CH 6 Fall 2024 IPAD Cell Biology PDF

A TOUR OF THE CELL Chapter 6 BIOL 1350 – UCCS Gina McCutcheon  CH 6 Learning Goals: Understand and be able to CH 6: A Tour of explain the following facts and concepts: the Cell Advantages and disadvantages of ligh...

A TOUR OF THE CELL Chapter 6 BIOL 1350 – UCCS Gina McCutcheon  CH 6 Learning Goals: Understand and be able to CH 6: A Tour of explain the following facts and concepts: the Cell Advantages and disadvantages of light microscopy and electron microscopy Learning Goals Similarities and differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic and cells Lecture Outline Similarities and differences between plant cells and animal cells Major functions of the eukaryotic organelles Cell Theory & Microscopy Endomembrane System and the Secretory Pathway Overview of Cell Structure Semiautonomous organelles and the Endosymbiotic Theory The Nucleus and ribosomes The basic structure and functions of the three cytoskeleton Endomembrane System components Semiautonomous Organelles The basic structure and functions of cell walls in plants and the Cytoskeleton extracellular matrix in animal cells Extra cellular structures The functions of the three main types of intercellular junctions in animal cells and plasmodesmata in plant cells August 26, 2024 – Monday Goal: To make introductions and begin Touring the Cell!! J Materials Needed: 1. Name Cards 2. Notecards 3. White Paper to draw Venn Diagram 4. Cell Diagram Handouts? August 26, 2024 – Monday Welcome to Intro to Cell Biology!! Goal: To make introductions and begin Touring the Cell!! J 1. Intros: Write your name and at least 3 cool, fun, interesting or unique things about yourself on the index card Also… What do you hope to learn in this class? What grade are you going to work for in this class? 2. Class Activity - Inner Life of the Cell Video 3. CH 6 Tour of the Cell slides and notes 4. Class Activity – Venn Diagram comparing Cells 5. Canvas Organization and Mastering Biology Homework: Due Tuesday, September 3 at 11:59pm (before midnight) In Canvas àVitalSource Course Materials in left column à Launch Coursewareà Open MyLab and Mastering à CH 06 HW In Pearson eText à Read Chapter 6 à Focus your reading on stuff I talk about in class, skim the other stuff!! J CH 6 Dynamic Study Module is awesome to help gauge your learning!! Gina McCutcheon I like to hike, run, backpack, camp – Finished the 500 mile Colorado Trail from Denver to Durango Hike 14ers, 54 total ascents, 18 different mountains Hiked the Grand Canyon Ran the Pikes Peak Marathon 3 times I like to craft – make cards, stickers, shirts, beaded projects, and more! I like to spend time with my 2 college girls and husband! Movies, skiing, card games, camping, museums. I’ve been teaching for 35 years! Love it!! Love all the cool science things, flowers, all kinds of music, and the color purple! J  The Inner Life of the Cell Class Activity: Tell me a bit about your science background and why you are taking this class. What are you most curious about when you think about studying cell biology? What can you identify in this video? Other thoughts on this For an explanation of these events, read “Inner Life of the Cell” on Canvas video?? YouTube Video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wJyUtbn0O5Y  Cell Theory 1. The cell is the smallest unit of life 2. Living organisms are made of Cell Theory one or more cells 3. Cells come from other cells & Microscopy 06_01_Paramecium-L.jpg Cell Theory & Microscopy Overview of Cell Structure The Nucleus and ribosomes Endomembrane System Semiautonomous Organelles Cytoskeleton Extra cellular structures  Microscopy Light Microscopes (LM) Use visible light Advantage of LM - they allow the visualization of dynamic processes in living cells Cell movement Cell division Uptake of food Electron Microscopes (EMs) Use beams of electrons Used to study Organelles like ribosomes Macromolecules