Themes and Quotes From The Handmaid's Tale PDF

Themes and Quotes THT themes Oppression and Control The primary theme in The Handmaid's Tale is the oppressive control exerted over individuals, particularly women. The Republic of Gilead is a theocratic dictatorship that strips women of their rights, reducing them to tools for reproduction. The H...

Themes and Quotes THT themes Oppression and Control The primary theme in The Handmaid's Tale is the oppressive control exerted over individuals, particularly women. The Republic of Gilead is a theocratic dictatorship that strips women of their rights, reducing them to tools for reproduction. The Handmaids, like Offred, are subjugated and denied autonomy over their own bodies. - “We are containers, it’s only the insides of our bodies that are important.” - Chapter 17 p-g 103 (start) This quote reflects how Gilead reduces women to their biological function. The regime commodifies their bodies, disregarding their identities, emotions, and humanity. - “A rat in a maze is free to go anywhere, as long as it stays inside the maze.” - Chapter 27 p-g 170 (start) This metaphor represents the illusion of choice in Gilead. Although women like Offred can move around, their lives are carefully controlled, with every aspect dictated by the regime. Power and Corruption Gilead is built on the abuse of power, where those at the top, such as Commanders, wield absolute control over everyone else. Power is also closely linked to sexual dominance and exploitation. The regime’s manipulation of religion to justify power over women reveals the dangers of mixing religion with authoritarian governance. - “Better never means better for everyone. It always means worse, for some.” - Chapter 32 p-g 218 (end) This quote from Commander Waterford highlights how Gilead's power structure benefits a few at the expense of many. It demonstrates the self-serving nature of those in power and their lack of empathy toward those who suffer under their control. - “Ordinary is what you are used to. This may not seem ordinary to you now, but after a time it will.” - Chapter 6 p-g 39 (end) This quote encapsulates how Gilead manipulates its citizens into accepting extreme oppression as normal. Through gradual and systematic changes, the regime normalizes its corruption, highlighting the resilience of power structures.  - “Blessed be the fruit” - Chapter 44 (first page) This phrase used by the HM is a part of the controlled and religiously justified language used by Gilead to promote the idea of their reproductive roles are holy and for the greater good of society Gender Roles and Patriarchy In Gilead, gender roles are strictly enforced, with women placed into predefined categories like Wives, Handmaids, Marthas, and Aunts. This rigid classification of women emphasizes the extreme patriarchy of the society, where men hold all the power, and women are dehumanized. - “Women can’t hold property anymore… It’s only for their protection, they said.” - Chapter 28 p-g 183 (middle, end) The passage demonstrates the paternalistic oppression of women. Under the guise of protecting them, Gilead strips women of their rights and property, reinforcing the patriarchal system that subjugates them. - "We were the people who were not in the papers. We lived in the blank white spaces at the edges of print. It gave us more freedom. We lived in the gaps between the stories." - Chapter 10 p-g 62 (end) This quote underscores how women are marginalised and erased in the patriarchal society of Gilead, existing only in the margins of history, it reveals how the women are stripped away from thier own identity and autonomy simply because of their gender and thier fertility Surveillance and Fear Surveillance is a central method of control in Gilead. The Eyes, spies employed by the regime, constantly watch citizens to maintain order. Fear of being caught or punished by the regime fosters an atmosphere of paranoia and mistrust. - “Under His Eye.” - Chapter 44 p-g 293 (end) This phrase is used as a common greeting in Gilead, but it also symbolizes the omnipresent surveillance and control of the state. It serves as a reminder to the citizens that they are constantly being watched. - “Nothing changes instantaneously: in a gradually heating bathtub you’d be boiled to death before you knew it.” - Chapter 10 p-g 62 (end) This metaphor illustrates the creeping nature of totalitarianism,  where freedom is eroded little by little, and fear becomes so ingrained that people fail to realize how much control they have lost Resistance and Rebellion Despite Gilead's tight control, there are undercurrents of resistance throughout the novel. Offred’s small acts of rebellion, such as her relationship with Nick and her memories of the past, signify that even in the most oppressive regimes, resistance is possible. - “Nolite te bastardes carborundorum.” - Chapter 9 (middle-end) This Latin phrase, roughly translated to "Don't let the bastards grind you down," is scratched into the closet of Offred’s room by a previous Handmaid. It becomes a symbol of quiet resistance and gives Offred the strength to endure her