History of English Language PDF

1 History of the Englishlanguage andvarietiesofEnglishPurposive Communication by Ms. Jaze M. Marco EnglishLanguagesince its beginnings, 1,600 or so years ago, evolvedby crossing boundaries and through invasions, picking up bits and pieces of other languages along the way andchanging with the spread...

1 History of the Englishlanguage andvarietiesofEnglishPurposive Communication by Ms. Jaze M. Marco EnglishLanguagesince its beginnings, 1,600 or so years ago, evolvedby crossing boundaries and through invasions, picking up bits and pieces of other languages along the way andchanging with the spread of the language across the globe. 4 1. Old english450 - 1,000 Want big impact?Use big image. The history of the English language really started with the arrival of three Germanic tribes who invaded Britain who that time spoke a Celtic languag e dur ing the 5t h century AD. These three tribes, the Angles, the Saxons and the Jutes, crossed the North Sea from what today i s Denmark and northe rn Germany. And the celtic speakers were pushed west and north by the invaders – mainly into what is now Wales, Scotland and Ireland. The word England and English originated from the Old English word Engla-land, literally meaning “the land of the Angles”, where they spoke English. 2. Middle english Want big impact?Use big image. With the Viking invasions (Vikings were a tribe of Nordic people that ransacked their way t h r o u g h N o r t h e r n a n d Northwestern Europe 1,000-1,200 years ago), Old English got mixed up with Old Norse, the language of the Viking tribes. Old Norse ended up giving English more than 2,000 new words, including “give” and “take”, “egg”, “knife”, “husband”, “run” and “viking." Although English was spoken widely on the British Isles by 1,000 AD, the Norman invasion established French as the language of royals and of power. Old English was left to the peasants, and despite its less glamorous status, it continued to develop and grow by adopting a whole host of Latin and French words, including everyday words such as “beer”,”city”, “fruit” and “people”, as well as half of the months of the year. By adopting and adapting French words, the English language also became more sophisticated through the inclusion of concepts and words like “liberty” and “justice”. 3. Modern english Want big impact?Use big image. Early modern english (1500-1800) In the 14th-15th century, following the Hundred Years War with France that ended French rule of the British Isles, English became the language of power and influence once again. It got a further boost through the development of English literature and English culture, spearheaded by William Shakespeare. Shakespeare’s influence on the development of the English language and its unique and rich culture is hard to grasp; the man is said to have invented at least 1,700 words, including “alligator”, “puppy dog”, and “fashionable”, in addition to penning classics like Romeo & Juliet and Hamlet! Towards the end of Middle English, a sudden and distinct change in pronunciation (the Great Vowel Shift) started, with vowels being pronounced shorter and shorter. Early modern english (1500-1800) From the 16th century the British had contact with many peoples from around the world. This, and the Renaissance of Classical learning, meant that many new words and phrases entered the language. The invention of printing also meant that there was now a common language in print. Books became cheaper and more people learned to read. Printing also brought standardization to English. Spelling and grammar became fixed, and the dialect of London, where most publishing houses were, became the standard. In 1604 the first English dictionary was published. Late modern english (1800-Present) The main difference between Early Modern English and LateModern English is vocabulary. Late Modern English has many more words, arising fromtwoprincipal factors: firstly, the Industrial Revolution andtechnology created a need for new words; secondly, the British Empire at its height covered one quarterof the earth's surface, and the English language adopted foreignwords from many countries. ThreeconcentriccirclesofenglishThe most influential model of the spread of Englishis Braj Kachru’s model of World Englishes. In thismodel the diffusion of English is captured in termsof three Concentric Circles of the language: TheInner Circle, the Outer Circle, and the ExpandingCircle Want big impact?Use big image. The inner circle > This circle represents the traditional historical and sociolinguisticbases where English is the native language (ENL). > Ex: United Kingdom, the United States, Canada, Australia, and NewZealand. > The total number of English speakers in the inner circle is as high as380 million, of whom some 120 million are outside the United States. > This circle is called norm-providing because English language normsare developed in these countries. The outer circle > The outer circle includes countries where English has a significantpresence as a second language (ESL) due to historical reasons such as colonization or as a result of global influence. > English is not the native tongue, but serves as a useful lingua francabetween ethnic and language groups. In these countries, English oftenplays a role in education, government, and business, alongside