like proteins Specific regions in a cell Cells are dead under EM!! Light Microscopes (LMs) Size Range of Cells Light Microscopes can magnify to about 1,000 times Various techniques enhance contrast and enable cell components to be stained The resolution of standard light microscopy is too low to study most organelles  Two basic types of Electron Microscopes (EMs) Three dimensional (3D) surface Internal structure of structure of cells - SEM cells - TEM use for use for Scanning electron microscopes (SEMs) focus a beam of electrons onto the surface of a specimen, providing images that look 3-D Transmission electron microscopes (TEMs) focus a beam of electrons through a specimen, TEMs are used mainly to study the internal structure of cells. TEMs can magnify ranging from 50,000x to 10 million times!!!  Cell Size – small means lots of surface area!! Being small means cells need a high “surface area to volume” ratio All parts of the cell are close to a surface for transport efficiency Usually lots of folds Recurring theme in biology  Cells can be divided into 2 basic types: Prokaryotes Smaller Overview Simpler cell structure No nucleus of Cell Few membrane-bound organelles* Structure Consist of Bacteria and Archaea organisms Cell Theory & Microscopy Eukaryotes Overview of Cell Structure Larger The Nucleus and ribosomes More complex cells DNA enclosed within Endomembrane System membrane-bound nucleus Semiautonomous Organelles Membrane-bound organelles Consist of Eukarya Cytoskeleton organisms - protists, fungi, Extra cellular structures plants, animals  3 DOMAINS OF LIFE Archaea Bacteria Eukarya Prokaryotes (no nucleus) Prokaryotes (no nucleus) Eukaryotes (has a nucleus) Unicellular Unicellular Unicellular & multicellular Extremophiles Helpful Bacteria Thermophiles Probiotics Halophiles In food production Methanogenes In soil Harmful Bacteria Streps Staphs Salmonella  Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes ALL CELLS HAVE THESE 4 SIMILARITIES DNA and RNA Ribosomes Cytoplasm Plasma cell membrane Prokaryote – Bacteria or Archaea Eukaryote – Plant, Animal, Protist or Fungi - genetic material - make proteins - Prokaryotes 70S - Eukaryotes 80S Cytosol Cytoplasm - jelly-like fluid in cell - regulates passage of materials Section 3.1 into and out of the cell  Prokaryotes DIFFERENCES Eukaryotes (Bacteria, Archaea) (Eukarya - Plants, Animals, Fungi, Protists) Larger cells Smaller on average Single celled only Single celled (protists) Multi-celled (plants, animal, fungi) DNA in a nucleoid region DNA in a membrane bound nucleus without membrane No membrane bound organelles* Membrane bound organelles Cell wall made of: Peptidoglycan – can target this Cell wall made of: with antibiotics to kill bacterial Cellulose => plants infections in humans since human Chitin => fungi cells don’t have peptidoglycan No cell wall in animal cells!!  Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic Cell Video Time!!! https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RQ-SMCmWB1s&feature=youtu.be 3 Domains: Bacteria & Archaea Eukarya – animal, plant, protists, fungi Prokaryote Eukaryote “pro” = before “eu” = true “karyon” = nucleus “karyon” = nucleus t hat at e t hat i ngs h ave t h gs s hav i ngs oth Th yotes otes i n Th yote tes h T yb ukar kary the ave. e ro ave. ar aryo t p ok pr t euk ave. h tha on’t h d tha on’t h d Venn Diagram 3 Domains: Bacteria & Archaea Eukarya – animal, plant, protists, fungi Prokaryote Eukaryote “pro” = before “eu” = true “karyon” = nucleus “karyon” = nucleus Single celled (protists) Single celled only (bacteria, archaea) Multi celled (plants, animal, fungi) Cytoplasm DNA in a nucleoid region DNA and RNA DNA in a nucleus (membrane bound) Cell membrane Small size 1 μm – 10 μm Larger size 10 μm – 100 μm Ribosomes No membrane bound organelles* Membrane bound organelles Cell walls made of Cell wall composed Cellulose => plants of peptidoglycan Chitin => fungi  Eukaryotes – cells with membrane bound organelles (Protists, Plants, Animals, Fungi) ANIMAL and PLANT cell Typical Eukaryotic DIFFERENCES Typical Eukaryotic Animal cell Plant cell Large Central Vacuole Centrioles Flagellum Cell wall Chloroplasts Lysosomes Plants have mitochondria!!! Even though they make their own food (sugars), the mitochondria converts the sugar to ATP!!  