen as a "transgression." Luminous:Emitting light, shining, or glowing. ○​ Example: In Chapter 3, Jonas begins to have a sense of the vivid memories, which are described as luminous—bright and clear compared to the grayness of his everyday life. ○​ Context: The term could also refer to Jonas's first memory, where he experiences something bright and vivid, like sledding in the snow. ​ ○​ Intrigued:Interested or fascinated by something, often because it is unusual or mysterious. ○​ Example: Jonas feels intrigued by the idea of being selected as the next Receiver and the mystery surrounding the role. ○​ Context: Jonas becomes increasingly curious about the things he is learning, especially when it comes to memories and the role of the Receiver. ​ ○​ Reprieve:A temporary relief or postponement of something unpleasant.  ○​ Example: When Jonas is told about his upcoming training and role as the Receiver, it is a reprieve from the usual assignments of his peers. ○​ Context: A reprieve in the community might also refer to a delay in release (euthanasia), offering temporary relief to those who might face it. ○​ Aptitude: A natural ability or talent for something. ○​ Example: Jonas’s parents discuss the idea of “aptitude” when they talk about the Ceremony of Twelve, as each child is assigned a job based on their abilities and qualities. ○​ Context: The community assesses the children's aptitudes to ensure they are placed in roles that fit their skills. ○​ Nurturer: A person who cares for and looks after others, particularly infants in the society. ○​ Example: Jonas’s father is a Nurturer, responsible for taking care of newborn babies in the community. ○​ Context: In society, Nurturers like Jonas’s father are given the responsibility of ensuring infants grow and develop, often deciding who will stay and who will be "released." Chapters 4&5 10.Tabulated:​ ○​ Meaning: Arranged or organized systematically, usually in a table or chart, for easier understanding or analysis. ○​ Example: When the community keeps records or organizes information about the children’s behavior, they might "tabulate" the data to assess things like their skills, behavior, or needs. ○​ Context: The community is highly organized, and many aspects of life, including people's behavior, are tracked or tabulated. 11.Chortled:​ ○​ Meaning: To laugh or chuckle in a gleeful, often self-satisfied way. ○​ Example: When someone finds something amusing, they might "chortle," showing their amusement or enjoyment with a small, happy laugh. ○​ Context: This term is often used to describe a light, happy laugh. In Chapter 4, this might be how Jonas or another character reacts to something funny or joyful, even in the controlled world of the society. 12.Disquieting:​ ○​ Meaning: Causing unease, worry, or anxiety; unsettling.  ○​ Example: If something is described as "disquieting," it might make Jonas or another character feel uncomfortable, uncertain, or uneasy about the situation. ○​ Context: Jonas experiences disquieting feelings as he starts to question the rules of the society, or when he starts to feel confused or uneasy about the mysteries around him. 13. Piecemeal ​ Meaning: Done in small, separate stages or pieces, rather than all at once. ​ Example: The information Jonas learns about his new role as the Receiver comes piecemeal, slowly and in small portions. ​ Context: Jonas starts to understand the complexity of his new role gradually, with bits of knowledge being revealed at a time. 14. Crescendo ​ Meaning: A gradual increase in intensity, force, or volume, often used in music to describe a rising sound. ​ Example: The suspense or tension in a scene might build to a crescendo, where the intensity or excitement becomes stronger. ​ Context: In Chapter 9, the sense of anticipation and Jonas's feelings about his new role might build to a crescendo, as he begins his training with The Giver. 15. Benign ​ Meaning: Gentle, kindly, or harmless. ​ Example: The Giver is described as having a benign presence, indicating that he is not threatening or harsh, but caring and wise. ​ Context: The Giver’s demeanor towards Jonas is benign as he helps Jonas understand his role without causing harm or fear. 16. Jaunty ​ Meaning: Having a lively, cheerful, and self-confident attitude. ​ Example: A person walking jauntily might have a spring in their step, suggesting they are in a happy or carefree mood. ​ Context: Jonas might notice the Chief Elder or others speaking in a jaunty way, despite the seriousness of the Ceremony. 17. Unanimous ​ Meaning: Fully in agreement; all people involved share the same opinion or decision. ​ Example: The decision about Jonas being selected as the new Receiver is unanimous, meaning no one disagreed with the choice. ​ Context: The community makes decisions as a whole, and a unanimous decision indicates full support for an important choice. 18. Fleeting ​ Meaning: Lasting for a very short time; passing quickly. ​ Example: Jonas experiences a fleeting moment of happiness or confusion, which quickly passes as he continues his journey to becoming the new Receiver.  ​ Context: Jonas’s memories are fleeting at first, not staying with him for long, but they have a lasting impact on his understanding of the world. 19. Throng ​ Meaning: A large crowd or group of people. ​ Example: The Ceremony of Twelve may involve a throng of people gathering to watch the children receive their assignments. ​ Context: At the Ceremony, Jonas might notice the throng of people, each of whom plays a role in the decision-making process. 20. Requisitioned ​ Meaning: To officially request or order something to be provided. ​ Example: The community might requisition certain items or services for specific purposes, like when certain roles or materials are needed by the citizens. ​ Context: Jonas might think about how items or even children are requisitioned by the society to ensure the community runs smoothly. 