indigenous languages. > imperial expansion by Great Britain in Asia and Africa, US Imperial expansion in the Philippines The outer circle > This circle includes India, Nigeria, Bangladesh, Pakistan, Malaysia, Tanzania, Kenya, non-Anglophone, and South Africa > The total number of English speakers in the outer circle is estimatedto range from 150 million to 300 million. > This circle is called norm-developing. (norms or standards are established and evolve within a particular context or field. That iswhy we have Philippine english) The expanding circle > The expanding circle comprises countries where English is learnedand used as a foreign language (EFL). > English plays no historical or governmental role in their countrymeaning These countries may not have historical ties to Englishspeaking nations, but English is taught as a foreign language inschools and is used as a lingua franca for international communication and business. The expanding circle It includes countries such as China, Nepal, Russia, Japan, non-Anglophone Europe (especially the Netherlands and NordicCountries), indonesia, South Korea, and Egypt. This circle is called norm-dependent because it relies on thestandards set by native speakers in the inner circle. Geographical Distribution of English Language - Approximately 375 million people speak English as their first language - Estimates that include second language speakers vary greatly from 470 million to over a billion depending on how literacy or mastery is defined and measured. Of these nations where English is spoken as a second language, India has the most such speakers. Want big impact?Use big image. Countries with the highest population of Native English 250millionUnited States 18.2millionCanada 61 millionUnited Kingdom28 15.5millionAustralia 3.8millionIreland 4 millionNigeria 29 3.7millionSouth Africa 3.6 millionNew Zealand 30 - Countries such as the Philippines, Jamaica, and Nigeria also have millions of nativespeakers of dialect continue ranging fromanEnglish-based creole to a more standardversion of English. Present-day Geographical Distribution - English is spoken on all six continents: Asia, Africa, North America, South America, Europe, andAustralia. - The distribution is a direct consequence of English colonial policy, starting in Ireland in the late 12th century and continuing well into the 19th century. Want big impact?Use big image. - For the present overview, the varieties of English in the modern worldare divided into four geographical groups as follows. - Britain and America are the two main groups. They have their own corresponding standard. While the varieties outside these two were specified as Overseas or Extraterritorial varieties. Extraterritorial varieties not just differ from mainland varieties because of their geographical distance but also because in many cases a type of suspension has occurred with regards to changes in point of origin. It happened because it is the result of the phenomenon known as colonial lag. - I n Br i t a i n t he s t a n d a r d i s c a lle d R e c ei v e dPronunciation which stems from Daniel Jones at the beginning of the present century and refers to the pronunciation of English which is accepted - that is, received - in English society. Other terms such as BBCEnglish, Oxford English, Queen’s English (formerly King’s English) are alternative terms that are notfavored by linguists as they are simply incorrect. - In America, General American and Network American English are the most common term for their standard English. The majority of Americans, mostly from the North-East and South speak General American, that strongly contrasts Received Pronunciation from British. While African American which occupies the southern part of the United States speaks quite different, since during the 16th century onwards they are the so-called descendants of the slaves which are originally imported to the Caribbean area that is why their English is far more common with the various Anglophone Caribbean Islands. Varieties ofenglish Varieties of English s h a r e t he s a m e b a s i c tenets of the language, but certain words, phrases or linguistic constructs may differ. 1. British english - spoken and written in the United Kingdom. - It is non-rhotic which means the “ r ” soundis not pronounced unless it is followedbya vowel sound. water - pronounced as “ wotah ” Neither - pronounced as “NIGH-thuh ” example - Spell past tense with a“-t” Dreamed - Dreamt Learned - Learnt example - Spelling some words with an extra“u”s Color - Colour Favor - Favour example 2. American english - set of varieties of the English language nativeto the United States and widely adoptedinCanada. - It sounds more monotonous. - American pronunciation is more nasalized. - Spell past tense with an “-ed” Dream - Dreamed Learn - Learned example 3. Australian english - major variety of the English language. - began to diverge from British English afterthe founding of the Colony of NewSouthWales in 1788 and was recognized as beingdifferent from British English by 1820. In terms of spelling, Australian English most closely resembles British English. The ‘u’ is retained in words like ‘colour’ and the ‘ise’ ending is used i n s t e a d o f t h e Americanised ‘ize’ suffix o n w o r d s l i k e ‘realise’/’realize’. example s Mu c h li k e wi t h B r i t i