Eukaryotic Animal Cell – things not found in plant cells Flagellum – a large appendage for locomotion Centrioles – paired short tubes found in the centrosome Play a role in cell division Lysosome – a membraneous sac of enzymes used for intracellular digestion of macromolecules Figure 6.8 Eukaryotic Animal Cell Flagellum Centrioles Lysosome Use this diagram and others for Homework question!! BioFlix® Animation: Tour of an Animal Cell Eukaryotic Plant Cell – things not found in animal cells Central vacuole – a large membraneous sac used for storage and break down of macromolecules - Often takes up the majority of space in a plant cell - Creates internal pressure Cell wall – a protective layer Chloroplast – an organelle made of cellulose found in plants and protists - external to the that converts sunlight to plasma membrane chemical energy - provides - synthesize sugars!! structure  Nuclear envelope Eukaryotic Plant Cell NUCLEUS Nucleolus Rough ER Chromatin Smooth ER Ribosomes Golgi Central vacuole apparatus Microfilaments CYTOSKELETON Microtubules Mitochondrion Peroxisome Plasma membrane Chloroplast Cell wall Plasmodesmata Wall of adjacent cell BioFlix® Animation: Tour of a Plant Cell  Plant Cell Animal Cell lant at s t hat P t h ng Cells s t hat that h i ngs oth T hi al nt i ng have lls T yb i m P l a h T lls e the ave. An that have. e l C e t C im n a h ave. h hav s don’ A n’t ll do Ce Venn Diagram  The eukaryotic cell’s genetic instructions are housed in the nucleus and carried out by the ribosomes Nucleus Nucleus and Most all of cell’s DNA Large organelle Ribosomes Nuclear envelope Nucleolus Cell Theory & Microscopy Overview of Cell Structure Nucleus and Ribosomes Ribosome Uses genetic info to Endomembrane System make proteins Semiautonomous Organelles Made of ribosomal RNA Cytoskeleton and protein Extra Cellular Structures Can be free or bound Nucleolus – dense area of DNA in nucleus Nucleus - contains - the site of ribosomal subunitsNucleolus rRNA most of the synthesis cell’s DNA - surrounded Nuclear envelope – by a double double membrane of membrane nucleus Nuclearthatenvelope: is each continuous with the ER membrane consists of a Inner membrane lipid bilayer Outer membrane Nuclear Pore complex hole that regulates Rough ER entry and exit of molecules from the Ribosome nucleus like proteins and mRNA DNA molecules stay inside nucleus Close-up Chromatin is composed of DNA of Nuclear and histone proteins Chromatin Pore complex “hole” FIG. 6-11 Ribosomes Make Proteins!! Free ribosomes - found in ER cytoplasm - MAKE PROTEINS!!! - For functions in cytoplasm Bound ribosomes – attached to ER rough ER or the nuclear envelope - MAKE PROTEINS!!! - For cell membrane - For secretion to rest of body - For lysosomes ER Large subunit rRNA+proteins TEM of pancreas cell showing ER and ribosomes Small subunit Pancreas cells have a few million ribosomes!! rRNA+proteins Pancreas cells make lots of proteins (digestive enzymes) so they need LOTS of Ribosomes are made of rRNA and proteins. ribosomes!! Ribosomes DO NOT have a membrane. Ribosome in cytosol Membrane-bound ribosome on ER  Class Activity Quiz – work with partner/group to get the right answers!! J 1. What is the advantage of a Light 9. Function of a 8. What’s the function Microscope over nuclear pore of ribosomes? complex? Electron Microscopes? 2. Which EM 7. What 3 things do 10. Describe the microscope shows plant cells have that 3D surface animal cells do not nucleolus. Is it an organelle? structures? have? 6. What are 4 things 3. Which EM prokaryotes and microscope shows eukaryotes have in internal structures? common? 