Organic Compounds PDF

Organic Compounds Hydrocarbons: Alkanes Alkenes Alkynes Functional Groups Alcohols Carboxylic Acids Nomenclature of Hydrocarbons Drawing the structure of Hydrocarbons Characteristics of Organic Compounds 1. Contain carbon and hydrogen; may...

Organic Compounds Hydrocarbons: Alkanes Alkenes Alkynes Functional Groups Alcohols Carboxylic Acids Nomenclature of Hydrocarbons Drawing the structure of Hydrocarbons Characteristics of Organic Compounds 1. Contain carbon and hydrogen; may include other elements like O, N, S, etc. 2. Typically covalently bonded. 3. Can form large chains or rings. Hydrocarbon Compounds containing only carbon and hydrogen. Types: Alkanes: Saturated (single bonds). Alkenes: Unsaturated (at least one double bond). Alkynes: Unsaturated (at least one triple bond). A saturated compound has only single bonds between its carbon atoms, meaning no double or triple bonds are present. Each carbon atom is fully "saturated" with the maximum number of hydrogen atoms it can bond with. Example: Alkanes (e.g., methane, CH₄). IUPAC Systematic naming of organic compounds based on chain length, functional groups, and substituents. Compound: CH₃-CH₂-OH IUPAC Name: Ethanol Functional Group of Carboxylic Acids -COOH (Carboxyl group). Molecular and Structural Formula Molecular formula: Shows number and type of atoms (e.g., C2H4O2)= word. Structural formula: Shows atom arrangement (e.g., CH3COOH for acetic acid)= Drawing. Bonding and Reactivity Alkane: Single bonds, less reactive. Undergo combustion and substitution. Alkene: Double bonds, more reactive. Undergo additional reactions. Alkyne: Triple bonds, highly reactive. Undergo additional reactions. Solubility of Carboxylic Acids and Alcohols Soluble in water due to hydrogen bonding. Solubility decreases as the carbon chain length increases (hydrophobic effect). Structural Formula of Carboxylic Acids For ethanoic acid (acetic acid): mathematica Copy code H | H-C-C=O | \ H OH 4o