s h E n g l i s h , Australian English has irregular past tense and past participles of verbs like ‘spell’ and ‘smell’, so they become ‘spelt’ and ‘smelt’, respectively. example s d i f f e r e n t sound for the ‘i’ in words like ‘night’ and ‘like’. Instead, it sounds like a less pronounced ‘oi’, (e.g. ‘noight’). example s The soft ‘a’, which can be heard in words like ‘cat’ and ‘hat’, is usually pronounced similar to ‘eh’. As such, this means that the word ‘cat’ sounds like ‘ceht’, while the word ‘hat’ sounds like ‘heht’. example s Australian English is said to be a non-rhotic variation of the language, which means that the /r/ sound is not pronounced if it is after a vowel and not immediately followed by another vowel. For i n s t a n c e, t he w o r d ‘ c a r d ’ i s pronounced ‘caːd’, with the /r/ sound being dropped. Meanwhile, the ending of words like ‘better’ and ‘wetter’ is lowered, to sound similar to ‘ah’. This means you would say ‘bett-ah’, ‘wett-ah’, ‘riv-ah’, and so on. example s 4. Canadian english - set of varieties of English nativetoCanada. - product of five waves of immigrationand settlement over a period of morethan two centuries. - Allophone (noun): A pe r son whos e first language is n o t F r e n c h o r English. “I’m an allophone. I came here from Scandinavia.” example s - a loonie (noun): a one dollar coin used in Canada. “Can you lend me a loonie? I want to buy a drink.” example s - Runners (noun): a pair of ‘sneakers’ in American English, o r ‘ t r a i n e r s ’ i n Br i t i s h E n g li s h; running shoes. “Nice runners! Are they new?” example s - F i r e - h a l l ( n o u n ): Fi r e station “It can be noisy on my street because I li v e n ext t o t he fire-hall.” example s The Use of “Eh” example s To make a question: “That was a good film, wasn’t it?’ →‘That was a good film, eh?” “It’s hot today, do you agree?’ →‘It’s hot today, eh?” example s To ask someone to repeat something: ‘What did you say?’ → ‘Eh?’ example s To show agreement or understanding: “I know’ →‘I know, eh?” example s The most famous and stereotypical Canadian phrase is the use of ‘ eh ’ , which iso n ly u s e d i n s p o k e n Ca n a d i a n. I ti sp ronounced a s ‘ ey ’. Of co u r s e, manyCanadians don ’ t use this word and dislike thestereotype. For others, it ’ s a part of theircultural identity. 5. Indian english - began in India in the 1830s during the ruleof the East India Company. - Lord Macaulay played a major roleini n t r o d u c i n g E n g li s h a n d we s ternconcepts to education in India. “schedule” is pronounced “ skedule”, “ route” i s pronounced as “raut”, a n d “ v i t a m i n ” i s pronounced as “vaitamin”. example 6. Philippine english - variety of English native to the Philippines. - used by the media and the vast majority of educated Filipinos. - when the Spanish gave the United States control of the nation, the English language, althoughinitially not favored, became widely used inamatter of years. B o l d - ( a d je c t i v e) implying or associated with pornography (as in b o l d fil m , a n d b o l d s t a r ) ; ( n o u n ) pornography (while in American English it only m e a n s c o u r a g e o u s ; brave ) example s Crocodile - corrupt politician (while in American English it only means a genus of reptile) example s Duster - simple sun d r e s s ( w hi le i n American English it means a cleaning tool) example s 7. Singaporeanenglish i s a d i a le c t o f t he Engli shlanguage that is used in the Republicof Singapor e, a linguaf rancainfluenced by Chinese and Malay. “Two dollar onny, dis one,” a street vendor might say to you. example s A modern-day Singaporean could say “I go bus-stop wait for you,” to mean that he will wait for you at the bus stop. example s Thankyouforlistening!Have a nice day! References https://www.oxfordinternationalenglish.com/a-brief-history-of-the-english-language/ https://cudoo.com/blog/different-varieties-of-english-language/ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Englishes https://grammarist.com/varieties-of-english/ https://www.thoughtco.com/singapore-english-and-singlish https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippine_English https://www.thoughtco.com/singapore-english-and-singlish-1691962 https://www.immihelp.com/indian-english-american-english-language-dictionary/# https://www.ecenglish.com/learnenglish/lessons/canadian-english https://blog.lingoda.com/en/a-guide-to-australian-english https://studfile.net/preview/3299682/page:13/ https://razvimirza.blogspot.com/2011/07/geographical-distribution-ofenglish.html?fbclid=IwAR1FWJQtd t6B3apJK-fwh6CaWkIon-2MaIx_DYKF4OTmhXbCXrzUtUTxHMs https://youtu.be/NdJQdt3xkFQ https://www.uni-due.de/SVE/VARS_Intro.htm?fbclid=IwAR1g5lnx69vX9iskzWugeZcruokQqcPaeq- oNXOgW5CgKFTh-NSBZ2z215c#GlossTop 1 Local andGlobalCommunicationinMulticultural SettingPurposive Communication by Ms. Jaze M. Marco Objectives: Define local, global and intercultural communication Discover unique cultural practices and cultural characteristics that shape international/intercultural communication Answer reflection questions through the Padlet link provided by your teacher What is Communication?Communicati on is t h e act o f transferri nginformation from one place, person or grouptoanother. Every communication involves (at least)onesender, a message, and a recipient. 