5. There are 3 4. What is the Domains of Life. difference between a Which have nucleoid region and a membrane bound nucleus? organelles?  Class Activity Quiz - Answers 1. What is the advantage of a Light Microscope over Electron Microscopes? Allows us to see live cell activities like amoeba movement and cell division 2. Which EM microscope shows 3D surface structures? SEM (scanning electron microscope) 3. Which EM microscope shows internal structures? TEM (transmission electron microscope) 4. What is the difference between a nucleoid region and a nucleus? Nucleoid is an “area” with circular DNA in prokaryotes (archaea & bacteria) 5. There are 3 Domains of Life. Which have membrane bound organelles? Archaea, Bacteria, Eukarya; ONLY Eukarya have organelles (eukaryotes) 6. What are 4 things prokaryotes and eukaryotes have in common? Cell membrane, cytoplasm, ribosomes, DNA 7. What 3 things do plant cells have that animal cells do not have? Chloroplasts, cell walls, large central vacuole 8. What’s the function of ribosomes? To make proteins 9. Function of a nuclear pore complex? Regulates movement of molecules coming in and going out of the nucleus 10. Describe the nucleolus. Is it an organelle? Area where rRNA is made, NOT an actual organelle, just a dense area of DNA August 28, 2024 – Wednesday Materials Needed: Name Cards Notecards Cell Diagram Handouts  CH 6 Cell Structure and Function Label and Describe the following structures: * items are NOT found in plant cells!! Nucleus Free Ribosome *Lysosome* Nucleolus Smooth ER *Microvilli* Nuclear pore Golgi Complex *Flagellum* Rough ER Mitochondria *Centrosome* Bound Ribosome Peroxisome Plasma membrane Cytoskeleton fibers CH 6 Cell Structure and Function Label and Describe the following structures: * items are NOT found in animal cells! *Thylakoid stack* Nucleus Smooth ER *Central Vacuole* Nucleolus Golgi Complex *Cell wall* Nuclear pore Mitochondria *Chloroplast* Rough ER Peroxisome *Plasmodesmata* Bound Ribosome Plasma membrane Free Ribosome Cytoskeleton fibers August 28, 2024 – Wednesday Happy Wednesday!! J Goal: To discuss parts of the cell and describe structure and functions. How do we kill bacteria (infections) with 1. Week #1 Notecard – drugs and not damage our own cells? Hint: Drugs must target some part of the bacterial cell that is not present in humans… such as? 2. Review Nucleus and Ribosomes slides from Monday 3. Class Activity – Break into 10 groups (3-4 in group). Answer 1 question from next slide & share answer with class. 4. CH 6 Tour of the Cell Slides and Videos in Canvas 5. Class Activity – Label Cell parts and note function w/someone. Homework: Read eText CH 6 and work on CH 6 Dynamic Study Module!! CH 06 HW Due Tuesday, September 3 before midnight. CanvasàAssignmentsàCH 06 HW NO CLASS ON MONDAY, SEPT. 2 – Labor Day!!. Week #1 Notecard – How do we kill bacteria (infections) with drugs and not damage our own cells? Hint: Drugs must target some part of the bacterial cell that is not present in humans… such as? Bacterial cell walls and other different structures than we have in our cells like: Bacterial Cell Walls which are made of peptidoglycan; many antibiotics like penicillin interfere with the synthesis of peptidoglycan which is absent in human cells. Bacterial ribosomes – prokaryotes have 70S ribosomes, eukaryotic cells have 80S ribosomes. Antibiotics like tetracyclines selectively bind to bacterial ribosomes to inhibit protein synthesis.  