21. Integral ​ Meaning: Essential, necessary, or important for something to function properly. ​ Example: The role of the Receiver is integral to the community’s structure, as it holds the memories of the past and helps maintain the order. ​ Context: Jonas’s new role as the Receiver is integral to the functioning of the society, even though he doesn't yet understand why. Chapters 10&11 22. Conspicuous ​ Meaning: Easily seen or noticed; attracting attention due to being unusual or obvious. ​ Example: Jonas feels conspicuous when he stands out from the other children, especially when he is selected as the Receiver of Memory. ​ Context: Jonas’s new role makes him conspicuous in the community because it is rare and significant, setting him apart from his peers. 23. Torrent ​ Meaning: A strong and fast-moving stream of water, or a large amount of something (like words or emotions) happening all at once. ​ Example: When Jonas receives the memories, he experiences a torrent of emotions and sensations, overwhelming him. ​ Context: The memories Jonas begins to receive from The Giver come in a torrent, quickly and powerfully flooding his mind with experiences from the past. 24. Conveyance ​ Meaning: The act of transporting something or someone from one place to another, or the means by which it is done (such as a vehicle or method of transportation). ​ Example: Jonas learns that in his society, conveyance can be highly regulated and controlled. ​ Context: While not heavily emphasized in these chapters, the term could refer to the physical or metaphorical transport of memories or emotions, as Jonas is "conveyed" into new experiences during his training. 25. Admonition: A warning or strong advice.​ ○​ Context: Jonas receives an admonition from The Giver about being careful with his words when sharing new experiences. ○​ Example: “The admonition not to share his training weighed heavily on him.” 26. Wryly: In a dry or sarcastic way.​ ○​ Context: The Giver often smiles wryly when discussing the absurdities of the controlled community. ○​ Example: “The Giver smiled wryly when Jonas expressed surprise about real emotions.” 27. Hueless: Without color.​ ○​ Context: Jonas notices that the world around him is "hueless" before he starts seeing colors. ○​ Example: “His world had been so hueless before, filled only with shades of gray.” 28. Sinuous: Curving or winding.​ ○​ Context: The memory of a flowing river is described as sinuous. ○​ Example: “The sinuous path of the stream fascinated Jonas during his training session.” 29. Assimilated: Taken in and fully understood.​ ○​ Context: Jonas assimilates new memories and knowledge during his sessions with The Giver. ○​ Example: “He slowly assimilated the knowledge about pain and love.” 30. Parched: Extremely dry or thirsty.​ ○​ Context: Jonas experiences a memory of being parched under a blazing sun. ○​ Example: “His throat was parched as he lay under the scorching memory sun.” 31. Carnage: The killing of many people; great destruction.​ ○​ Context: Jonas experiences the horror of war through a memory of carnage. ○​ Example: “The field was filled with the carnage of battle, a memory too painful to bear.” 32. Pervaded: Spread throughout.​ ○​ Context: A sense of peace pervades a memory The Giver shares with Jonas. ○​ Example: “The feeling of warmth pervaded the memory, filling Jonas with calm.” 32. Wisp: A small, thin, or faint trace of something.​ ○​ Context: Jonas notices wisps of fog in a serene memory. ○​ Example: “A wisp of cloud floated above the peaceful scene.”  33. Obsolete: No longer in use or outdated.​ ​ Context: Many items, like sleds, have become obsolete in Jonas’s community. ​ Example: “The concept of snow was obsolete in a world of Climate Control.” 34. Realm: A domain or area of interest or activity. ​ Context: The Giver’s realm is filled with memories from the past. ​ Example: “Jonas entered a new realm of understanding through his training.” 35. Horde: A large group or crowd. ​ Context: Jonas imagines hordes of people in the memories of war. ​ Example: “A horde of soldiers rushed into battle.” 36. Warily: Cautiously or carefully. ​ Context: Jonas moves warily as he begins to doubt the rules of his society. ​ Example: “He warily approached the conversation about his training.” 37. Ruefully: With regret or sorrow. ​ Context: Jonas ruefully realizes how controlled and empty his community is. ​ Example: “He smiled ruefully, wishing things were different.” 38. Imploringly: Begging or pleading urgently. ​ Context: Jonas speaks imploringly to The Giver, desperate for answers. ​ Example: “He looked at The Giver imploringly, seeking comfort.” 39. Winced: To flinch or pull back in pain. ​ Context: Jonas winced during memories of physical pain. ​ Example: “He winced as the memory of the sunburn returned.” 40. Empathetically: Understanding and sharing another person’s feelings. ​ Context: The Giver speaks empathetically when discussing the challenges Jonas faces. ​ Example: “The Giver nodded empathetically as Jonas described his confusion.” 41. Stealthily: Done in a secret or sneaky way. ​ Context: Jonas moves stealthily to avoid detection during his escape. ​ Example: “He crept stealthily through the shadows.” 42. Frazzled: Feeling exhausted or worn out. ​ Context: Jonas feels frazzled by the weight of the memories he carries. ​ Example: “After the long day of training, Jonas felt frazzled and drained.” 43. Languid: Slow and relaxed. ​ Context: The heat in one of Jonas’s memories made everything feel languid. ​ Example: “The trees swayed in a languid breeze.” 