situation. - “But remember that forgiveness too is a power… Perhaps the greatest.” - Chapter 23 (First page) This quote reflects Offred’s understanding of how power can manifest in unexpected ways, such as through forgiveness, compassion, and maintaining her inner sense of self in the face of brutal oppression. Identity and Memory The theme of identity is crucial in The Handmaid's Tale, where women are stripped of their names, rights, and pasts. Offred’s struggle to retain her sense of self amidst the regime's control over her body and mind is a central conflict in the novel. Memory becomes a tool for maintaining her identity, as she constantly reflects on her life before Gilead. - “I keep the knowledge of this name like something hidden, some treasure I’ll come back to dig up, one day.” - Chapter 14 (middle end) Offred’s desire to retain her real name is a form of rebellion. It signifies her refusal to fully submit to the identity imposed upon her by the regime, keeping her past self alive. - “The night is mine, my own time, to do with as I will.” - Chapter 7 (first page) In the darkness and privacy of her thoughts, Offred reclaims some autonomy. Night time represents a space where she can reflect, dream, and hold on to her memories without fear of being watched Language and Truth In Gilead, language is a tool of control. By controlling the words people use, the regime seeks to control how they think. The renaming of women, the censorship of written material, and the use of religious rhetoric to justify the regime’s actions illustrate the connection between language and power. - “It’s a beautiful May day” - Chapter 8 (first page) Offred’s internal use of language contrasts with Gilead’s prescribed speech, such as her intentional use of the phrase "Mayday," a signal for resistance. Language here becomes a form of rebellion and a method of asserting truth in a world of lies. - “You can’t help what you feel... But you can help how you behave.” - Chapter 30 (start) This quote reflects the tension between outward conformity and inner truth. Offred’s feelings remain her own, even if she has to behave according to Gilead’s rules. NLMG themes Loss of Innocence The gradual revelation of the clones’ purpose mirrors their loss of innocence. At Hailsham, the children grow up largely unaware of the bleak future awaiting them. They focus on seemingly ordinary activities—schoolwork, friendships, and art—but these are all structured to ensure their compliance with their roles. Miss Lucy, one of the guardians, breaks this bubble of ignorance when she tells the students, “You were brought into this world for a purpose, and your futures, all of them, have been decided” (Chapter 7 middle). This moment is pivotal as it begins to unravel the comforting lies they have been told, marking the start of their awareness of their fates. The Role of Memory Kathy’s narrative is deeply reflective, and her memories shape the structure of the novel. Memory in Never Let Me Go is a double-edged sword: it comforts the characters by allowing them to relive happy moments, but it also traps them in a past they cannot escape. Kathy’s longing for the past is evident when she recalls moments with Tommy and Ruth, particularly the sense of belonging they shared at Hailsham: “The memories I value most, I don’t ever see them fading (Last chapter p-g 280)”. This quote highlights Kathy's deep attachment to her past and the significance of her memories, especially those involving Tommy and Ruth. Write me very detailed notes on the comparison of two novels, Never Let Me Go by ishiguro and The Handmaid's Tale by Atwood, Include context, such as historical and literal context, themes Language devices and language techniques, authers Craft and intentions, settings, characters and quotes (say which chapter) with analysis and narrative and structure Ethics of Cloning and Humanity The novel raises complex questions about the ethics of cloning and what it means to be human. Despite their humanity, the clones are denied basic rights and are regarded as mere vessels for organ harvesting. This dehumanization is most starkly revealed in the attitude of the outside world. Miss Emily, one of the head guardians, explains that the art the students created was meant to “prove you had souls at all” (Chapter 22 middle pg 255). This reveals the chilling reality of the society’s view: they must demonstrate their humanity, and even then, it might not be enough to change their fate. Conformity and Free Will The clones’ acceptance of their fate, even after learning the full truth, highlights the theme of conformity. Kathy, Tommy, and Ruth never seriously attempt to escape the system. This passivity can be read as a commentary on how people often accept societal roles and norms without question, even when those roles lead to tragic outcomes. Kathy’s eventual resignation to becoming a “carer” and later a “donor” is marked by her reflection: “The fact was, I suppose, there were powerful tides tugging us apart by then” (Chapter 17 first page ). The metaphor of “tides” suggests an overwhelming , natural force beyond their control, reinforcing