Endomembrane system - system of membranes that are related and work together to package and secrete proteins and lipids The Endomembrane Endomembrane System includes: System Nuclear envelope (membrane) Cell Theory & Microscopy Smooth ER and Rough ER Overview of Cell Structure Golgi apparatus The Nucleus and ribosomes Vesicles/lysosomes/vacuoles Plasma membrane Endomembrane System Semiautonomous Organelles Cytoskeleton Mitochondria and chloroplasts Extra cellular structures have membranes but ARE NOT part of endomembrane system, they are independent structures  The Endoplasmic Reticulum The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) accounts for more than half of the total membrane in many eukaryotic cells The ER membrane is continuous with the nuclear envelope There are two distinct regions of ER: Rough ER - surface is studded with ribosomes and so helps produces large quantities of proteins for secretion!!! Smooth ER - lacks ribosomes - continuous with Rough ER Endoplasmic Reticulum – Rough ER Ribosomes on surface Ribosomes make proteins & push proteins inside ER All about proteins!! Lysosome proteins Membrane proteins Secreted proteins Adds sugars to proteins (glycosylation) Folds proteins to make them functional!!  Endoplasmic Reticulum – Smooth ER No ribosomes!!!!! – SMOOTH!!! Makes lipids!! Fatty acids, phospholipids So, more Smooth ER is made in a Cholesterol (steroid hormones) cell if lots of drugs or alcohol are Makes enzymes that detoxify present… causing tolerance to drugs and alcohol (in liver) those toxins! Alcoholics have lots of Smooth ER!! Stores Ca+ ions BETTER PIC OF SMOOTH ER J  Golgi Apparatus Golgi apparatus consists of Cisternae – flattened membranous sacs that look like pita bread!! J Transport vesicle Golgi Apparatus cis Golgi Modifies proteins from Rough ER by removing or adding sugars Final folding of proteins!! Golgi Apparatus Secretory vesicle Modifies lipids from Smooth ER Sends these molecules in vesicles To become lysosomes To be secreted out of cell To become part of a membrane Lysosome Production and modification of trans Golgi polysaccharides to be secreted in plant cells Golgi Apparatus  The secretory pathway Rough or Smooth ER à Golgi Apparatus à Transport Vesicle à Plasma Membrane Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. A newly synthesized protein will generally follow this pathway Golgi apparatus when it is destined for secretion! Transport vesicle Secretory pathway Cargo in vesicle Cargo for secretion Cargo released outside cell Lumen of endoplasmic reticulum Lumen of Golgi apparatus Vesicles Plasma Cis Medial Trans membrane Rough endoplasmic reticulum Golgi apparatus  Lysosomes: Digestive Vesicles Lysosome - a vesicle of hydrolytic digestive enzymes!! * Play a role in intracellular digestion * Breakdown macromolecules: proteins, carbs, nucleic acids (DNA/RNA), lipids * They breakdown: bacteria, food vacuoles, damaged organelles or even the entire cell!!  Lysosomes – Angry little buggers!! J Autophagy Lysosomes can break down damaged (worn out organelles. or defective) (worn out or defective) Lysosomes break down “food” such as lipids, proteins, DNA/RNA & carbohydrates. Phagocytosis  Lysosome Activity Lysosomes break down bacteria!! Macrophages are white blood cells that contain many lysosomes as they are responsible for destroying bacteria, viruses, and other foreign material that invades our body! Cool video of white blood cell with lots of lysosomes attacking a giant bacterium!! https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RQ-SMCmWB1s&feature=youtu.be  Tay-Sachs is a genetic defective lysosomal disease… An enzyme in the lysosome is missing or ineffective so lipids build up causing cells in the nervous system to degenerate and die. http://www.healthandfitnesstalk.com/tay-sachs-disease/  Vacuoles: Storage and Maintenance Vesicles Food vacuoles - vesicles formed by phagocytosis that move into a cell Contractile vacuole - found in many freshwater protists - pumps excess water out of cells Central Vacuoles - usually the largest compartment in a plant cell - solution inside is called “sap” - stores water, ions, nutrients, pigments, etc. Large Central Vacuoles only found in plants!! © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.  