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1. What was Donatello known for? known for bronze statue of david 2. What was Michelangelo known for? known for sistine chapel 3. What was da Vinci known for? known for mona lisa 4. Who was Niccolo Machiavelli? : An Italian diplomat, philosopher, and writer. Importance : Best known for hi...

1. What was Donatello known for? known for bronze statue of david 2. What was Michelangelo known for? known for sistine chapel 3. What was da Vinci known for? known for mona lisa 4. Who was Niccolo Machiavelli? : An Italian diplomat, philosopher, and writer. Importance : Best known for his political treatise, "The Prince," which is often regarded as a foundational work in modern political theory. 5. Who was Thomas More? Who : An English lawyer, social philosopher, and author. Importance : Authored "Utopia," a book that describes a fictional island society and its religious, social, and political customs. 6. What were the 95 Theses? : Martin Luther. What : A list of propositions for an academic disputation. Why : They criticized the Catholic Church’s practices, notably the sale of indulgences, leading to the Protestant Reformation. 7. Who was Gutenberg? Who : A German blacksmith, goldsmith, printer, and publisher. Invention : Movable-type printing press. Impact : Enabled mass production of books, disseminating knowledge widely and fostering literacy and education. 8. Renaissance : A cultural rebirth originating in Italy during the 14th century, extending  to the 17th century, characterized by a revival of Classical learning and wisdom. 9. Reformation : A schism within Western Christianity initiated by Martin Luther, John Calvin, and other early Protestants. 10. Humanism : An intellectual movement focused on human potential and achievements, steering away from medieval scholasticism and emphasizing classic texts. 11. Who was Henry VIII? Who : King of England. Importance : His separation from the Catholic Church and establishment of the Church of England marked significant religious transformation in England. 12. Be familiar with the different religions following the reformation. ie. Anabaptists, Lutherans, Calvinists, Anglicans... Anabaptists, Lutherans, Calvinists, Anglicans : Various Protestant denominations emerged following the Reformation, each with unique beliefs and practices. 13. Triangular Trade : A system of trade between Europe, Africa, and the Americas. 14. Columbian Exchange : The widespread transfer of plants, animals, culture, human populations, technology, diseases, and ideas between the Americas and the Old World.  15. Middle Passage : The stage of the triangular trade in which millions of Africans were forcibly transported to the New World as part of the Atlantic slave trade. Impacts : Economic boost for Europe, devastation for Indigenous populations, and cultural exchanges amid widespread disease and exploitation. 16. Know how Spain, England, Portugal, France, and the Dutch played a role in Exploration or Colonization, or both. ​ Spain: Initiated the European exploration of the Americas with Columbus' voyages, leading to extensive colonization in Central and South America, primarily focused on extracting gold and silver from conquered indigenous empires like the Aztecs and Incas through conquistadors like Cortez and Pizarro. ​ Portugal: Pioneered exploration along the African coast, establishing trade routes to India and the East, eventually claiming Brazil in South America. ​ England: Primarily colonized North America, establishing settlements like Jamestown, Plymouth, and later expanding to other regions, often with a focus on establishing permanent settler colonies and exploiting resources like fur trade. ​ France: Explored and colonized large parts of North America, particularly the Great Lakes region and the Mississippi River valley, focusing on fur trade and alliances with indigenous populations through explorers like Samuel de Champlain. ​ Netherlands (Dutch): Established colonies in North America (New Netherland, including present-day New York) and Southeast Asia, primarily focused on trade and commercial ventures, especially in spices. 17. Who was Vasco de Gama? Vasco da Gama : First European to reach India by sea, linking Europe and Asia via the Cape of Good Hope.  Christopher Columbus 18. Who was Christopher Columbus? : Known for his 1492 voyage that led to the opening of the Americas to European colonization. 19. Who was Francisco Pissarro? Francisco Pissarro : Conquered the Incan Empire in what is now Peru. 20. Who was Amerigo Vespucci? Amerigo Vespucci : Demonstrated that the New World was not Asia but a previously unknown fourth continent. 