3 WhatisLocalCommunication? Local Communication5 > is being able to communicate with the members of your local area > it can either be in your local language (mother tongue) or acommon language that you speak within your town > is highly grounded on the cultural context > cultural context reflects the culture of people who are creatingtheir self-identity and community Reflection #1 Have you ever laughed at a Bisayan who mispronounced some words? Have you observed others doing this? Or were you the one who got laughed at? How do you think prevalent attitudes and stereotypes, such as the belittling of Bisayan-speaking people by some Fili p ino s, imp act c ommunicati on d yn amics a n d relationships within our local community? 6 WhatisGlobalCommunication? Global Communication8 > can be defined just as any communication can: a messageis sent from one person or group to another anywhereinthe world. > is the term used to describe ways to connect, share, relate, and mobilize across geographic, political, economic, social, and cultural divides > It redefines soft and hard power as well as informationpower and diplomacy in ways not considered by traditional theories of international relations. EXAMPLES: > Email > Web page 9 LOCAL COMMUNITY group of interacting people living in a common location or sharing an environment. In human communities, intent, belief, resources, preferences, needs, risks, and a number of other conditions may be present and common, affecting the identity of the participants and their degree of cohesiveness. Local Community VS Global CommunityGLOBAL COMMUNITY This refers to the people ornations in the world, considered as being closelyconnected by modern telecommunications and as being economically, socially, and politically interdependent. 10 IMPACTSOFGLOBALCOMMUNICATION> Increased business opportunities > Fewer cultural barriers> Creation of a global village11 Difference between- Multicultural - Intercultural - Cross-cultural multicultural, intercultural, and cross-culturalMULTICULTURAL It refers to a society that contains several cultural or ethnic groups. People live alongside one another, but each cultural group does not necessarily have engaging interactions with each other. INTERCULTURAL It describes communities in which there are a deep understanding and respect for all cultures CROSS- CULTURAL deals with the comparisonof different cultures. Incross-cultural communication, differences are understood and acknowledged and can bring about individual change, but not collective transformations. 13 Reflection #2 Read the article 'What is globalization anyway?' by Alex Grey and answer the questions that follow. https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2017/01/what-is- globalization-explainer/ What does the experience of Starbucks tell the readers about globalization? What are the driving forces behind globalization? What are the benefits of globalization? What are the negative effects of globalization? 14 What are the sources of misunderstanding in intercultural communication? Kaur (2016) cites the following as the sources of misunderstanding: 1. Ambiguity - lack of explicitness on the part of the speaker 2. Performance-related misunderstanding - slips of the tongue and mishearing 3. Language-related misunderstanding - grammatical lapses insentences 4. Gaps in world knowledge- gaps in content rather than language. 5. Local context - orientation of the participants 16 The cultural variability in communication is explored through different theories. They were proposed to performanalysis at the societal level and at the individual level. low-high context communicationtheory proposed by Edward T. Hall (1976) > two contrasting styles of communication referring to how much context is explicitly provided in a message > examine direct and indirect communicationpractices 18 19 Reflection #3 Respond on the article in the link below and answer the questions that follow. https://c3consulting.dk/en/about-c3-consulting/cultural- models-and-tools/low-and-high-context-communication What does it say about in low-high context culture? How would you better communicate with international colleagues in your future/current profession? 20 six dimensions of culturalvariability proposed Geert Hofstede (1980, 1991, 2001) > It shows the effects of a society ' s culture onthe values of its members, and how these values relate to behavior, using a structure derived from factor analysis. 21 Learn more of Hofstede ' s Six Dimensions of Organizational Culture through this Youtube link https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yKKruTRQ_2A&ab_cha nnel=TrimTab 23 five themes in Interculturalcommunicationproposed by William B. Gudykunst(2005) > 5 themes: effective outcome, accommodationand adaptation, identity negotiation, > communication network, and acculturationandadjustment. 24 ü It is always challenging to deal with people fromdifferent cultures. ü Understanding cultural differences is paramount for effective intercultural communication. ü Intercultural communication studies offer valuable insights for building bridges across diverse communities and fostering global understanding and cooperation. 