44. Taut: Pulled tight or tense. ​ Context: Jonas felt taut with tension during moments of fear. ​ Example: “His nerves were taut as he prepared for what lay ahead.” 45. Vigilant: Watchful and alert. ​ Context: Jonas remains vigilant during his escape from the community. ​ Example: “He stayed vigilant, aware of every sound around him.” 46. Flagging: Becoming weak or tired.  ​ Context: Jonas’s strength was flagging during his difficult journey. ​ Example: “His flagging energy nearly caused him to stop.” 47. Lethargy: A lack of energy or enthusiasm. ​ Context: Jonas fights lethargy as he continues through harsh conditions. ​ Example: “Lethargy threatened to overwhelm him, but he kept moving forward.” Summaries of each chapter: Chapter 1 Jonas lives in a strict, orderly community where every aspect of life is controlled. The story begins with Jonas feeling nervous about the Ceremony of Twelve, where he will receive his lifelong job assignment. He recalls a time when a plane flew over the community and how it scared everyone because such events are rare. His family practices "sharing of feelings," where they talk about their emotions at dinner. Chapter 2 Jonas's parents talk to him about the Ceremony of Twelve. His father, who is a Nurturer (cares for newborns), shares his experience of being assigned his job. Jonas wonders what job he will be assigned, feeling both excited and anxious. Chapter 3 Jonas notices something unusual about an apple he plays with—it seems to "change" for a moment. This is his first glimpse of seeing beyond. Later, we learn that his friend, Gabriel, a baby being cared for by Jonas’s family, is struggling to meet the community’s developmental standards. Chapter 4 Jonas and his friends volunteer at different community jobs. Jonas helps at the House of the Old, where he learns about a ceremony called "Release," a mysterious event where people leave the community permanently. Chapter 5 Jonas tells his parents about a strange dream he had involving Fiona, his friend. His mother explains it’s a "Stirring," a sign of puberty, and gives him a pill to suppress those feelings. Everyone in the community takes these pills to prevent emotions like love. Chapter 6 The community gathers for the yearly Ceremonies, where each age group is celebrated. Jonas’s family attends as Gabriel is temporarily assigned to them for extra care since he’s not developing as expected. Chapter 7 At the Ceremony of Twelve, Jonas’s group is assigned their roles, but Jonas is skipped during the announcements. He grows nervous, wondering if he did something wrong. Chapter 8 The Chief Elder announces that Jonas has been selected as the new Receiver of Memory, a rare and honored position. Jonas learns he will be trained by The Giver, the current Receiver. Chapter 9 Jonas reads the rules for his new position and is shocked. He is allowed to lie and keep secrets, unlike everyone else in the community. He begins to feel isolated from his friends and family. Chapter 10 Jonas meets The Giver for the first time in a special room full of books and comfortable furniture, unlike the rest of the community. The Giver begins transmitting memories to Jonas, starting with the memory of sledding down a snowy hill. Chapter 11 Jonas experiences snow, cold, and sunshine through The Giver’s memories. These sensations are new to him because the community has eliminated weather and other natural experiences to maintain control. Chapter 12 The Giver explains that Jonas is beginning to see colors, something no one else in the community experiences. Jonas learns more about the sameness that rules his world and starts questioning it. Chapter 13 Jonas becomes frustrated with the community’s lack of freedom. He wants others to experience emotions and choices like he does now. The Giver shares painful memories, including war, to help Jonas understand the weight of his role. Chapter 14 Jonas receives more painful memories, including physical pain. Meanwhile, Gabriel continues to struggle, and Jonas comforts him by transmitting a peaceful memory. Chapter 15 The Giver shares an especially horrible memory of war, leaving Jonas deeply upset. The Giver apologizes for causing him such pain. Chapter 16 Jonas receives a memory of love and a warm family Christmas. He begins to long for such relationships but knows they don’t exist in the community. He stops taking his pills for the Stirrings. Chapter 17 Jonas feels disconnected from his friends as they play a game that mimics war, which he now finds disturbing. He realizes they don’t understand the depth of their actions because they lack his memories. Chapter 18 Jonas learns about Rosemary, a previous Receiver-in-training who failed. She couldn’t handle the painful memories and requested Release, which devastated The Giver. Chapter 19 Jonas watches a video of a Release and discovers the truth: Release is euthanasia. He sees his father euthanize a baby and is horrified. Chapter 20 Jonas refuses to return home and stays with The Giver. They plan for Jonas to escape the community, which will release his memories back to the people, forcing them to experience emotions and make their own choices. Chapter 21 Jonas leaves the community earlier than planned to save Gabriel, who is about to be Released. He takes food, his father’s bicycle, and Gabriel, fleeing into the unknown. Chapter 22 Jonas and Gabriel face hunger, cold, and exhaustion in the wilderness. Jonas experiences natural beauty and freedom but struggles to survive. Chapter 23 Jonas finally reaches the top of a snowy hill and finds a sled, like the one from his first memory. He rides down, seeing lights and hearing music, which gives him hope. The ending is left ambiguous—whether Jonas and Gabriel survive or if