Mitochondria and chloroplasts Why are they called semiautonomous? Not part of Endomembrane System!! Divide by fission to produce more of themselves independent of cell Semiautonnmous Have their own DNA!! Have ribosomes to synthesize some Organelles proteins!! But depend on the cell for raw Cell Theory & Microscopy materials and most of their other proteins Overview of Cell Structure The Nucleus and ribosomes Endomembrane System Semiautonomous Organelles Cytoskeleton Extra cellular structures  Mitochondria and Chloroplasts Mitochondrion Found in both plants and animals!! Primary role is to make ATP!! called cristae, fluid matrix Chloroplast Found in plants and protists!! Primary role is to convert sunlight into chemical energy (sugars)!! Cristae in matrix Thylakoids in stroma chloroplast mitochondrion Mitochondria break down food Chloroplasts contain sac like thylakoids (sugar) to make ATP by cellular and the green pigment chlorophyll!! They respiration in plants and animals!! make food (sugars) for the plant and ATP is chemical energy for the cell!!! organisms that eat the plants!! Mitochondrion (1) Mitochondria (many)  Evolutionary Origins of Mitochondria and Chloroplasts Endosymbiotic Theory Theory states that an early ancestor cell of eukaryotic cells engulfed an oxygen using bacteria (prokaryote) and formed a symbiotic relationship: “cell living within a cell” Mitochondria and chloroplasts have similarities with bacteria: Double membranes surrounding them Circular DNA Free ribosomes Can make their own proteins! Replicate by dividing in two (binary fission)!! Mitochondria and chloroplasts are the same size as bacteria cells!!! © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.  Origins of the Eukaryotic Cell Engulfing of oxygen- using prokaryote (bacteria) which becomes a mitochondrion bacteria Ancestral Heterotrophic Eukaryote cell (like an animal cell, fungi cell – these cells can’t make their own food) Present day Mitochondrion https://www.biologyonline.com/dictionary/heterotroph  Origins of the Photosynthetic Eukaryotic Cell bacteria Engulfing of photosynthetic Prokaryote (bacteria) which Mitochondrion becomes a chloroplast Ancestral photosynthetic Eukaryote cell (like a plant cell – these cells can make their own food) Present day Chloroplast https://www.biologyonline.com/dictionary/heterotroph  Peroxisomes Peroxisomes are bounded by a single membrane Contain enzymes that convert hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) to water and oxygen Break down fatty acids Aids alcohol and amino acid digestion  Roles of Cytoskeleton: Support and Motility Network of fibers Determine the shape of animal cells Maintain the position of the Cytoskeleton nucleus and other organelles Cell division Cell Theory & Microscopy Muscle cell contraction Overview of Cell Structure Movement of cell structures The Nucleus and ribosomes Endomembrane System 3 Main types of fibers: Semiautonomous Organelles Microtubules Cytoskeleton Microfilaments Extra cellular structures Intermediate filaments 3 Main Types of Fibers of the Cytoskeleton Microtubules Microfilaments Intermediate filaments These 2 can rapidly form and rapidly disassemble Both used with Motor Proteins for molecular motion!!  Microtubules and Microfilaments Motor proteins interact with components of the cytoskeleton for molecular motion = Moving organelles and vesicles!! Motor proteins move vesicles and organelles by “walking” on the microtubules and microfilaments – ATP is needed!! So Cool!!! See video in Modules on Canvas: CH 6 Cytoskeleton Review Page Microtubule https://youtu.be/y-uuk4Pr2i8 Motor Proteins “walk” on Microtubules and Microfilaments Motor Proteins “walk” on Microtubules and carry vesicles!! So cool!! J YouTube Video https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=y-uuk4Pr2i8  Microtubules Centrioles are made of microtubules In animal cells, there is a centrosome with 2 centrioles and associated proteins Each centriole has nine triplets of microtubules arranged in a ring Important during cell division Plant cells do not have centrioles!  