the idea that their destiny is inescapable. Art and Creativity Art plays a significant role in the lives of the Hailsham students. It is both a tool of expression and a means through which their humanity is judged. Madame’s collection of the students’ artwork is not just about aesthetics but about proving their souls. Tommy’s frustration with art stems from his awareness that it is being used to judge something fundamental about his existence. When he finally creates art in an effort to appeal for deferral with Kathy, the tragic futility of the gesture becomes clear: “We did it to prove you had souls at all” (Chapter 22 middle pg 255). In this moment, art becomes a symbol of their failed attempt to assert their humanity in a world that refuses to see them as equals Themeatic comparison Societal Control In both novels, the protagonists exist in highly regulated societies where their lives are controlled by powerful systems, but the mechanisms of control differ in scope and nature. In Never Let Me Go, control is enacted through the cloning system that forces Kathy, Tommy, and Ruth, as well as all other clones, to exist for the sole purpose of organ donation. This societal structure strips them of any real autonomy, although the characters are not outwardly rebellious, having been conditioned to accept their fate. As Kathy reflects: - "We certainly didn’t think much about our lives beyond the Cottages, or about who ran them, or how they fitted into the larger world. None of us thought like that in those days (chapter 10, 2nd page)"  ★ This shows how deeply ingrained the system of control is, and how the clones are conditioned to be passive participants in their fate. In contrast, The Handmaid's Tale portrays a more overtly oppressive regime, where women, particularly the handmaids, are subjugated by the totalitarian state of Gilead. Women's bodies are commodified, and their purpose is to produce children for the ruling class. Offred, the protagonist, experiences severe limitations on her freedom, and every aspect of her life is controlled: - "We are two-legged wombs, that’s all: sacred vessels, ambulatory chalices " (chapter 23 pg 142) ★ This quote exemplifies how Gilead reduces women to mere reproductive tools, stripped of their identity. While Never Let Me Go subtly critiques societal control through the quiet acceptance of the clones’ fate, The Handmaid’s Tale emphasizes violent oppression, surveillance, and the brutal enforcement of societal roles. Loss of Individuality Both novels explore how societal control results in a loss of individuality, though in different ways. In Never Let Me Go, clones are aware that their existence is transient and predetermined. Their personal dreams, aspirations, and relationships are overshadowed by their role as organ donors. Kathy’s narration reveals moments where her individual desires are minimized in the face of their grim reality: - "It’s something for them to dream about, a little fantasy... But for the likes of you and me, there’s no point in doing that (chapter 22, p-g 253 (start))" ★ Here, Kathy is referring to the hope that clones might somehow escape their fate, but the bleakness of their existence renders any such dreams futile. The clones' inability to escape their predetermined roles strips them of true individual identity. In The Handmaid's Tale, individuality is similarly erased, but in a more visible and socially structured manner. Offred's former life, her name, and personal history are systematically erased by the state, and she is renamed according to her Commander's identity. Offred reflects on her lost identity: - "My name isn't Offred, I have another name, which nobody uses now because it's forbidden (chapter 14 p-g 90 end)" ★ This loss of her real name symbolizes the broader loss of selfhood in Gilead, where women are reduced to mere vessels for reproduction,  stripping them of their personal histories, ambitions, and connections. In both texts, the loss of individuality is critical to maintaining the dystopian structure. - However, while the clones in Never Let Me Go are resigned to their fate, Offred maintains a sense of her former self, quietly rebelling through her memories. The Role of Memory Memory plays a crucial role in both novels, as a means of coping with oppression and as a vehicle for resistance. In Never Let Me Go, Kathy frequently reminisces about her past at Hailsham, finding solace in her memories even as she approaches her inevitable fate. The narrative itself is structured as a retrospective, where memory allows Kathy to process her trauma and make sense of her life. The students of Hailsham also believe that art and creativity allow them to retain some essence of individuality, as exemplified when they believe their artwork might reveal their souls: - "We took away your art because we thought it would reveal your souls. Or to put it more finely, we did it to prove you had souls at all. (Chapter 22 middle pg 255)" ★ This belief suggests that the clones cling to their memories and art as a way to assert their humanity in a system that views them as less than human. In The Handmaid’s