this is a metaphorical journey. Conflicts in the Book Man vs. Society Jonas struggles against the rules and control of his community, which values "sameness" over individuality. This conflict becomes clear as Jonas starts questioning the community’s strict rules, lack of emotions, and absence of choice. For example, Jonas feels upset that no one in the community can see colors or make choices for themselves. He also disagrees with the community’s practice of "Release" (euthanasia) after learning the truth about what it really means. Man vs. Self Jonas battles with his internal emotions and understanding as he gains new memories and knowledge. He struggles to reconcile what he learns with what he has always believed. After learning about the reality of Release, Jonas feels torn between his love for his family and his anger at the community’s cruelty. He also debates whether it’s right to leave the community, knowing it will cause pain but also bring truth and freedom. Man vs. Man Jonas has conflicts with specific people as he begins to see the flaws in the community. For example, Jonas is angry with his father when he discovers that his father performs Releases on babies without showing any emotion or guilt. He also feels distant from his friend Asher, who doesn’t understand why Jonas no longer wants to play games that imitate war. Man vs. Nature Jonas faces the challenge of surviving in the wilderness after leaving the community. This conflict involves his struggle to protect Gabriel and himself from natural dangers. Jonas and Gabriel endure harsh weather, hunger, and exhaustion as they travel through forests and snowy landscapes. Jonas must rely on his memories of warmth and food to keep going when nature feels too overwhelming. Literary Devices Foreshadowing Foreshadowing is when the author gives hints or clues about what will happen later in the story. ​ Example in The Giver: Jonas notices an apple “change” while playing with it. This foreshadows his ability to see colors, a gift that no one else in the community has. Flashback A flashback is when the story goes back in time to show something that happened earlier. It helps explain a character’s thoughts or actions in the present. ​ Example in The Giver: The Giver shows Jonas memories from the past, like sledding in the snow or celebrating holidays with family. These flashbacks help Jonas understand what life was like before Sameness. Allusion An allusion is when a story mentions or refers to something from history, literature, or culture, without directly explaining it. ​ Example in The Giver: The idea of "Release" can allude to euthanasia, a real-world debate about ending life to relieve suffering. This helps readers connect the book’s themes to real-world ethical questions. Irony Irony happens when something turns out to be the opposite of what is expected or when there’s a big difference between what people think and what is actually true. ​ Example in The Giver: The community believes "Release" is a kind and peaceful process, but Jonas discovers it’s actually a euphemism for killing. This is an example of dramatic irony because the reader knows the truth while the community doesn’t. Ambiguity Ambiguity means something is unclear or open to different interpretations. ​ Example in The Giver: The ending of the story is ambiguous. Jonas hears music and sees lights as he sleds down a hill. It’s unclear whether he has found a real community or is imagining it as he dies. Symbolism Symbolism is when an object, person, or event represents a bigger idea or theme. ​ Example in The Giver: The sled represents Jonas’s journey into the unknown. It also symbolizes freedom and individuality as he begins to break free from the community’s control.  ​ Another example: The color red represents strong emotions like love and anger. It’s the first color Jonas sees, showing he is starting to experience real feelings. Section 2 Dialogue: Capitalization: Make sure you always capitalize countries,names and etc Commas: Punctuation used for indicating a division in a sentence,especially when such a division is accompanied by a slight pause.EX. Although she was late,she was an excellent addition Quotation Mark: It is a punctuation used to ask questions.EX. Where are you going ? End Mark: IDK Comma ‘ s Oxford Comma The Oxford comma is the comma placed before the last item in a list. It makes lists clearer. ​ Example: I packed pencils, notebooks, and a calculator.​ Without the Oxford comma, it might seem like "notebooks and a calculator" are a single item. Coordinating Conjunction Comma: Joining Independent Clauses When two complete sentences are joined by words like "and," "but," or "so," a comma comes before the conjunction. ​ Example: I wanted to go outside, but it started raining.​ Both parts could be sentences on their own: "I wanted to go outside." "It started raining." Introductory Comma: After Introductory Words, Phrases, or Clauses When a sentence starts with an introductory word or phrase, a comma separates it from the rest of the sentence. ​ Example: After the movie, we went out for dinner.​ The phrase "After the movie" introduces the main idea. Parenthetical Comma: Additional Information Use commas to set off extra information that isn’t necessary for the main meaning of the sentence. ​ Example: My teacher, Mrs. Clark, gave us homework today.​ You could remove "Mrs. Clark," and the sentence still makes sense: "My teacher gave us homework today." Direct Address Comma A comma separates the name of a person being spoken to from the rest of the sentence. ​ Example: James, can you help me?