Microtubules Flagella and Cilia use microtubules Microtubules or basal bodies control the beating of flagella and cilia Basal bodies and centrioles have identical structures Many unicellular protists are propelled through water by the “beating” of cilia or flagella Cilia - found in large numbers on a cell surface, Flagella - limited to one or a just a few per cell Sperm cells are the only human cells with flagella  Microfilaments Microfilament examples: 1. Amoeba movements Two intertwined strands of actin Extending pseudopodium 2. Cytoplasmic Streaming 3. Muscle contractions  Intermediate filaments Smaller than microtubules Larger than microfilaments Intermediate filaments are more permanent cytoskeleton fixtures than the other two classes Maintain cell shape Anchors nucleus and some other organelles These cytoskeleton Formation of nuclear lamina fibers anchor the which is inside the nucleus cell nucleus!! next to the nuclear membrane  Most cells synthesize and secrete materials to the outside of the cell… 1. Cell Walls 2. Plant Cell Junctions Extracellular Plasmodesmata Structures Cell Theory & Microscopy 3. Extracellular Matrix (EM) Overview of Cell Structure The Nucleus and ribosomes 4. Animal Cell Junctions Endomembrane System Tight Junctions Semiautonomous Organelles Desmosomes Cytoskeleton Gap Junctions Extra cellular structures  Cell Walls The cell wall is found in plant cells NOT animal cells Prokaryotes, fungi, and some protists also have cell walls The main functions of cells walls: Protects the plant cell, maintains its shape, and prevents excessive uptake of water Wood!! Plant cell walls are made of cellulose fibers – most abundant carbohydrate on earth!! Cellulose is FIBER in our food!! Pectin used in making jelly J  Plant Cell Junctions Plasmodesmata - channels that connect plant cells Water and small solutes (and sometimes proteins and RNA) can pass from cell to cell Most similar to Gap Junctions in animal cells The Extracellular Matrix (ECM) of Animal Cells Animal cells lack cell walls but are covered by an elaborate extracellular matrix (ECM) Cell communication within tissue and tissue formation are main functions of the extracellular matrix of animal cells  Animal Cell Junctions Tight junctions (sealing junctions) Desmosomes (anchoring junctions) Gap Junctions (communicating junctions) Gap Junctions are similar to plasmodesmata!!! Tight Junctions in the Blood-Brain Barrier and Small Intestines Tight Junction Tight junctions form a barrier that prevents fluids from moving between cells Seals the small intestine from the abdominal cavity Seals the brain from toxic substances from the blood Alcohol crosses the blood-brain barrier because its small and Tight junctions form continuous seal around lipophilic! https://sites.duke.edu/apep/module-2-the- abcs-of-intoxication/content-getting-alcohol- brain cells and small intestine cells to-the-brain-crossing-the-blood-brain-barrier/ Desmosomes Desmosome Primary role is to bind animal cells together Anchors or Fastens cells together in strong sheets Attaches cells to Extracellular Matrix (ECM) Mechanically strong Gap Junctions in our Heart Channels that permit the direct exchange of ions and small molecules between the cytoplasm of adjacent animal cells Gap junction Junction Aid in the coordination of the activities of adjacent animal cells Most similar to plasmodesmata in plants Review CH 6 Cell Structure and Function Label and Describe the following structures: * items are NOT found in animal cells! *Thylakoid stack* Nucleus Smooth ER *Central Vacuole* Nucleolus Golgi Complex *Cell wall* Nuclear pore Mitochondria *Chloroplast* Rough ER Peroxisome *Plasmodesmata* Bound Ribosome Plasma membrane Free Ribosome Cytoskeleton fibers CH 6 Cell Structure and Function Label and Describe the following structures: * items are NOT found in plant cells!! Nucleus Free Ribosome *Lysosome* Nucleolus Smooth ER *Microvilli* Nuclear pore Golgi Complex *Flagellum* Rough ER Mitochondria *Centrosome* Bound Ribosome Peroxisome Plasma membrane Cytoskeleton fibers Review Extra stuff to help you review!!! More CH6 Quiz Questions 1. How are the Rough ER and Smooth ER different in function? 