Tale, memory serves as Offred’s primary form of resistance against the regime. She constantly reflects on her past life with her family, her husband Luke, and her daughter. Her memories remind her that there was once a world where she had agency and love. These recollections act as a private rebellion against the regime's attempt to erase her identity. Offred says: - "But who can remember pain, once it’s over? All that remains of it is a shadow, not in the mind even, in the flesh. Pain marks you, but too deep to see. (chapter 21 p-g 131 end)" ★ Through memory, Offred keeps her individuality alive in a world that seeks to strip her of it. Her recollections are a crucial form of inner resistance, a way to assert the continuity of her selfhood in the face of an oppressive present. Hope and Resistance In both novels, hope is portrayed ambiguously. In Never Let Me Go, there is a pervasive sense of resignation rather than outright resistance. Kathy, Tommy, and Ruth live in a society where any form of rebellion seems futile. Even their search for a potential "deferral" for true love proves to be a false hope. As Kathy concludes: - "The memories I value most, I don’t see them ever fading (last  chapter end)" ★ This reflects how Kathy's form of resistance is internal and emotional—she clings to memories and moments of personal connection as the only way to preserve a semblance of self in a world that denies her autonomy. In The Handmaid’s Tale, hope is more tangible, though still fragile. Offred’s narration hints at the possibility of change or escape, either through small acts of rebellion, such as her affair with Nick, or through the Mayday resistance movement. However, the ending is deliberately ambiguous, leaving the reader uncertain about whether Offred escapes Gilead or meets a darker fate. Yet, despite this ambiguity, there is a sense that resistance is possible: - "Nolite te bastardes carborundorum." (Don’t let the bastards grind you down.) (chapter 9 end) ★ This phrase becomes a symbol of Offred’s quiet defiance, representing the persistence of hope, however faint, in an oppressive system# Characters THT Characters Offred: Symbol of Resistance and Survival Loss of Identity Symbolism: Represents the erasure of individual identity and autonomy under totalitarian control. Quote: “I want everything back, the way it was. But there is no point to it, this wanting.” (Chapter 20 last page) — Highlights Offred’s internal yearning for autonomy, which is ultimately unfulfilled under Gilead's rigid constraints. Atwood’s Intent: Critiques complicity and how regimes use repressive control to strip individuals of their personal identities, making them compliant tools of the state. Memory as Resistance Symbolism: Her memories signify resistance and serve as a connection to her former self. Quote: “I try not to think too much. Like other things now, thought must be rationed.” (Chapter 2 first page) — Reflects how personal thought becomes an act of rebellion. Atwood’s Intent: Uses Offred’s internal world to explore how inner resilience and memory counteract the psychological effects of captivity. Serena Joy: Symbol of Complicity and Regret Irony of Complicity Symbolism: Embodies the irony of women enforcing patriarchal oppression and the eventual self-destruction that follows. Quote: “It’s like walking into the past.” (Chapter 37 start) — Offred’s description of Serena’s home reflects Gilead’s return to outdated values that restrict women’s freedoms. Atwood’s Intent: Highlights how complicity in oppressive systems often entraps even those who believe they benefit from it. Desperation and Powerlessness Symbolism: Represents the internalized oppression and desperation within women who must rely on these systems for validation. Quote: “Just remember... I could burn the house down.” (Chapter 32 start) — Serena’s threat exposes her anger and helplessness within her confined role. Atwood’s Intent: Uses Serena to show how restricted autonomy leads to bitterness and reveals the destructive effects of strict patriarchal systems. The Commander: Symbol of Hypocrisy and Entitlement Moral Relativism and Contradiction Symbolism: Embodies the hypocrisy and moral flexibility of those in power who exploit ideologies for personal pleasure. Quote: “Better never means better for everyone.” (Chapter 32 last page) — Reflects his belief that enforcing power will always be detrimental to some. Atwood’s Intent: Critiques how totalitarian leaders use self-serving moral relativism to justify authoritarian practices, masking personal gain with supposed ideological commitment. Patriarchal Manipulation Symbolism: The Commander symbolizes patriarchal entitlement, viewing women as property or possessions rather than individuals. Quote: “We’ve given more than we’ve taken away.” (Chapter 34 start) — His justification of Gilead’s restrictions, revealing his manipulation of power dynamics. Atwood’s Intent: Illustrates how those in power exploit ideology and language to rationalize oppression while benefitting from it. Moira: Symbol of Defiance and Hope Embodiment of Resistance Symbolism: Represents hope, resistance, and