​ Without the comma, it might look like "James can you help me" is a single phrase. Date and Address Comma Commas separate parts of dates and addresses. ​ Example: The meeting is on Monday, March 25, 2024, at 3 p.m. ​ Example: I live at 456 Elm Street, Portland, Maine, near the library. Quotation/Dialogue Comma: Used with Direct Quotes Commas are used to introduce or interrupt direct quotes in a sentence. ​ Example: She said, “I love reading books.” ​ Example: “That’s amazing,” he replied, “but I prefer movies.” Adjective Comma: Separating Coordinate Adjectives Use commas to separate adjectives that equally describe a noun. If you can add "and" or switch their order, you need a comma. ​ Example: It was a bright, sunny day.​ You could say "bright and sunny day" or "sunny, bright day," so a comma is needed. Subject Verb Agreement Subject-Verb Agreement Subject-verb agreement means the subject and the verb in a sentence must match in number. If the subject is singular, the verb must be singular. If the subject is plural, the verb must be plural. Singular Subject + Singular Verb ​ Example: The dog runs in the park.​ "Dog" is singular, so "runs" is singular. Plural Subject + Plural Verb ​ Example: The dogs run in the park.​ "Dogs" is plural, so "run" is plural. Special Cases 1.​ Subjects Joined by "And"​ If two subjects are joined by "and," use a plural verb. ​ Example: The cat and the dog are playing. 2.​ Subjects Joined by "Or" or "Nor"​ If two subjects are joined by "or" or "nor," the verb agrees with the subject closer to it. ​ Example: Either the boy or his friends are coming. ​ Example: Neither the boys nor the girl are ready. 3.​ Indefinite Pronouns​ Some words like "everyone," "nobody," or "someone" are singular, even though they might sound plural. ​ Example: Everyone is excited. ​ Example: Somebody has left their bag. 4.​ Collective Nouns​ A collective noun (like "team" or "family") is usually singular because it refers to a group acting as one. ​ Example: The team is winning.​ If the members of the group act individually, use a plural verb. ​ Example: The team are arguing among themselves. 5.​ Sentences Starting with "There" or "Here"​ The subject comes after the verb, so match the verb with the subject. ​ Example: There is a book on the table. ​ Example: Here are the keys. 6.​ Titles, Names, or Amounts​ Even if they seem plural, titles or amounts are treated as singular. ​ Example: "The Chronicles of Narnia" is a great series.  ​ Example: Fifty dollars is enough. Dashes Using Dashes in Writing Dashes are used to add emphasis, interrupt a sentence, or show a range. They are longer than hyphens and serve specific purposes in writing. 1. Emphasis or Explanation​ Dashes can add emphasis to a part of the sentence or provide an explanation. ​ Example: My favorite dessert—chocolate cake—is on the menu.​ The dashes emphasize "chocolate cake" as additional information. 2. Abrupt Break or Interruption​ Dashes show a sudden change in thought or an interruption in the sentence. ​ Example: I was going to the park—but then it started raining.​ The dash highlights the abrupt shift in events. 3. Appositives with Extra Emphasis​ An appositive gives more detail about a noun, and a dash can make it stand out. ​ Example: The star player of the team—Jack—scored the winning goal. 4. Replacing Parentheses​ Dashes can replace parentheses to add information while keeping it part of the sentence. ​ Example: The weather today—a mix of sun and clouds—was perfect for hiking.​ Dashes make the information feel more connected to the sentence than parentheses would. 5. Indicating a Range​ A dash can show a range of numbers or dates. ​ Example: The meeting is scheduled for 3:00–5:00 p.m. ​ Example: World War II lasted from 1939–1945. 6. Dialogue Interruption​ In writing dialogue, a dash can show when a character is interrupted or suddenly stops speaking. ​ Example: "I told you to—" ​ Example: "Wait! What’s that?" Types Of Sentences Types of Sentences 1. Simple Sentence​ A simple sentence has one independent clause (a group of words with a subject and a verb that makes sense on its own). ​ Example: The dog barked. ​ Explanation: It has one subject ("dog") and one verb ("barked"). 2. Compound Sentence​ A compound sentence has two or more independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction (like "and," "but," or "so") or a semicolon. ​ Example: I wanted to go outside, but it started raining. ​ Explanation: It has two independent clauses: "I wanted to go outside" and "it started raining." 3. Complex Sentence​ A complex sentence has one independent clause and one or more dependent clauses (a group of words that cannot stand alone). ​ Example: When the rain stopped, we went to the park. ​ Explanation: The independent clause is "we went to the park," and the dependent clause is "when the rain stopped." 4. Compound-Complex Sentence​ A compound-complex sentence has at least two independent clauses and one or more dependent clauses. ​ Example: Although it was raining, I went outside, and I played in the puddles. ​ Explanation: It has two independent clauses: "I went outside" and "I played in the puddles," and one dependent clause: "Although it was raining." Perfect Paragraph Openers/Sentence Starters: 1. Subject (the boy, a cat, some people, an elephant, several cars, Mary, her, his, he, she, they, it – eg. He is coming over tonight.) 2. ‘ly’ Words (Adverbs) (eg. quickly, innocently, sneakily, eg. Sneakily, Zack crept up the stairs.) 3. ‘ing/ed’ Words (Verbs with those endings – eg. dancing, chuckling, seated, collapsed – eg. Collapsed in the corner, Ariel sat panting and out of breath.) 4. www.asia (Subordinating Conjunctions) (when, while, where, as, since, if, although - eg. Since I didn’t finish my chores, I was grounded.) 