Exam Review 2 - Biology

Exam review 2 Chapter 6 1. Understand the general concept of how a light microscope works- - Passing visible light through a specimen which then travels through a series of lenses that bend the light to create a magnified image of the sample, allowing the user to see the detai...

Exam review 2 Chapter 6 1. Understand the general concept of how a light microscope works- - Passing visible light through a specimen which then travels through a series of lenses that bend the light to create a magnified image of the sample, allowing the user to see the details that are too small to see with the naked eye. 2. Understand each parameter of microscopy- - Magnification- ratio of an image size to the real size (example- LM can magnify ~1,000x the actual specimen size) - Resolution- Measure of the clarity of the image ( Example- ability to distinguish between two separate points of the specimen) - Contrast- Difference in brightness between the light/dark areas of the image (Example- Staining or labeling cell components) - 3. Understand the general concept of how an electron microscope works- - Electron Microscope- focuses a beam of electrons through/onto the specimen. Electrons have a shorter wavelength than visible light. Resolution of ~ nm. 100x standard LM resolution 4. Be able to distinguish between the two different types of electron microscope and their respective function- - Types of different electron microscope- Scanning electron microscope (SEM)- Scans the surface of the sample Transmission electron microscope (TEM)- Electrons pass through a thin specimen, creating a projection image 5. Understand the function of the nucleus- - The function of the nucleus is to store and protect the cells genetic material (DNA) 6. Understand the function of the nucleolus- The function of the nucleolus is to produce and assemble ribosomes 7. Understand the function of the ribosomes- -Ribosomes make protein  Exam review 2 8. Understand the structural components of the endoplasmic reticulum- - Structural components - Smooth ER (no Ribosomes), Rough ER (Contains ribosomes) 9. Be able to distinguish between rough and smooth ER and the respective functions of each- - Smooth ER- Diverse metabolic processes, the surface is smooth, Example of Smooth ER- ( Lipid synthesis, carbohydrate, metabolism, detoxification of drugs/poisons, calcium storage) - Rough ER- Protein synthesis and secretion and contains ribosomes, and formation of the membrane proteins take place Example of Rough ER- (glycoproteins) 10. Understand the structural components of the Golgi apparatus and the respective function of each- - Golgis purpose- shipping and receiving center - Function of each structural component- Cis face- Receives products from ER Trans face-Ships products from the Golgi Transport vesicles- transports products from the Er to the Golgi and from the Golgi to other structures 11. Understand the basic structure of mitochondria and its function-  Exam review 2 - Function of the mitochondria- (Power house of the Cell) Consume chemical energy and use oxygen to generate ATP from (Sugars, fats, and other fuel sources) 12. Understand the basic structure of chloroplasts and its function- - Function of the Chloroplasts- site of photosynthesis in plants/algae - Converts solar energy into chemical, synthesize sugar from the carbon dioxide and water 13. Understand the different cytoskeleton components of eukaryotes and their respective function- - Function of the Cytoskeleton (eukaryotes)- Network of fibers extending through the cell’s cytoplasm  Exam review 2 - Components of Cytoskeleton (eukaryotes) - Microtubules (tubulin)- Thickest filaments - Microfilaments (actin)- Thinnest filaments - Intermediate filaments- Medium sized filaments 14. Understand the function of the cell walls and which cells they are found in- Chapter 7 1. Understand what an amphipathic molecule is and its respective regions- - A compound that has both hydrophilic (water loving) and a hydrophobic (water fearing) region - Hydrophilic region ( water loving) head that exposes hydrophilic heads to water - Hydrophobic tails (water fearing) shelters hydrophobic tails from water 2. Understand the structural components of phospholipids and the properties associated which each part- - 1. A Glycerol backbone 2.Two fatty acid tails (hydrophobic) 3. And a phosphate group with a polar head group (hydrophilic) 3. Understand the different types of lipids and their role in the cellular membrane- - Types of Lipids 1. Unsaturated Hydrocarbon tails ( remains fluid, Kinked tails prevent packing) 2. Saturated hydrocarbon tails (becomes viscous, Tails packed together) 3. Cholesterol wedged between lipids ( reduces fluidity, disadvantage at higher temps, advantage at lower temps) 