Political Structures and Organizations
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Questions and Answers

Which mode of transportation is considered least expensive for transporting bulky goods?

  • Water (correct)
  • Trucking
  • Rail
  • Air

What is the primary characteristic of subsistence farming?

  • Focused on large-scale farming operations
  • Farming for profit and trade
  • Farming primarily for daily sustenance (correct)
  • Using advanced technology for production

In which regions is shifting cultivation predominantly practiced?

  • Deserts and arid areas
  • Urban areas
  • Tropical wet regions (correct)
  • Temperate zones

Which of the following is a tool commonly used in shifting cultivation?

<p>Machete (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Pastoral nomadism mainly involves what type of agricultural activity?

<p>Following herds of domesticated animals (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following crops is typically associated with shifting cultivation?

<p>Cassava (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of environment is pastoral nomadism commonly practiced in?

<p>Savannah (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What factors limit the population that can be supported by shifting cultivation?

<p>Poor tropical soils and heavy rainfall (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What defines a multinational state?

<p>A society with diverse nationalities forming a collective identity (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of a multinational state?

<p>China (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What can happen in a multinational state lacking central organization?

<p>Civil war or ethnic conflict (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a nation without a state typically engaged in?

<p>Violent measures for political power (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where are most nations without states primarily located?

<p>In peripheral and semiperipheral regions (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How are conflicts regarding nations without states resolved in core regions?

<p>Through democratic processes or public debate (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are centripetal forces in the context of multinational states?

<p>Elements that promote unity among various ethnic groups (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of an ethnic separatist movement?

<p>Catalonia's push for independence (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a defining characteristic of a federal state?

<p>Authority is shared across multiple levels of government. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is necessary for a government to achieve political legitimacy?

<p>A unifying ideology for diverse groups. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the US-Mexico border suggest about the relationship between the two countries?

<p>It indicates a brutal relationship. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes jobs in the quaternary sector?

<p>Processing and dissemination of information (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the quinary sector?

<p>Management and decision making in organizations (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary characteristic of a plantation?

<p>It is a large-scale farm growing only one crop. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best describes a national state?

<p>It comprises people unified by shared language and culture. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When did the concept of national states first emerge in Europe?

<p>After the Industrial Revolution. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What factor is primarily concerned with costs that vary due to the location of an enterprise?

<p>Geographically variable costs (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who typically owns and manages plantations?

<p>Large multinational corporations. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does capitalist ideology influence industrial location?

<p>By minimizing production costs to maximize profits (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why are there very few examples of true national states today?

<p>Globalization and large-scale migration. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During which historical period did plantation agriculture gain popularity?

<p>The Colonial era. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which regions are most plantations currently located?

<p>Former colonial areas in the periphery and semi-periphery. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What impact does the complexity of the manufacturing process have on industrial location?

<p>It affects the cost of production based on interdependencies (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the Dutch-Belgian border indicate about the relationship between the two nations?

<p>It indicates a peaceful coexistence. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What economic role do semi-periphery states play today?

<p>They combine subsistence and commercial agriculture alongside manufacturing. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of raw material is most likely to influence the siting of an industry?

<p>Perishable materials and those that experience weight changes (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What drives the need for cohesive national identity in a state?

<p>Ideology that aligns diverse groups. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one important factor regarding the source of power in industrial location?

<p>Some power sources are immovable or costly to relocate (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which industries were most significantly impacted by the relocation of manufacturing?

<p>Textiles, electronics, and inexpensive retail goods. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common feature of export processing zones?

<p>They offer incentives for industries to locate there. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT one of the top factors influencing industrial location?

<p>Corporate social responsibility initiatives (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following crops is primarily associated with Caribbean plantations?

<p>Sugar. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of commercial dairying?

<p>Production of milk and milk products for large urban markets (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where is market gardening predominantly found?

<p>In urban areas along the Atlantic coast and parts of coastal Australia (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an example of livestock and grain farming?

<p>Raising cattle alongside corn production (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following locations is known for livestock ranging?

<p>Great Plains region of the USA (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which environment does livestock ranging primarily occur?

<p>Semiarid midlatitude grassland environments (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterized the economies of the core during the 19th and early 20th centuries?

<p>Highly productive agriculture and heavy manufacturing activities (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a significant outcome of manufacturing outsourcing in the core economy?

<p>Rise of low-wage jobs in the semi-periphery (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of livestock is primarily produced in livestock ranging?

<p>Cattle for large urban markets and exports (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Federal State

A state where power is divided among different levels of government, from national to local.

Political Legitimacy

The acceptance by the people of a government's authority.

National State

A state where the people share common history, ancestry, language, religion, and political philosophy.