5. VSS (very short sentence for dramatic effect) (Susan froze.) SMPHOA a. Simile - a comparison using ‘like’ or ‘as’ - Her eyes shone like diamonds. b. Metaphor - a direct comparison - His anger was a burning fire in his belly. c. Onomatopoeia - sound words - crash, buzz, sizzle d. Personification - giving human qualities to something non-living - The The sofa was calling my name. e. Hyperbole - extreme exaggeration - I’ve told you a million times. f. Alliteration - similar sounds at the start of several words - Scatterbrained Sally started speaking silly sounds. Who/Which clause. Who/Which Clause (eg. The rectangular oak table, which is an antique, is covered in a protective cloth. Shelly’s closest friend Betty, who is fluent in six languages, is teaching her to speak Japanese.) *These come in the MIDDLE of the sentence Because Clause Because Clause (eg. Because Kevin overslept frequently, he was usually late for school.) Section 1 Figures of speech 1. Simile ​ What is it? A simile compares two things using "like" or "as." ​ Why is it used? To help the reader picture something clearly by comparing it to something familiar. ​ Example: "Her eyes sparkled like stars." ○​ This means her eyes were very shiny and bright, like stars in the sky. 2. Metaphor ​ What is it? A metaphor also compares two things, but it doesn’t use "like" or "as." Instead, it says one thing is another. ​ Why is it used? To make writing more powerful and creative. ​ Example: "The classroom was a zoo." ○​ This means the classroom was loud and chaotic, like animals in a zoo. 3. Assonance ​ What is it? Assonance is when the same vowel sounds are repeated in nearby words. ​ Why is it used? To make writing sound more musical or fun. ​ Example: "The rain in Spain stays mainly on the plain." ○​ The repeated "ai" sound makes the sentence flow nicely. 4. Personification ​ What is it? Personification gives human traits to non-human things. ​ Why is it used? To make objects or ideas seem alive and interesting. ​ Example: "The wind whispered through the trees." ○​ This means the wind made a soft sound like a person whispering. 5. Onomatopoeia ​ What is it? Onomatopoeia is when a word imitates the sound it describes.  ​ Why is it used? To make writing more vivid and fun. ​ Example: "The bees buzzed around the flowers." ○​ "Buzzed" sounds like the noise bees make. 6. Hyperbole ​ What is it? Hyperbole is an exaggerated statement that’s not meant to be taken literally. ​ Why is it used? To emphasize a point or add humor. ​ Example: "I’m so hungry I could eat a horse!" ○​ This doesn’t mean you’d actually eat a horse—it just means you’re really hungry! 7. Alliteration ​ What is it? Alliteration is when the same beginning sound is repeated in a group of words. ​ Why is it used? To make writing catchy or fun to read. ​ Example: "Sally sold seashells by the seashore." ○​ The "s" sound is repeated, which makes it fun to say. 8. Idioms ​ What is it? An idiom is a phrase that doesn’t mean exactly what the words say. ​ Why is it used? To make writing more colorful or show common expressions. ​ Example: "It’s raining cats and dogs!" ○​ This doesn’t mean animals are falling from the sky—it just means it’s raining really hard. Tyes of conflict 1. Man vs. Man ​ What is it? A conflict between two characters. This could involve arguments, fights, or one person working against another. ​ In The Tell-Tale Heart:​ The narrator is in conflict with the old man because of his "vulture eye." The narrator becomes obsessed with eliminating the old man to get rid of the eye, which he claims causes him great distress.  ○​ Example: The narrator plans and carries out the murder of the old man. 2. Man vs. Self ​ What is it? A conflict within a character’s own mind. It often involves struggles with emotions, decisions, or guilt. ​ In The Tell-Tale Heart:​ The narrator battles his guilt and paranoia after committing the murder. Even though he tries to justify his actions, his internal guilt grows until it overwhelms him. ○​ Example: At the end, the narrator believes he can hear the old man’s heart beating under the floorboards, which is likely his guilt driving him to confess. 3. Man vs. Nature ​ What is it? A conflict between a character and natural forces, like weather, animals, or the environment. ​ In The Tell-Tale Heart:​ This type of conflict isn’t directly present in the story since it’s set indoors and focuses on psychological struggles. However, the narrator’s heightened senses (a natural condition) could be seen as part of nature working against him. ○​ Example: The narrator describes his acute sense of hearing, which contributes to his paranoia and guilt. 4. Man vs. Society ​ What is it? A conflict between a character and the rules, expectations, or norms of society. ​ In The Tell-Tale Heart:​ The narrator’s actions—murdering the old man—go against the moral and legal rules of society. His eventual confession to the police shows how society’s expectations of justice weigh heavily on him. ○​ Example: When the police arrive to investigate, the narrator’s guilt causes him to break down and confess, showing that he cannot escape society’s judgment. Vocabulary from tell tale heart 1. Acute  ​ Meaning: Sharp or highly sensitive. ​ Example: The narrator says his senses, especially his hearing, are "acute," meaning he can hear things very clearly, even things others can't. 2. Object ​ Meaning: A goal or purpose. ​ Example: The narrator says his "object" was to rid himself of the old man’s eye, meaning his purpose or plan. 3. Dissimulation ​ Meaning: Hiding one’s true thoughts or feelings. ​ Example: The narrator uses "dissimulation" to act calmly and hide his true intentions from the old man. 4. Vexed ​ Meaning: Annoyed or upset. ​ Example: The narrator describes how the old man’s eye vexed him, meaning it bothered or irritated him deeply. 