rebellion against a  regime that seeks to break the human spirit. Quote: “Moira was our fantasy... but she is nothing but a discarded fantasy now.” (Chapter 22 last page) — Shows Moira’s effect on other women and the loss of hope after her capture. Atwood’s Intent: Through Moira, Atwood emphasizes the strength of individual will and hope, even in the face of systematic oppression, although ultimately revealing its limitations. Impact of Oppression Symbolism: Her ultimate resignation at Jezebel’s illustrates the overwhelming power of institutional oppression. Quote: “I don’t want her to be like me.” (Chapter 38 last page) — Offred’s disappointment in seeing Moira’s spirit crushed symbolizes the cost of sustained control. Atwood’s Intent: Highlights the toll of oppression on even the most resilient individuals, demonstrating the crushing weight of systemic control. Nick: Symbol of Ambiguity and Reclaimed Agency Complexity of Loyalty and Trust Symbolism: Represents uncertainty and the complexity of trust in a surveillance state. Quote: “Once it would have meant: no strings. Now it means: no heroics. It means: don’t risk yourself for me, if it should come to that.” (Chapter 40 last page) — Reflects Offred’s awareness of danger in her relationship with Nick. Atwood’s Intent: Uses Nick to convey the precariousness of relationships in a society that actively discourages human connection and trust. Personal Connection as Defiance Symbolism: Nick provides Offred with a sense of self and intimacy, representing a reclaimed personal agency. Quote: His actions as both ally and possible informant blur lines of trust and survival, showing the danger and ambiguity of connection. Atwood’s Intent: Through Nick, Atwood explores the idea that fleeting freedom and intimate connections offer moments of rebellion, albeit risky ones, in an oppressive regime. Aunt Lydia: Symbol of Indoctrination and Internalized Oppression Enforcer of Ideology Symbolism: Embodies Gilead’s internalized oppression, showing how the regime manipulates individuals to oppress others.  Quote: “Ordinary is what you are used to. This may not seem ordinary to you now, but after a time it will.” (Chapter 6 last page) — Normalizes oppression by conditioning the Handmaids to accept subjugation. Atwood’s Intent: Critiques the psychological manipulation used by regimes to condition individuals into acceptance of repressive systems. Twisted Notions of “Freedom” Symbolism: Aunt Lydia’s philosophy of “freedom from” reflects Gilead’s distorted concept of liberation, where restrictions are framed as protective. Quote: “Freedom, like everything else, is relative.” (Chapter 36 middle) — Justifies restrictions, illustrating how regimes redefine concepts like freedom to maintain control. Atwood’s Intent: Demonstrates how authoritarian regimes misuse language to twist basic human values, framing repression as benevolent protection. Kathy H.: Symbol of Memory and Acceptance Memory as Identity Symbolism and Context (AO3): Kathy’s reflective narration highlights how memory shapes identity, an idea that resonates with broader post-war and postmodern literature questioning subjective perspectives. In a society that limits the clones’ identities, Kathy’s attachment to her memories reveals the human desire to preserve a sense of self. Ishiguro’s novel aligns with the 1990s context of bioethics debates, where scientific advancements, particularly in cloning and genetic engineering, prompted philosophical questions about what constitutes humanity. Quote: “The memories I value most, I don’t see them ever fading.” (Chapter 23 end) — This line shows Kathy’s reliance on memory as a means of self-preservation. Ishiguro’s Intent: By setting the novel in a dystopian world where clones lack traditional identities, Ishiguro critiques society’s tendency to dehumanize marginalized groups, reflecting late-20th-century concerns about individual agency within mechanized systems. Acceptance of Mortality Symbolism and Context (AO3): Kathy’s acceptance of her fate contrasts with the societal view of mortality, challenging the idea that life’s value is determined by longevity. This is significant in light of advancements in medical science and the ethics surrounding end-of-life care. Clones, like Kathy, are conditioned to accept an early death, mirroring real-world discussions on the right to choose in life-threatening illnesses.  