Nation-State characteristics

Strong sense of nationality and allegiance to the territory.

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National State Origin

Emerged in Europe after the Industrial Revolution due to improved communication and transportation.

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National State Examples Today

Many states strive to be nation-states, but few truly fit the criteria of one people, one state.

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National State Challenges

Challenges like economic inequality, injustices, and globalization hinder the achievement.

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Border Significance

Borders reflect the relationship of countries: open borders suggest peace, closed or walled suggest tension.

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Multinational State

A state with multiple nations residing within its borders. May have a strong sense of national unity even with diverse societies or achieve unity over time.

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Multinational State Example

China is an example. Many multinational states are found in core regions due to their economic influence.

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Decentralized Multinational State

A multinational state lacking centralized organization can lead to internal conflict between different nations seeking power. (e.g., former Yugoslavia, parts of sub-Saharan Africa).

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Nation Without a State

A group of people with a shared identity, yearning for their own sovereign land, but without their own country.

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Examples of Nation Without a State

Palestinians, Kurds, and Basques are examples of groups seeking national self-determination, but without a state.

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Location of Stateless Nations

Most stateless nations reside in the periphery and semi-periphery areas of the global economy.

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Core State Solutions

Core states often address stateless nation conflicts through democratic processes and public discourse instead of violence.

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Centripetal Forces

Factors bringing people together in multinational states, including nationalism, effective institutions, and a strong sense of national identity.

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Quaternary Sector Industries

Industries focused on information processing, administration, and dissemination. Examples include government, education, healthcare, and information management.

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Quinary Sector

High-level management and decision-making in large organizations and corporations.

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Industrial Location Factors (Top 8)

Costs of production, capitalist ideology/logic, manufacturing process complexity, raw materials, power sources, labor costs, market for the product, and transportation costs influence where industries are located.

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Geographically Fixed Costs

Costs of industrial operations relatively unaffected by location, like capital and interest.

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Geographically Variable Costs

Costs that change depending on location, like labor, land, power, and transportation.

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Capitalist Location Logic

Industries try to minimize production costs to maximize profit, influencing their location.

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Manufacturing Process Complexity

More interdependent processes make production costs more sensitive to location.

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Raw Materials and Location

Bulky, heavy, perishable, or materials changing in weight significantly during production affect an industry's location.

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Water Transportation

The least expensive method for moving bulky or heavy goods, like cars, ore, or grain.

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Rail Transportation

Less flexible than trucking, but a relatively inexpensive option for moving large amounts of heavy goods.

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Trucking Transportation

Offers a flexible route but is relatively expensive compared to water or rail transportation.

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Air Transportation

The most expensive mode of transportation, ideal for very valuable or time-sensitive goods like overnight mail.

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Subsistence Farming

Farming practices focused on producing enough food for the farmer's own consumption, not for profit.

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Shifting Cultivation

An ancient agricultural practice in tropical wet regions, involving clearing land, burning it, and planting crops, then moving to a new area after a few years.

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Shifting Cultivation Tools

Low-tech tools like machetes, hoes, and digging sticks are used in shifting cultivation to harvest root crops.

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Pastoral Nomadism

A way of life where people follow or hunt herds of animals, often livestock like cows, for food and other resources.

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Plantation Agriculture

A large-scale farm specializing in a single crop, often with worker housing. It's typically owned by multinational corporations in the core and employs local, low-wage labor.

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Plantation Origins

Plantation agriculture originated during the colonial era, with sugar plantations in the Caribbean using enslaved African labor.

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Plantation Location

Most plantations are located in former colonial areas, particularly in the periphery and semi-periphery, exporting crops to the core.

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Semi-periphery Manufacturing

Semi-periphery economies have increasingly embraced manufacturing alongside subsistence and commercial agriculture, employing low-wage urban workers.

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Semi-periphery Industry

Semi-periphery economies are characterized by a mix of agriculture and light and heavy manufacturing, often operated by multinational corporations.

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Relocated Manufacturing

Manufacturing industries such as textiles, electronics, toys, and car assembly have shifted from the core to the semi-periphery.

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Export Processing Zones

Specific areas in semi-periphery countries with incentives for manufacturing companies, attracting industries looking for cheap labor.

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Post-industrial Manufacturing

The shift of manufacturing from core to semi-periphery economies was a result of the post-industrial era.

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Commercial Dairying

The production of milk and milk products, primarily for large urban markets. Fresh milk is mainly produced in urban hinterlands or major metro areas. Milk products like cheese, butter, and yogurt are concentrated in the northern US, northern and alpine Europe.