21. What is Constitutionalism? doctrine that a government's authority is determined by a body of laws or constitution 22..What is Absolutism? Absolutism is a political system where a single ruler has complete power over a country. 23. Who was Thomas Hobbes? Thomas Hobbes : Advocated for absolute sovereignty as the only kind of government that could resolve problems caused by the selfishness of human beings ("Leviathan"). 24. Who was John Locke? John Locke : Father of Liberalism; emphasized the social contract and natural rights (life, liberty, property). 25. Who was Montesquieu? Montesquieu : Proposed the separation of powers in government to prevent tyranny ("The Spirit of the Laws"). 26. Who was Rousseau? Rousseau : Believed in the innate goodness of man and in basic human rights founded upon universal natural law ("The Social Contract"). 27. Who was Adam Smith? Adam Smith : Laid the foundations of classical free market economic theory ("The Wealth of Nations").  28. Who was Mary Wollstonecraft? Mary Wollstonecraft : Early advocate of women's rights, arguing for the education and equality of women ("A Vindication of the Rights of Woman"). 29. Who was Voltaire? Voltaire : Criticized the Catholic Church and advocated for freedom of speech, separation of church and state, and civil liberties. 30. absolutist rulers: louis XIV, frederick william, frederick the great, peter the great, katherine the great, ivan the terrible 31. Ptolemy, Copernicus, Galileo, Kepler, Newton : Key figures who drastically improved understanding of our solar system and physics, laying the groundwork for modern science. Ptolemy- Ptolemaic System was that the planet Earth was the center of the universe and all of the other planets, stars, and the Sun revolved, or circled, around it. Copernicus- Polish astronomer who put forth the theory that the Sun is at rest near the center of the Universe, and that the Earth, spinning on its axis once daily, revolves annually around the Sun Galileo- famous for his groundbreaking astronomical observations made using an improved telescope Kepler- best known for his three laws of planetary motion Newton- He formulated laws of motion and gravitation. the political doctrine that a monarch's authority to 32. What is Divine Right? rule comes directly from God 33. Know about the 1st estate, 2nd estate, and 3rd estate. The French social structure prior to the revolution, consisting of clergy, nobility, and commoners. 34. Know about the key events of the French Revolution 35. Know about the Reign of Terror. What : A period of radical repression and bloodshed during which the ruling faction systematically executed perceived enemies of the revolution. Who : Dominated by the Jacobins and led by Maximilien Robespierre. Victims  : A wide range of people, including former aristocrats, clergy, and others deemed counter-revolutionary. 36. What was the Tennis Court Oath? A pledge by members of the Third Estate not to disband until a new French constitution had been adopted, marking a pivotal event in the Revolution. 37. Review political cartoons from the French Revolution and the Napoleonic wars. 38. What caused the revolution? Financial crisis, social inequality, political absolutism, and economic hardship. 39. What was the Declaration of the Rights of man? Document : Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen. Design Influence : Philosophical works of Enlightenment figures and American Revolutionary principles. 40. Who were the monarchs in France 1789? Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette. 41. Who was the Emperor of France following the Revolution? Napoleon Bonaparte. 42. Who defeated Napoleon? Occurred at the Battle of Waterloo by the Seventh Coalition, which included Britain and Prussia. 43. What is propaganda? Political cartoons and various visual arts used to influence public opinion during the French Revolution and Napoleonic Wars. 44. Make sure you are familiar with all of the social classes in Latin America. Peninsulares, Creoles, Mestizos, Native Americans, enslaved Africans 45. Know Adam Smith and his theory: Adam Smith’s "invisible hand" theory: Advocated for laissez-faire economics 46. Know Karl Marx and his theory: critique of capitalism: Proposed that class struggle leads to Socialist and eventually Communist societies. 47. Know the difference between Capitalism/Socialism/Communism 48. Know the different types of technology that emerged during the Industrial Revolution. Steam engine, spinning jenny, power loom 49. Know the causes of the Industrial Revolution. Agricultural productivity, population growth, capital, and market access. 50. Know the effects of the Industrial Revolution. Urbanization, changes in labor, and significant social/economic transformations.