5. Sagacity ​ Meaning: Wisdom or good judgment. ​ Example: The narrator claims he has "sagacity," meaning he thinks he’s very clever and wise in planning the murder. 6. Crevice ​ Meaning: A small crack or narrow opening. ​ Example: The narrator peeks through a "crevice" in the door to spy on the old man. 7. Tattoo  ​ Meaning: A rhythmic tapping or beating sound. ​ Example: The narrator describes hearing a "tattoo" of the old man’s heart beating louder and louder. 8. Scantlings ​ Meaning: Small wooden beams used in construction. ​ Example: The narrator hides the old man’s body under the "scantlings" or floorboards. 9. Suavity ​ Meaning: Smoothness or politeness. ​ Example: The narrator greets the police with "suavity," meaning he acts very polite and confident to hide his guilt. 10. Deputed ​ Meaning: Assigned or given responsibility for something. ​ Example: The narrator says the police were "deputed" to investigate, meaning they were sent or tasked with checking out the situation. 11. Vehemently ​ Meaning: With strong emotion or passion. ​ Example: The narrator speaks "vehemently" to the police, meaning he’s very intense and emotional as his guilt builds up. 12. Gesticulations ​ Meaning: Dramatic gestures used to emphasize speech. ​ Example: The narrator uses wild "gesticulations" while talking to the police, waving his arms around to hide his nervousness. 13. Derision ​ Meaning: Mocking or ridicule. ​ Example: The narrator imagines the police laughing at him with "derision" because he thinks they know his secret. Themes from tell tale heart What is a Theme? ​ A theme is the central idea, message, or lesson that a story tries to convey. ​ Themes go beyond the plot; they focus on universal truths about human nature, emotions, or life. Themes in The Tell-Tale Heart 1.​ Guilt and Paranoia ○​ What it means: This theme shows how guilt can consume someone and lead to their downfall. ○​ In the story: The narrator murders the old man and feels confident at first, but his guilt grows stronger. By the end, he believes he hears the old man’s heart beating, which leads him to confess. ○​ Lesson: Guilt can overpower even the strongest defenses. 2.​ Madness and Insanity ○​ What it means: The story explores the thin line between sanity and madness. ○​ In the story: The narrator insists he is not insane, but his actions and thoughts—like obsessing over the old man’s eye and hearing imaginary sounds—prove otherwise. ○​ Lesson: A person’s perception of reality can be skewed by their own mental state. 3.​ The Power of Fear ○​ What it means: Fear can control a person’s actions and decisions. ○​ In the story: The old man’s fear of the narrator ultimately leads to his murder. Similarly, the narrator’s fear of being caught heightens his paranoia and forces his confession. ○​ Lesson: Fear can be a destructive force if not controlled.  4.​ Conscience vs. Desire ○​ What it means: This theme highlights the struggle between doing what is right and following one’s darker desires. ○​ In the story: The narrator is torn between his growing obsession with the old man’s eye and his conscience, which drives him to guilt and paranoia after the murder. ○​ Lesson: Giving in to dark desires can lead to regret and self-destruction. How to Identify Themes in the Story ​ Look for repeated ideas or feelings (e.g., guilt, madness). ​ Think about the narrator’s actions and how they connect to bigger ideas (e.g., mental health, morality). ​ Consider how the story ends and the lesson it leaves behind. Here’s how the plot structure of The Tell-Tale Heart fits into the key elements: 1. Exposition ​ What it is: The introduction of the story, where we learn about the characters, setting, and situation. ​ In The Tell-Tale Heart: ○​ The narrator introduces himself, insisting that he is not insane. ○​ He describes his obsession with the old man’s “vulture eye,” which he finds intolerable. ○​ The setting is vague but described as the old man’s house, mostly at night. 2. Initial Incident ​ What it is: The event that starts the main conflict. ​ In The Tell-Tale Heart: ○​ The narrator decides that the only way to rid himself of the old man’s eye is to kill him. This decision sets the story’s events in motion. 3. Rising Action ​ What it is: A series of events that build suspense and develop the conflict.  ​ In The Tell-Tale Heart: ○​ For seven nights, the narrator sneaks into the old man’s room, watching him as he sleeps. ○​ On the eighth night, the old man awakens, sensing someone is in the room. ○​ The narrator becomes increasingly fixated on the sound of the old man’s heartbeat, which grows louder and louder in his mind. 4. Climax ​ What it is: The turning point or most intense moment of the story. ​ In The Tell-Tale Heart: ○​ The narrator kills the old man by smothering him with the bed. 5. Falling Action ​ What it is: Events that occur after the climax as the story moves toward resolution. ​ In The Tell-Tale Heart: ○​ The narrator remembers the old man’s body and hides it under the floorboards. ○​ The police arrive after neighbors report hearing a scream. The narrator confidently entertains the officers, believing his crime is undetectable. 6. Denouement (Resolution) ​ What it is: The conclusion where the conflict is resolved. ​ In The Tell-Tale Heart: ○​ The narrator becomes overwhelmed by guilt, imagining that he hears the old man’s heart still beating under the floorboards. ○​ Unable to bear the sound, he confesses to the murder and tells the police where to find the body. Foreshadowing ​ What is it?​ Foreshadowing is when the author gives hints or clues about what will happen later in the story. It builds suspense and prepares the reader for future events.​ ​ In The Tell-Tale Heart:​  1.