4. Be able to predict which type of lipids would mostly be found in the cell ,membranes of animal in different types of membrane proteins- 5. Be able to identify the molecular properties that easily diffuse across the cellular membrane- 7. Be able to identify the molecular properties that are impermeable to the cellular membrane- 8. Understand which types of membrane transport are passive-  Exam review 2 9. Understand which types of membrane transport are active- 10. Understand what tonicity is- - Solutions ability to change volume of cells by altering their water content 11. Understand the movement of water in each type of tonic solution- Chapter 8- 1. Understand and be able to differentiate between the different types of metabolic pathways- - Types of pathways 1. Catabolism- Release energy by braking down complex colecules into simple compounds, breakdown of glucose and other fuel into presence of oxygen into cardon d and water, stored energy is now available for cellular work 2. Anabolism- Consume energy to build complex molecules from simpler ones (example- protein synthesis from amino acids) 2. Understand and be able to identify each type of cellular energy discussed- - Types of energy 1. Kinetic energy- Energy of objects in motion (Example- Contraction of muscles to push an object) 2. Thermal energy- Kinetic energy associated with the random movement of atoms or molecules ( Example- heat occurs when thermal energy is transferred between objects( The stove heats the pot ) 3. Potential energy- stored energy in a object due to its position , structure, or properties ( examples- battery, dynamite, drawn bow) 4. Chemical energy- potential energy available for release in a chemical reaction ( examples- burning woods, gasoline in cars, eating food) 3. Understand and be able to differentiate between the thermodynamic systems discussed- - Thermodynamic systems 1. Isolated system- Unable to exchange energy or matter with its surroundings ( Example- Liquid in a thermos) 2. Open System- energy and matter can be transferred between the system and its surroundings ( Example- a pot of boiling water on a stovetop) 4. Understand the general concept of the first law of thermodynamics- - First law- Energy can be transferred or transformed, and energy cannot be created or destroyed ( Example- a plant converts sunlight into chemical energy as an energy transformer)  Exam review 2 5. Understand the general concept of the second law of thermodynamics and the concept of entropy- - Second Law- Every energy transfer or transformation increases the entropfy of the universe. - Entropy- Measures the degree or disorder or randomness within a system (example- Ice melting into water , the molecules become more disordered signifying an increase in entropy) 6. Understand and be able to differentiate between the different types of energetic process- - Types of energetic process- 1. Spontaneous process (- G) a given process leads to an increase in entropy by itself. (Example- water flowing down hill) 2. Nonspontaneous (+ G) A given process leads to a decrease in entropy by itself. (example- a machine that pumps water uphill) 7. Understand how free energy relates to a systems stability- - A system with a lower free energy is considered more stable. 8. Understand and be able to differentiate between the two different types of chemical reactions discussed- - Different types of chemical reactions 1. Exergonic (- G) Outward energy, occurs spontaneously, more energy released, more work can be done ( Example- Down Hill energy) 2. Endergonic (+ G) Inward energy, is non spontaneous, quantity of energy required for a reaction ( Example- Up hill energy) 9. Understand the basic structure of ATP and what component provides energy release- - Basic structure of ATP- Ribose Sugar, Adenine Nitrogenous base, Triphosphate group (three phosphates) - What provides energy release ATP- The phosphate bond between the second and third phosphate groups 10. Understand the general concept of what an enzyme is and its function- - What is a enzyme- Proteins that help speed up metabolism, or the chemical reactions in our body. - Function of an enzyme- Speeds up the rate of a specific chemical reaction within a living organism without being consumed in the process. 11. Understand how enzymes affect activation energy in a chemical reaction- 12. Understand the general process of catalysis- 13. Understand and be able to differentiate between the two different types of enzyme inhibitors- hot environment saturated carbon tails Cold unsaturated saturated tails  Exam review 2 Types of protein membrane- - Interacting with both enobathic - Integral proteins- integrates into membrane - Trans membrane- transfer entire membrane 2 - Peripheral proteins- perimeter of membrane