Lesson 1: History of English PDF

English for Academic and Professional Purposes LEARNING PARTNER IN ENGLISH FOR ACADEMIC AND PROFESSIONAL PURPOSES MR. DENMARK LACAP MS. KIM MARJORIE S. JESALVA MS. MERRY JAINE M. L...

English for Academic and Professional Purposes LEARNING PARTNER IN ENGLISH FOR ACADEMIC AND PROFESSIONAL PURPOSES MR. DENMARK LACAP MS. KIM MARJORIE S. JESALVA MS. MERRY JAINE M. LIWANAG 0 English for Academic and Professional Purposes READING TEXTBOOKS ACROSS DISCIPLINES UNIT OUTCOMES At the end of this unit, you should be able to: demonstrate a thorough understanding of diachronic changes in English from Old English to Present day English, and the ability to situate those in their socio-political contexts; identify reading strategies and techniques applied in academic and professional writing; determine the structure, language and specific ideas of a textbook in the natural and social sciences; apply understanding of analyzing text structures; use outlines as a guide in writing academic texts; and prepare a traditional bibliography used in academic and professional text according to the prescribed guidelines. UNIT OVERVIEW Once you have completed your secondary schooling, you will be entering the world of tertiary education – a world that will require you to read and write materials across academic disciplines. Each of these disciplines has its own language, so to speak. Each makes use of a different brand of style or register in communicating ideas. For this reason, we will be exploring the general categories of academic fields you will encounter in higher education and examine how each of them makes use of language in communicating ideas. Moreover, this unit will also help you become more familiar with reading strategies that will enable you to access different sorts of academic materials with relative case. HAVE FUN and LET’S GET AHEAD! 1  English for Academic and Professional Purposes LESSON 1: HISTORY OF ENGLISH LEARNING OBJECTIVES At the end of this learning experience, you should be able to: demonstrate a thorough understanding of diachronic changes in English from Old English to Present day English, and the ability to situate those in their socio-political contexts; develop the linguistic skills required in the close analysis of individual words and other texts; demonstrate a critical understanding of different and sometimes conflicting approaches to the study of the history of the English language; and demonstrate the ability to use the primary and secondary sources provided and collected through independent reading as supportive documents in exploring evidence of language change and/or the ideology that has influenced the development of the English language. KEY CONCEPTS 1.1 Old English 1.4 Early Modern English 1.2 Middle English 1.5 Late Modern English 1.3 Modern English 1.6 Anglo-Saxons OVERVIEW The aim of studying the History of the English Language is to equip the learners with the skills, appropriate theoretical approaches essential to analyze and depict changes in the structure of the English language from the earliest written records up to the present day. This lesson strives to foster a rigorous approach to historical linguistics analysis which recognizes the relationship between the formulation and testing of hypotheses and the collection and analysis of historical linguistic data. Learners will also be encouraged to explore and develop historical linguistics within a framework of cultural analysis which may allow them to relate changes in the structure of English to the sociocultural contexts in which those changes occur. 2  English for Academic and Professional Purposes GETTING STARTED A. DIRECTIONS: Complete this word web below by filling in words or phrases that are related to the main word in the middle. LANGUAGE B. DIRECTIONS: Use the KWL chart in writing to “K” what the reader already knows, and to “W” what the reader wants to learn. Meanwhile, “L” or to what the reader learned after reading the text. ENGLISH LANGUAGE 3  English for Academic and Professional Purposes GETTING DEEPER BRIEF HISTORY OF ENGLISH OLD ENGLISH (450-1100 AD) English is a member of the Indo-European family of language. The history of the English language started with the arrival of three Germanic tribes who invaded Britain during the 5th century AD (Anno Domini or in the year of our Lord). These tribes are referred to as “the founders of the English nation”. These tribes, the Angles, the Saxons and the Jutes, (collectively: Anglo-Saxons) crossed the North Sea from what today is Denmark and northern Germany. At that time, the inhabitants of Britain spoke a Celtic language. But most of the Celtic speakers were pushed west and north by the invaders - mainly into what is now Wales, Scotland and Ireland. The Angles came from "Englaland" and their language was called "Englisc" - from which the words "England" and "English" are derived. Their language, now known as “Old English“, was soon adopted as the common language of this relatively remote corner of Europe. Although you and I would find it hard to understand Old English, it provided a solid foundation for the language we speak today and gave us many essential words like “be”, “strong” and “water”. Lastly, it was in this period that the best of Old English literature was written, including the epic poem “Beowulf”. 4  English for Academic and Professional Purposes MIDDLE ENGLISH (1100-1500 AD) The Viking invasion: With the Viking invasions (Vikings were a tribe of Nordic people that ransacked their way through Northern and Northwestern Europe), Old English got mixed up with Old Norse, the language of the Viking tribes. Old Norse ended up giving English more than 2,000 new words including “give” and “take”, “egg”, “knife”, “husband”, “run” and “viking”. Then, William the Conqueror, the Duke of Normandy invaded and conquered England. From then, the French rule brought change to the English language. The Norman invasion established French as the language of royals and of power. Old English was left to the peasants, and despite its less glamorous status, it continued to develop and grow by adopting a whole host of Latin and French words, including everyday words such as “beer”, “city”, “fruit” and “people”, as well as half of the months of the year. By adopting French words, the English language also became more sophisticated through the inclusion of concepts and words like “liberty” and “justice”. Geoffrey Chaucer’s “The Canterbury Tales” was also one of the highlights of this period. Towards the end of Middle English, a sudden and distinct change in pronunciation (the Great Vowel Shift) started, with vowels being pronounced shorter and shorter. William the Conqueror https://kbimages1- (c.1028 - 1087) a.akamaihd.net/0b1a1f4d-384f-493f-a152- 4b57883f6bc5/1200/1200/False/the- canterbury-tales-35.jpg https://www.history.com/.image/ar_1:1%2Cc_fill%2Ccs_s rgb%2Cfl_progressive%2Cq_auto:good%2Cw_1200/MTU3 