EN1201 Final Exam Study Guide PDF

EN1201: Final Exam Study Guide Five qualities of technically proficient writing Illustration Use of examples and visuals to clarify and support arguments Ambiguity Understanding the role of ambiguity; how it can create multiple interpretations and effect clarity Coherence (what it is, different...

EN1201: Final Exam Study Guide Five qualities of technically proficient writing Illustration Use of examples and visuals to clarify and support arguments Ambiguity Understanding the role of ambiguity; how it can create multiple interpretations and effect clarity Coherence (what it is, different paths to coherence) is the quality a piece of writing possesses if it moves from A to B to C in a logical fashion Unity is the quality a piece of writing possesses if it focuses on a consistent topic APA and MLA: format and citation basics Four different audience orientations: positive, negative, mixed, neutral Definition (positive and negative, explicit and implicit) Rhetoric Effective or persuasive speaking or writing, especially the use of figures of speech and other compositional techniques Logos Logic and reason;using facts and stats as wells a logical arguments Pathos Emotion; engaging the audience’s feelings to create connection Ethos Ethical; establish credibility and trust to gain audience confidence Diction A choice of words and their connotation; how it affects tone and clarity Style Paradox A statement that contradicts itself but may reveal a deeper truth Figurative language vs. literal language Tenor and vehicle Tenor-Abstract,difficult to understand Vehicle-Drive to the understanding of the tenor Abstract language vs. concrete language Strawman arguments Misrepresenting an opponent's argument to make it easier to attack Ad hominem Attacking the person instead of the argument Ad populum Appealing to the popularity of a claim as a reason for accepting it as true Bad faith arguments A “Bad Faith” discussion is one in which one or both of the parties has a hidden, unrevealed agenda Oversimplification Hyperbole Non sequitur Does not follow Tautology Saying the same thing at the beginning and the end Subjects and predicates Subject is the part of a clause that acts or has something said about it, Predicate describes what the subject does or says something about the subject Gerunds/gerund phrases ends in “ing” does not function as a verb Infinitives/infinitive phrases An infinitive is a verbal consisting of the word to plus a verb; it may be used as a noun, adjective, or adverb. An infinitive phrase consists of an infinitive plus modifier(s), object(s), complement(s), and/or actor(s) Sentences, clauses, and phrases Clause- is a group of words that has both a subject and a predicate and which may or may not be able to stand on its own as a simple sentence Phrase- is a group of words that lacks a subject and/or a predicate Independent, subordinate, and relative clauses Independent clause A clause that can stand alone as a complete sentence. For example, "Jill ran" is an independent clause. Subordinate clause Also known as a dependent clause, this clause cannot stand alone as a complete sentence and needs to be attached to an independent clause. For example, "When my neighbor plowed our shared driveway" is a dependent clause. Relative clause A type of dependent clause that begins with a relative pronoun, such as "who", "that", "which", "where", or "when". Relative clauses define or describe the noun that comes before them. For example, "The city, which was first settled during the early Middle Ages" is a relative clause. Four types of sentences (simple, compound, complex, compound-complex) Simple- Subject and predicate, Compound-Two or more simple sentences joined together to make one sentence, Complex-independent clause+Subordinate clause+one simple sentence Coordinating conjunctions A conjunction placed between words, phrases, clauses, or sentences of equal rank, e.g. and, but, or Fragments and run-on sentences (comma splices, fused sentences, and how to fix them) Sentence fragment- is the error that occurs when I punctuate a group of words as if it were a sentence, but it lacks what it needs to be a sentence Active voice vs. passive voice Redundant diction Restates what the other word says Ex “Climb up” Verbal false limbs Occurs whenever a phrase is too long and can be easily shortened to achieve the same thing Meaningless words (in Orwell’s sense of the term) Meaningless words work to deceive us because the user of them has a private meaning, but we attach our own meanings to them Components of essay: intro/body/conclusion Pronoun case and pronoun agreement Pronoun agreement Pronouns should match the number, gender, and person of the nouns they replace, called the antecedent. For example, if the antecedent is singular, the pronoun should also be singular. Pronoun case Pronouns should be used in the correct form to represent their role in the sentence.For example, in formal and semi-formal writing, the subjective form of a pronoun should be used after a form of the verb "to be" Collective nouns A grammatically singular thing that means more Ex “class” Antecedents Whatever a pronoun replaces Misplaced modifiers A misplaced modifier is a word, phrase, or clause that is separated from the word it describes, creating confusion and ambiguity. Dangling modifiers A dangling modifier is a word or phrase that modifies a word not clearly stated in the sentence. A modifier describes, clarifies, or gives more detail about a concept Multi-word modifiers A multi-word modifier, also known as a compound modifier, is a group of words that function as a single adjective to modify a noun Research vs looking things up Readings George Orwell, “Politics and the English Language”