Quote: “I keep thinking about this river somewhere, with the water moving really fast.” (Chapter 23 middle) — This imagery reflects her acceptance of transience and mortality. Ishiguro’s Intent: Ishiguro critiques the moral cost of scientific progress, showing that when human life becomes a resource, individuality and choice are eroded. Kathy’s acceptance symbolizes society’s passive acquiescence to systems beyond individual control. Tommy: Symbol of Innocence and Rebellion Innocence and Naivety Symbolism and Context (AO3): Tommy’s innocence highlights the role of naivety in maintaining control over the clones, illustrating broader societal manipulation techniques. Ishiguro’s exploration of innocence connects to the philosophical discussions on human nature and conditioning, as seen in postmodern works that question whether people are inherently submissive or shaped by external controls. Quote: “The other boys were all moving around the field in that deliberately languorous way they have when they’re warming up, but Tommy, in his excitement, seemed already to be going full pelt.” (Chapter 1 middle end) — This quote highlights Tommy's innocence and his sense of isolation. While the other boys are casually warming up, Tommy's distant gaze symbolizes his internal rebellion and his struggle to fit in. His posture and detachment reflect his vulnerability and the emotional turmoil he experiences. Ishiguro’s Intent: Through Tommy, Ishiguro critiques systems that suppress individuality by fostering dependence and passive acceptance, mirroring historical oppression tactics where societies curtail autonomy to maintain control over marginalized groups. Emotional Rebellion Symbolism and Context (AO3): Tommy’s outbursts contrast with the clones’ usual passivity, symbolizing a suppressed human urge for expression that authoritarian societies aim to suppress. This mirrors Cold War-era tensions and the ways in which institutions discouraged dissent, encouraging conformity instead. Quote: “Tommy burst into thunderous bellowing, and the boys, now laughing openly, started to run off towards the South Playing Field.” (Chapter 1 middle pg 9) — This quote highlights Tommy's emotional rebellion through his intense outburst. His physical reaction, kicking over a bin, symbolizes his frustration and resistance against the constraints of his existence. Tommy's actions reflect his struggle to cope with the reality of his life as a clone. Ishiguro’s Intent: By portraying Tommy’s rebellion, Ishiguro critiques the stifling nature of social conformity, showing the psychological costs of suppressing genuine emotion in favor of system-imposed  norms. Ruth: Symbol of Conformity and Aspiration Desire for Uniqueness Symbolism and Context (AO3): Ruth’s desire to fit in with “normal” society represents the struggle for individuality in a system that denies personhood. This resonates with the Thatcher-era focus on social mobility and individualism, highlighting the moral conflict of striving within a class system that inherently limits upward movement for certain groups. Quote: “I kept you and Tommy apart.” Her voice had dropped again, almost to a whisper. “That was the worst thing I did.” (chapter 19 end middle) — This quote highlights Ruth's acknowledgment of her actions driven by her desire for uniqueness and control. By keeping Kathy and Tommy apart, Ruth sought to assert her own importance and individuality within their group. Her confession reflects her realization of the impact of her actions and her longing for a sense of uniqueness, even at the cost of others' happiness. Ishiguro’s Intent: Ishiguro critiques society’s emphasis on superficial achievements as a measure of worth, showing through Ruth’s struggle that conformity often leads to personal loss rather than fulfillment. Ultimate Acceptance Symbolism and Context (AO3): Ruth’s resignation reflects the emotional consequences of societal limitations, mirroring the psychological impact on working-class individuals limited by rigid class structures. The clones’ eventual acceptance of their roles parallels real-world social conditioning, where disadvantaged groups often feel pressured to accept systemic limitations. Quote: “It’s too late for all that now. The main thing is, I kept you and Tommy apart.” (Chapter 19 end middle) — Her remorse reveals the impact of societal pressures on personal relationships. Ishiguro’s Intent: Ishiguro critiques systems that lead individuals to compromise themselves in exchange for security. Through Ruth, he highlights the human cost of abandoning individuality for acceptance within an unyielding societal framework. Miss Lucy: Symbol of Truth and Moral Conflict Advocate of Honesty Symbolism and Context (AO3): Miss Lucy’s push for honesty symbolizes the ethical dilemma faced by individuals within morally compromised systems. Her actions align with Ishiguro’s postmodernist themes of unreliable authority and the necessity for transparency. The clones’ controlled knowledge reflects Cold War secrecy and the suppression of inconvenient truths.  Quote: “The problem, as I see it, is that you’ve been told and not told.” (Chapter 7 start middle) — Her statement exposes the moral implications of concealing truths for institutional benefit. Ishiguro’s Intent: Ishiguro uses Miss Lucy to examine the ethical costs of institutional secrecy, exposing the moral complexities within systems that control truth for stability. Inner Conflict with the System Symbolism and Context (AO3): Miss Lucy’s inability to reconcile her morals with Hailsham’s practices reflects broader societal debates about complicity and resistance within oppressive systems, a recurring theme in dystopian fiction. Her conflict mirrors real-world issues of whistleblowing and the personal cost of resisting institutional norms. Quote: “If you’re to have decent lives, you