25 Remember: 26 Local andGlobalCommunicationinMulticultural SettingPurposive Communication by Ms. Jaze Marco Mul t imodal Texts Overview Multimodal Texts The Basic Language of Multimodal Texts The Fives Modes of Multimodal Texts Types of Multimodal Texts Examples of Multimodal Texts Differences of Infographics, Advertisements, and Editorial Cartoons Activity Objectives define multimodal texts 01 02 03 04 At the end of the unit, the students are expected to: value the importance of multimodal texts know the different modes and types of multimodal texts differentiate infographics, advertisements, and editorial cartoons Multimodal Texts encompass the use of two or more modes of communication in order to create meaning the said modes can be in form of different mediums which may involve using communication technologies but it can also be in the form of a paper-based output or a live performance The Basic Language of Multimodel Texts Mode In multimodal texts, mode defines the method of communication style that is being used. This method in question can be linguistic, gestural, visual, spatial, or auditory. Media or Medium This refers to the various ways a text might reach its readership, such as through a song, image, or website. A medium might impose multiple modes. Affordances The characteristics unique to a selected medium that an artist can employ when creating in that medium are referred to as affordances. It may be seen as one of the possible means by which the media can be altered in order to convey a message. The Basic Language of Multimodel Texts Genre and Genre Conventions Genres are further categorization of media according to the expectations of the viewer. Every genre has its own set of conventions, which are made up of the elements, themes, topics, tropes, characters, situations, and plot beats that form the said genre. Rhetorical Situation It is the context or set of circumstances out of which a text arises. It is composed of rhetorical elements including the genre, the author, the audience, the context, the purpose, and the settings. Author and (Implied Author) The person who creates the text or the media is regarded as the author.. However, the term "author" is not restricted to a single person or to any person at all; in certain cases where the author is not identified, the company or organization that is associated with it will be regarded as the implied author. The Five Modes of Multimodal Texts Linguistic This mode is the most common mode of multimodal texts and is composed of any sort of written text. Visual Gestural This mode involves the use color, layout, style, size, and perspective This mode is about how we interpret movements and how we communicate using them. The Five Modes of Multimodal Texts Spatial Auditory This mode deals with how elements in a space are organized, It also considers how closely objects or people are assembled. This mode focuses on sounds like music, sound effects, ambient noise, silence, tone, emphasis, volume of sound, and the accent of voice in spoken language. Types of Multimodal Texts This type can either be internet-based or offline. This type is produced through the combination of different modes. Digital Print-Based is a type of multimodal text that is produced through the combination of Linguistic and Visual Mode. This type can be referred to as 'a multimodal text within a multimodal text'. It gives out a message and story through a combination of media platforms that helps enhance the experience of the user. Transmedia It is a type of multimodal text that is done live. For this type to be created they combine four modes (auditory, spatial, gestural, linguistic) out of the five modes of multimodal text. Live Examples of Multimodal Texts Graphic Novel Websites Films Poster Theater Blogs Comic Book Infographics An infographic comprises images and data visualizations (e.g. pie charts and bar graphs), as well as minimal text that provides a straightforward overview of the subject Visually appealing graphics are used to deliver information quickly and captivate the users ’ attention easily. Infographics are helpful in terms of making complex information easy to understand. Advertisements Advertisements communicate multifaceted messages to a target audience through the use of words and images. An advertisement can convey its message on both literal and subliminal levels. Editorial Cartoon Editorial cartoons are visual representations of the creator ’ s thoughts and opinions. They are usually aligned from the publication ’ s perspective, but not always. Editorial cartoons are based on current events, which means that they are created within tight time constraints to meet the publication deadlines. Differences of Infographics, Advertisements, and Editorial Cartoon INFOGRAPHICS ADVERTISEMENTS EDITORIAL CARTOON conveys facts and figures explains a topic in a straightforward way presents data, information, or knowledge quickly has minimal text has an opening headline usually promotes a product or service contains subliminal messages has an engaging punchline conveys messages through words and images can be published in both digital and print media has an eye-catching visual, graphic, or image calls the attention of the public can be used to raise awareness or educate the public mainly focuses on the image/drawing and the symbolism conveyed influences audience’s behavior or perception visually represents the creator’s thoughts and opinions based on current events contains political or social commentary