​ The Narrator’s Insistence on His Sanity: ​ Early in the story, the narrator repeatedly says he’s not insane. ​ Hint: This foreshadows his irrational and erratic behavior later, showing his unreliability. 2.​ The Description of the Vulture Eye: ​ The narrator describes his hatred for the old man’s “vulture eye” and his obsession with it. ​ Hint: This obsession foreshadows his ultimate decision to murder the old man. 3.​ The Heartbeat Sound: ​ The narrator mentions how the sound of the old man’s heart gets louder in his imagination. ​ Hint: This foreshadows his guilt and breakdown at the end, where he hears the heartbeat and confesses. Flashbacks ​ What is it?​ A flashback is when the story pauses its current timeline to show events that happened earlier. Flashbacks help give context or background to the story.​ ​ In The Tell-Tale Heart:​ ○​ The narrator frequently reflects on the days leading up to the murder. These reflections give us insight into his growing obsession and mental instability. ○​ Example: ​ He recalls watching the old man sleep for seven nights before the murder. This flashback helps explain how calculated and obsessive his plan was. How They Work Together ​ Foreshadowing builds suspense by giving clues about what will happen, while flashbacks provide background that helps us understand the narrator’s actions. ​ In The Tell-Tale Heart, these techniques highlight the narrator’s madness and keep the reader engaged by slowly revealing key details. Point of View ​ Definition: Point of view is the perspective from which a story is told. ​ Types of Point of View: 1.​ First Person:​ ​ The narrator is a character in the story, using "I" or "we." ​ Example in The Tell-Tale Heart: The story is told in the first person, as the narrator describes their thoughts and actions. ​ Effect: Creates intimacy and allows readers to experience the narrator’s madness directly. 2.​ Second Person:​ ​ The narrator speaks directly to the reader, using "you." ​ Not used in The Tell-Tale Heart or The Giver. 3.​ Third Person Limited:​ ​ The narrator is outside the story but focuses on the thoughts and feelings of one character. ​ Example in The Giver: The story is written in the third person limited, focusing on Jonas’s experiences and emotions. 4.​ Third Person Omniscient:​ ​ The narrator knows the thoughts and feelings of all characters. ​ Not used in these stories, but it allows a broader view of events and emotions. Irony ​ Definition: A literary device where there’s a contrast between expectations and reality. ​ Types of Irony: 1.​ Dramatic Irony:​ ​ The audience knows something the characters do not. ​ Example in The Tell-Tale Heart: The reader understands the narrator’s madness even as he claims to be sane. 2.​ Verbal Irony:​ ​ Saying the opposite of what is meant. ​ Example: The narrator calls his actions "wise" and "cautious," but they are anything but. 3.​ Situational Irony:​ ​ When the outcome is the opposite of what was expected. ​ Example in The Giver: The community believes it has eliminated suffering, but in doing so, it has also removed love, individuality, and true happiness. Symbolism  ​ Definition: Using objects, characters, or events to represent larger ideas or concepts. ​ Examples: 1.​ In The Tell-Tale Heart: ​ The Eye: Represents the narrator’s obsession and paranoia. ​ The Heartbeat: Symbolizes guilt that grows louder and more overwhelming. 2.​ In The Giver: ​ The Color Red: Represents emotion, individuality, and the capacity to feel deeply. ​ The Sled: Symbolizes freedom and the journey toward true knowledge and emotion. Tone and Mood ​ Tone: The author’s attitude toward the subject.​ ○​ In The Tell-Tale Heart: Suspenseful, unsettling, and intense as Poe creates a sense of dread through the narrator’s erratic thoughts. ○​ In The Giver: Reflective and thought-provoking as the story explores themes of control and human emotion. ​ Mood: The feeling the reader gets from the story.​ ○​ In The Tell-Tale Heart: Creepy and tense as readers experience the narrator’s descent into madness. ○​ In The Giver: Somber but hopeful as Jonas uncovers the truths of his controlled world. Christianity Lessons in The Tell-Tale Heart ​ Lesson: The story highlights moral consequences like guilt and repentance. ○​ In Christianity: Guilt is seen as the conscience’s way of guiding people to seek forgiveness and redemption. ○​ In the story: The narrator’s overwhelming guilt leads to his confession, reflecting the Biblical idea that truth will always come to light. Dialogue and Proper Punctuation ​ Rules for Dialogue: 1.​ Always capitalize the first word inside quotation marks. ​ Example: She said, "I love reading." 2.​ Use a comma to separate the dialogue tag from the quotation. ​ Example: "I enjoy writing," he explained. 3.​ End punctuation (period, question mark, exclamation mark) goes inside the quotation marks. ​ Example: "Are you coming with me?" 4.​ Start a new paragraph for each new speaker. Types of Sentences 1.​ Simple Sentence:​ ○​ Contains one independent clause. ○​ Example: "The boy ran home." 2.​ Compound Sentence:​ ○​ Contains two independent clauses joined by a conjunction. ○​ Example: "The boy ran home, and he locked the door." 3.​ Complex Sentence:​ ○​ Contains one independent clause and at least one dependent clause. ○​ Example: "The boy ran home because he was scared." 4.​ Compound-Complex Sentence:​ ○​ Contains at least two independent clauses and one dependent clause. ○​ Example: "The boy ran home because he was scared, and he locked the door." Perfect Paragraphs ​ Strong Topic Sentence: Clearly introduces the main idea. ​ Details and Examples: Support the topic with facts or descriptions. ​ Concluding Sentence: Summarizes the paragraph’s main point and leaves a strong impression.