ODc4NjAyNzE3NjAzMTQ1/list-10-things-you-may-not- know-about-william-the-conqueror-2.jpg 5  English for Academic and Professional Purposes MODERN ENGLISH (1500-Present) to EARLY MODERN ENGLISH (1500-1800) It is referred to as the tempest ends in a storm. In the 14th-15th century, English became the language of power and influence once again. It got a further boost through the development of English literature and English culture, spearheaded by William Shakespeare. Shakespeare’s influence on the development of the English language and its unique and rich culture is hard to grasp; he had invented almost 1,700 words, including “alligator”, “puppy dog”, and “fashionable”, in addition to his greatest works like Romeo & Juliet and Hamlet. The best-known book during this period is King James Version of the Bible. William Shakespeare https://i.pinimg.com/originals/0 5/58/0d/05580da0e46654e2e8d (1564-1616) 98b766878e849.jpg https://www.biography.com/writer/ william-shakespeare From the 16th century the British had contact with many peoples from around the world. It means that many new words and phrases entered the language. William Caxton, an English merchant, became the first person to introduce a printing press in England. The invention of printing also means that there was now a common language in printing. Books became cheaper and more people learned to read. Printing also brought standardization to English wherein spelling and grammar became fixed. In 1604 the first English dictionary was published by Robert Cawdrey and it was entitled “Table Alphabeticall”. The first daily English-language newspaper, The Daily Courant, is published in London. Samuel Johnson published his English dictionary entitled “A Dictionary of the English Language”. 6  English for Academic and Professional Purposes LATE MODERN ENGLISH (1800-present) The main difference between Early Modern English and Late Modern English is vocabulary. Late Modern English has many more words, arising from two principal factors: firstly, the Industrial Revolution and technology created a need for new words; secondly, the English- speaking world was at the center of a lot of scientific progress, scientific advances went hand-in-hand with the evolution of the language. In this period, Noah Webster publishes his American-English (Title page of the 1828 first edition of the American Dictionary of the English Language featuring an engraving of Webster) dictionary. https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/ English became global. Today, American English is particularly influential, due to American_Dictionary_of_the_English_Language_1828.jpg/1200 the USA’s dominance of cinema, television, popular music, trade and technology. Now, px-American_Dictionary_of_the_English_Language_1828.jpg perhaps, the greatest language of the world is spoken natively by over a quarter of billions of people and as a second language by many millions more. But there are many other varieties of English around the world, including for example Australian English, British English, Canadian English, South African English, Indian English and Caribbean English. The most amazing thing about English is that it’s still evolving. Vocabulary alone is increasing at a pace of approximately 1,000 new and approved words per year. This dramatic increase in new words is largely due to technology. NOTES _____________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ 7 English for Academic and Professional Purposes LET’S FIND OUT LESSON 1: History of English Name: Teacher: Section: Score: A. DIRECTIONS: Complete the KWL Chart by writing your newly acquired knowledge as you read the Brief History of English Language. ENGLISH LANGUAGE B. DIRECTIONS: Demonstrate understanding of the history of the English language by answering the following questions. Be guided by the rubric below: CONTENT 10 points ORGANIZATION OF IDEAS 5 points GRAMMAR 5 points TOTAL 20 points 1. Why is studying history important? Elaborate your answer. _________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ 8  English for Academic and Professional Purposes 2. What is/are the use of English language in the Philippines and other Asian countries? How about its role in global communication? _________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ 3. Give at least 1 progress of the English language that you find very helpful nowadays, and why? _________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ CHALLENGE LESSON 1: History of English Name: Teacher: Section: Score: DIRECTIONS: Think of originally foreign words/phrases used by Filipinos. Explain briefly how these words became part of the local language(s) in the Philippines. 1. Word/Phrase: ____________________ Country of Origin: ________________ Reason/s why it becomes part of the local language in the Philippines: _________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________ 2. Word/Phrase: ____________________ Country of Origin: ________________ Reason/s why it becomes part of the local language in the Philippines: _________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________ 9 English for Academic and Professional Purposes 3. Word/Phrase: ____________________ Country of Origin: ________________ Reason/s why it becomes part of the local language in the Philippines: _________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________ 4. Word/Phrase: ____________________ Country of Origin: ________________ Reason/s why it becomes part of the local language in the Philippines: _________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________ 5. Word/Phrase: ____________________ Country of Origin: ________________ Reason/s why it becomes part of the local language in the Philippines: _________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________ 6. Word/Phrase: ____________________ Country of Origin: ________________ Reason/s why it becomes part of the local language in the Philippines: _________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________ 7. Word/Phrase: ____________________ Country of Origin: ________________ Reason/s why it becomes part of the local language in the Philippines: _________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________ 10 English for Academic and Professional Purposes 8. Word/Phrase: ____________________ Country of Origin: ________________ Reason/s why it becomes part of the local language in the Philippines: __________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________ 9. Word/Phrase: ____________________ Country of Origin: ________________ Reason/s why it becomes part of the local language in the Philippines: __________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________ 10. Word/Phrase: ____________________ Country of Origin: ________________ Reason/s why it becomes part of the local language in the Philippines: __________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________ INSTRUCTOR’S COMMENTS 11