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Market Gardening (Truck Farming)

The commercial production of fruits and vegetables primarily for large urban markets. It's concentrated along the Atlantic Coast, parts of coastal California, southern Great Lakes, coastal northwestern Europe, coastal Japan, and coastal Australia/New Zealand.

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Livestock and Grain Farming

The production of livestock for human consumption coupled with the production of grains also for human consumption.

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Livestock Ranging

The production of livestock, primarily cattle, for large urban markets and international export.

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Where is Livestock Ranging Common?

Livestock ranging mainly occurs in semiarid midlatitude grassland environments, including the interior western USA, interior Australia, southern Brazil, parts of Argentina, and parts of Spain and Greece.

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Service Activities in the 19th and Early 20th Centuries

In the 19th and early 20th centuries, core economies were built upon highly productive agriculture and heavy manufacturing industries like steel, shipbuilding, cars, chemicals, etc.

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Manufacturing Outsourcing

After the post-industrial era, manufacturing shifted from the core to the semi-periphery to take advantage of lower wages in the semi-periphery compared to the core.

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New Jobs in the Core

With manufacturing moving to the semi-periphery, the core saw the rise of new service industries like finance, technology, and information services.

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Study Notes

Academic Definition of "Political"

  • Structures and functions of government
  • Issues related to territoriality
  • Power structures in diverse societies
  • Political geography analyzes the spatial expression of political ideas.

World System Analysis

  • Identifies three types of political, social, and economic organizations:
    • Mini-systems (tribal-ethnicity)
    • World empires
    • Capitalist world economies (global, competing entities)

Political Organizations

  • Five types identified by political organizations:
    • Bands
    • Tribal societies
    • Chiefdoms
    • The state
    • The national state

Bands

  • Lack formal power structures.
  • United by kinship, culture, and shared traditions.
  • Small-scale societies.
  • Limited claims to territory, primarily hunting territories.
  • Strong cultural identity tied to territory.
  • Reciprocal mode of production.
    • Example: San People of Namibia

Tribal Societies

  • Larger than bands, united by common ancestry, culture, and language.
  • Usually egalitarian, with limited differentiation among social classes.
  • Strong sense of ownership related to specific territory.
  • Leadership often transitory, based on qualities like bravery or wisdom.
    • Example: The Masai in Kenya, Inuit in Canada

Chiefdoms

  • Larger political territories with organized military forces.
  • Agricultural societies that developed in regions with abundant resources.
  • Develop in "cultural hearths" through plant and animal domestication.
  • Highly stratified social structure, with a ruling elite.
  • Agricultural surplus extracted through coercion.
  • City-states are the central feature.

States

  • Independent political units with defined territories, and militarily defended borders.
  • Recognized by other states.
  • Features of independent states are that they have their own military and government.
  • Independent political entity.

Unitary State

  • Power and authority are centralized in a strong central government.
  • Operating from the capital city.

Federal State

  • Power and authority distributed across different governmental levels, from national to local.

National State

  • Population has strong sense of national identity.
  • Territory and nationality are intertwined.
  • Examples of nations without states are Palestinians, Kurds, and Basques.

Multinational State

  • Consist of diverse populations with a sense of national identity.

Political Devolution

  • Internal discord and challenge to the state's authority, often related to ethnic groups seeking separate political power.

Balkanization

  • Ethnic separation and regionalism, often leading to the breakup of multinational states along ethnic lines.

Nationalism

  • Strong identification and allegiance to a nation and its territory.
  • Involves shared history, ancestry, language, and religion.
  • States often strive for national unification.

Centrifugal Forces

  • Forces that drive populations apart within multiethnic or multinational societies.
  • Example: economic inequality or class discrimination.

Centripetal Forces

  • Factors that unite diverse groups and strengthen the state in multinational societies.
  • Example: shared values or institutions like common language, education, and armed forces.

Classifications of Economic Activities

  • 5 classifications : Primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary, and quinary sectors.
  • Primary, secondary, and tertiary sectors are related to production.
  • Quaternary and quinary sectors are related to handling information, managing, and developing information. (knowledge)

Cost of Production

  • Factors affecting industrial location: -Costs (labor, raw materials, market, transport). -Complexity of manufacturing processes. -Capitalist ideology (profit maximization.)

Types of Farming

  • Intensive subsistence farming: Produces food to survive from small plots.
  • Shifting cultivation: Slash-and-burn technique used in tropical areas.
  • Pastoral nomadism: Moving herds to find grazing lands.

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Political Geography PDF

Description

This quiz explores the academic definition of political organizations, including the structures and functions of government, types of political organizations, and the characteristics of bands and tribal societies. Delve into how these elements shape power dynamics within societies and understand the broader implications in political geography.

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