Animal Cell Communication PDF

1) Know the five types of communication that occur between animal cells through secreted signals, as described in slides 5-8 1) endocrine signaling Hormones secreted into extracellular fluids by endocrine cells reach their targets via the bloodstream - Maintains homeostasis - Mediates respo...

1) Know the five types of communication that occur between animal cells through secreted signals, as described in slides 5-8 1) endocrine signaling Hormones secreted into extracellular fluids by endocrine cells reach their targets via the bloodstream - Maintains homeostasis - Mediates response to stimuli - Regulates growth and development - Triggers change underlying sexual maturity and reproduction 2) Paracrine Signaling and Autocrine Signaling These two play roles in - Blood pressure regulation - Nervous system function - Reproduction In Paracine signaling target cells lie near the secreted cells In Autocrine signaling the target cell is also the secreted cell 4) Synaptic Signaling and Neuroendocrine Signaling - Neurons communicate with target cells via specialized junctions called synapses - At synapses, secreted molecules called neurotransmitters diffuse short distances and bind to receptors on target cells - In neuroendocrine signaling, specialized neurosecretory cells secrete neurohormones that diffuse from nerve endings into the bloodstream 3) Know the role(s) of the hypothalamus, its location in the human body, the hormone(s) it makes/secretes, and their functions The roles of the hypothalamus are - The hypothalamus coordinates endocrine signaling - Signals from the hypothalamus travel to the pituitary gland, composed of the posterior pituitary and anterior pituitary The location of the hypothalamus is at the base of the brain The hormones it makes: - The hypothalmaus makes the Gonadotropin secretion is controlled by gonadotropin- releasing hormone  - prolactin-releasing hormone from the hypothalamus stimulates the anterior pituitary to secrete prolactin (PRL), which has a role in milk production - If thyroid hormone level drops in the blood, the hypothalamus secretes thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH), causing the anterior pituitary to secrete thyroid-stimulating hormone 4) Know the role(s) of the anterior and posterior pituitary, their location in the human body, the hormone(s) both make/secrete, and their functions - Signals from the hypothalamus travel to the pituitary gland, composed of the posterior pituitary and anterior pituitary Posterior pituitary Anterior pituitary The posterior pituitary stores and secretes The anterior pituitary makes and releases hormones that are made in the hypothalamus hormones under regulation of the hypothalamus 5) Know the role(s) of the thyroid, its location in the human body, the hormone(s) it makes/secretes, and their functions Including how the thyroid is regulated in a hormone cascade pathway, as described in slide 31 Role of the thyroid: - Regulates many function, one is to control the body's metabolism, or how it converts food into energy how the thyroid is regulated in a hormone cascade pathway: 1) The thyroid hormone level drops 2) The hypothalamus secretes thryrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) 3) This causes the anterior pituitary to release thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) the hormone(s) it makes/secretes: - The thyroid stimulating hormone releases thyroid hormone by the thyroid gland 6) Know the role(s) of the parathyroid, its location in the human body, the hormone(s) it makes/secretes, and their functions The roles of the parathyroid - - regulates calcium levels in the blood The location of the parathyroid - - next to the two thyroid gland lobes in the neck. The hormones it secretes and makes and what those hormones do Parathyroid hormone - The parathyroid hormone (PTH) is released by the the parathyroid glands when the calcium levels are low - The (PTH) raises those levels and it releases calcium from the bone to stimulate reabsorpotion of calcium in the kidneys Calcitionin: - Calcitionin decreases the level of blood of ca2+ (calcium) - This stiumulates calcium deposition in bones that are released by the kidneys