have to know who you are and what lies ahead of you.” (Chapter 7 starts middle) — Her philosophy challenges the ethical compromises of Hailsham. Ishiguro’s Intent: Through Miss Lucy, Ishiguro explores the moral imperative of honesty, questioning whether institutions should prioritise the comfort of ignorance over the responsibility of truth. Miss Emily: Symbol of Idealism and Moral Ambiguity Defender of the “Greater Good” Symbolism and Context (AO3): Miss Emily’s belief in Hailsham’s mission represents a utilitarian ethical stance, mirroring social acceptance of morally dubious practices for the collective good. This approach aligns with societal justifications of social welfare and medical ethics, where the well-being of a few may be sacrificed for the benefit of many. Quote: “We gave you your childhoods… You wouldn’t be who you are today if we hadn’t.” (Chapter 22 middle end) — Her statement encapsulates the rationalization of exploitation for the clones’ “well-being.” Ishiguro’s Intent: Ishiguro critiques the utilitarian mindset that often dehumanizes vulnerable groups under the guise of benevolence, posing questions about the true nature of ethical leadership within oppressive systems. Rationalization of Oppression Symbolism and Context (AO3): Her approach of rationalizing Hailsham’s practices reflects a broader societal tendency to morally justify oppression when it is “for the greater good.” Ishiguro’s critique is reflective of postcolonial and post-World War II literature that questions the moral integrity of institutions that justify exploitation. Quote: “sometimes that meant we kept things from you, lied to you. Yes, in many ways we fooled you. I suppose you could even call it  that. But we sheltered you during those years, ” (Chapter 22 middle end) — Miss Emily’s words encapsulate the moral ambiguity of oppression justified as “protection.” Ishiguro’s Intent: Through Miss Emily, Ishiguro challenges readers to consider how institutions can rationalize morally questionable practices, revealing the ethical consequences of accepting “greater good” justifications that conceal exploitation. Madame (Marie-Claude): Symbol of Empathy and Distance Empathy Without Connection Symbolism and Context (AO3): Madame’s detached empathy represents the guilt and emotional detachment common among those aware of social injustices but unwilling to act. This distant sympathy mirrors societal attitudes towards the marginalized and the disenfranchised, a recurring theme in literature addressing social justice and ethical responsibility. Quote: “Poor creatures. What did we do to you?” (Chapter 21 end) — Her pity reflects an awareness that stops short of action. Ishiguro’s Intent: Ishiguro critiques the societal inclination to view suffering from a distance without responsibility. Madame’s empathy is a critique of passive compassion that lacks transformative power, challenging readers to question the effectiveness of disconnected sympathy. Kathy H. (Never Let Me Go) vs. Offred (The Handmaid’s Tale) Narrative Style and Voice Kathy H.: Narrates in a reflective, restrained tone, focusing on memory and the passage of time. Her calm recounting emphasizes a passive acceptance of her role as a clone, mirroring societal conditioning. Quote: “The memories I value most, I don’t see them ever fading.” (Last chapter p-g 280) — Kathy’s attachment to her memories reflects her attempt to preserve her sense of self within an oppressive system. Offred: Narrates with an undercurrent of suppressed anger and irony, capturing the psychological effects of a totalitarian regime. Her storytelling is fragmented, reflecting her struggle to retain her identity. Quote: “I would like to believe this is a story I’m telling. I need to believe it. I must believe it.” (Chapter 7 end) — Offred’s narrative emphasizes the power of storytelling as a means of survival and resistance. Comparison: Both narrators highlight the human need for memory and narrative to construct and maintain identity under oppressive  systems. However, while Kathy accepts her fate, Offred’s narrative suggests a yearning for rebellion and freedom, reflecting their differing degrees of agency. Contextual Significance (AO3) Kathy H.: Reflects concerns of bioethics and human cloning prevalent in the 1990s. Her narrative explores themes of dehumanization and the ethics of using humans as mere means to an end. Offred: Reflects 1980s fears about the rise of religious conservatism and authoritarianism, as well as women’s rights movements. Atwood’s work critiques the subjugation of women and the dangers of eroding civil liberties. Ishiguro vs. Atwood: Ishiguro uses Kathy to examine how people adapt to systemic oppression, while Atwood uses Offred to explore resistance and the psychological cost of living under a theocratic regime. Ruth (Never Let Me Go) vs. Serena Joy (The Handmaid’s Tale) Desire for Power and Status Ruth: Aspires to belong to the world of the “normals” and often manipulates relationships to feel superior among the clones. Quote: “I was never sure if Ruth had actually invented the secret guard herself,but there was no doubt she