2. What is the importance of lysosomes? 3. Do Mitochondria and Chloroplasts have their own DNA? 4. How do things move in the cell? What are the parts called? 5. Which extracellular component in an animal cell is most like plasmodesmata in a plant cell? Review More CH6 Quiz Questions/Answers 1. How are the Rough ER and Smooth ER different in function? Rough ER makes proteins, Smooth ER makes lipids & hormones 2. What is the importance of lysosomes? They breakdown molecules, cell parts, and bacteria – the “Killers” 3. Do Mitochondria and Chloroplasts have their own DNA? YES!! 4. How do things move in the cell? What are the parts called? They move on microtubules and microfilaments with motor proteins 5. Which extracellular component in an animal cell is most like plasmodesmata in a plant cell? Gap Junctions, they are pores that allow cells to share molecules and work as a coordinated whole, like heart muscle cells “beating” Review Cell Component Structure Function Nucleus Surrounded by nuclear envelope Houses chromosomes, which are (double membrane) perforated by made of chromatin (DNA and pro- nuclear pores; nuclear envelope teins); contains nucleoli, where continuous with endoplasmic ribosomal subunits are made; pores reticulum (ER) regulate entry and exit of materials (ER) Ribosome Two subunits made of ribosomal Protein synthesis RNAs and proteins; can be free in cytosol or bound to ER BioFlix® Animation: Nucleus and Ribosomes Review Cell Component Structure Function Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) Extensive network of membrane- Rough ER: aids in synthesis of bounded tubules and sacs; mem- secretory and other proteins on bound (Nuclear envelope) brane separates lumen from ribosomes; adds carbohydrates to cytosol; continuous with nuclear proteins to make glycoproteins; envelope produces new membrane Smooth ER: synthesis of lipids, metabolism of carbohydrates, Ca2+ storage, detoxification of drugs and poisons Golgi apparatus Stacks of flattened membranous Modification of proteins, sacs; has polarity (cis and trans carbohydrates on proteins, and faces) phospholipids; synthesis of many polysaccharides; sorting of Golgi products, which are then released In vesicles Lysosome Membranous sac of hydrolytic Breakdown of ingested substances, enzymes (in animal cells) cell macromolecules, and damaged organelles for recycling Vacuole Large membrane-bounded vesicle Digestion, storage, waste disposal, water balance, cell growth, and protection BioFlix® Animation: Endomembrane System Review Cell Component Structure Function Mitochondrion Bounded by double membrane; Cellular respiration, Makes ATP!!! inner membrane has infoldings Chloroplast Typically two membranes around Photosynthesis (chloroplasts are in fluid stroma, which contains cells of photosynthetic eukaryotes, thylakoids stacked into grana Including plants) Specialized metabolic Contains enzymes that transfer H Peroxisome compartment bounded by atoms from substrates to oxygen, a single membrane producing H2O2 (hydrogen peroxide), which is converted to H2O. BioFlix® Animation: Mitochondria and Chloroplasts Review BioFlix® Animation: Cytoskeleton Review Animation: Cell Junctions Review Animal Cell Structures Review Eukaryotes (Protists, Plants, Animals, Fungi) Typical Eukaryotic Animal cell Review Plant Cell Structures Review Eukaryotes (Protists, Plants, Animals, Fungi) Typical Eukaryotic Plant cell Review Cell Functions Review Review Review Makes enzymes that detoxify drugs and alcohol