was the leader.” (Chapter 5 first page) — Ruth’s desire for distinction reveals her internalized oppression and longing for control. Serena Joy: Desires power within the confines of Gilead’s strict hierarchy. Once a prominent advocate for traditional gender roles, she now finds herself a victim of the system she helped create. Quote: “She doesn’t make speeches anymore. She has become speechless.” (Chapter 8 middle) — Serena Joy’s reduced role highlights the irony of her complicity in a patriarchal system that ultimately oppresses her. Comparison: Both characters seek status and validation, reflecting internalized societal norms. However, Ruth’s struggle centers on acceptance and control within her limited sphere, while Serena Joy grapples with the loss of her former power and the confines of her marriage to the Commander. Contextual Significance (AO3) Ruth: Represents the human cost of desiring upward mobility in a system designed to suppress individuality. Her character reflects 20th-century societal pressures and the allure of conforming to  societal expectations. Serena Joy: Embodies the consequences of patriarchal systems and the irony of female complicity. Atwood critiques the religious and conservative movements of the 1980s that sought to control women’s rights. Ishiguro vs. Atwood: Ishiguro critiques social hierarchies through Ruth’s longing for normalcy, whereas Atwood exposes the hypocrisy of religious and societal systems through Serena Joy’s constrained existence. Tommy (Never Let Me Go) vs. Nick (The Handmaid’s Tale) Symbols of Emotional Vulnerability and Rebellion Tommy: Represents innocence and emotional openness, often rebelling against the injustices he faces, yet ultimately resigns to his fate. Quote: “Tommy burst into thunderous bellowing, and the boys, now laughing openly, started to run off towards the South Playing Field.” (Chapter 1 middle pg 9) — Tommy's emotional outburst and physical reaction highlight his suppressed human spirit. His inability to control his emotions signifies his deep longing for understanding and his frustration with the constraints imposed on him.. Nick: Acts as a symbol of quiet rebellion, offering Offred a glimpse of hope and normalcy in a world of surveillance and control. His ambiguous motives add complexity to his character. Quote: “He’s so close that the tip of his boot is touching my foot.” (Chapter 14 start) — This small act of defiance and intimacy symbolizes the possibility of rebellion and connection in a dehumanized society. Comparison: Both characters symbolize the human capacity for vulnerability and defiance in oppressive systems. While Tommy’s emotional outbursts are direct and raw, Nick’s rebellion is subtle and calculated, reflecting different ways of resisting authoritarian control. Contextual Significance (AO3) Tommy: Highlights the human cost of living without agency, reflecting concerns about the ethics of cloning and emotional suppression in modern society. Nick: Represents the hidden resistances within totalitarian regimes, echoing real-world fears of authoritarian surveillance and the subversion necessary for survival. Ishiguro vs. Atwood: Ishiguro focuses on the inevitability of the clones’ fate, emphasizing resignation and emotional  consequence, while Atwood underscores the potential for quiet resistance and human connection in even the harshest circumstances. Miss Lucy (Never Let Me Go) vs. Moira (The Handmaid’s Tale) Embodiments of Truth and Rebellion Miss Lucy: Advocates for truth and transparency, challenging the clones’ ignorance of their fates. Her moral struggle highlights the ethical dilemmas of complicity. Quote: “The problem, as I see it, is that you’ve been told and not told.” (Chapter 7 start) — Miss Lucy’s desire for honesty contrasts with Hailsham’s deceptive practices, revealing the cost of hiding the truth. Moira: Represents defiance against Gilead’s oppression, embodying feminist resistance and the hope for freedom. Her character becomes a symbol of Offred’s past life and the enduring human spirit. Quote: “Moira was our fantasy. We hugged her to us, she was with us in secret, a giggle; she was lava beneath the crust of daily life.” (Chapter 22 Chapter 22 last page) — Moira’s rebellious spirit provides hope and inspiration, though her eventual defeat signifies the regime’s crushing power. Comparison: Both Miss Lucy and Moira stand for resistance, though their approaches differ. Miss Lucy’s rebellion is driven by a sense of moral duty, while Moira’s defiance is a call to arms against the theocratic patriarchy. Contextual Significance (AO3) Miss Lucy: Reflects the ethical dilemmas of knowledge versus ignorance in the context of scientific advancements and institutional authority. Moira: Represents the feminist movements and the fight for women’s rights, emphasizing the resilience of the human spirit in oppressive societies. Ishiguro vs. Atwood: Ishiguro explores ethical complicity through Miss Lucy’s failed attempts to enlighten, while Atwood celebrates Moira’s feminist rebellion, though ultimately depicting the regime’s ability to suppress even the most spirited resisters.