Modern China - Introduction PDF

Modern China - Introduction - Zhou (1100-221 BCE) - Lived on the western periphery of the Shang realm - They defended the Shang bc of military advantages - Mandate of Heaven was formed under them - The leader leads by ability and virtue...

Modern China - Introduction - Zhou (1100-221 BCE) - Lived on the western periphery of the Shang realm - They defended the Shang bc of military advantages - Mandate of Heaven was formed under them - The leader leads by ability and virtue - Dynasty leadership must be justified by succeeding generations - The Mandate can be revoked at any time - Worship of heaven (Tian) central to Zhou religious beliefs - Was the first state with a permanent capital (Xian) - Fell apart because loyalty fell - Center v. Periphery - The Spring and Autumn period (770-475 BCE) - Confucianism - Major principles - Li → relationships solidified by rite, rules, ritual decorum (forces enduring a stable society) - Ren → Humaneness, benevolence, humanity - Shu → Reciprocity, empathy (the golden rule) - Yi → Righteousness - Xiao → Filial Piety (respect your elders) - 5 Principle Relationships - Ruler → Subject - Father → Son - Husband → Wife - Older Brother → Younger Brother - Older Friend → Younger Friend - It is regarded as a religion but it is more of a social movement - SPAM - (Soldiers, Imperial Nobility, and Domestic slaves are seen outside of the hierarchy) - Scholar-Gentry - Peasants - Artisans - Merchants - Daoism - The basic text is The Dao De Jing - Major principles - Dao [Tao] → the order of the universe and you are supposed to be at one with it - Wu Wei → “Let nature takes its course”/“Go with the flow” - A man is unhappy because he lives under man-made laws, customs, and traditions  - You escape this by rejecting formal knowledge, relying on senses, discovering the “rhythm” of the universe, and ignoring political and social laws - Yin-Yang came out of Daoism - Legalism - A reward and punishments system with having capital punishments - Meritocracy is very prominent - Major Principles - Human nature is naturally selfish - Intellectualism and literacy is discouraged → all you need is law - Law is supreme and replaced morality - The ruler must rule with a strong punishing hand - War means strengthening a ruler's power - Warring States Period (475-221 BCE) - Qin/Han (221-220 BCE) - Unification of China - Legalism - Exam system - Han Synthesis - Sui/Tang (581-907 CE) - Unification of China - Buddhism - Exam System - Song (960-1279 CE) - Monetization of the Economy - Yuan (1259-1368 CE) - Non-Chinese Dynasty - Tibetan Buddhism - Ming (1268-1644 CE) - Zhu Yuanzhang founded the Ming - Traveled temple to temple trying to survive - Become a red turbans and take control - Established the empire and made the Capital Nanjing - Was a very hardworking empire and very period of rebellions and coups - He was lots of troubles to Literati and Eunuchs - Killed anyone he was scared off - He encouraged the return to traditional Chinese values - They had a tributary system and believed that they were the only real kingdom - Yongel moved the capital to Beijing - He overthrew his nephew and claimed power - Used Eunuchs unlike his father - Matteo Ricci was a Jesuit priest who learned chinese and translated the bible for the emperors - He also wrote a very extensive map for the emperor as a gift - Very much apart of the silver trade  - Was a chinese dynasty, golden age of art, economic growth, centralization, reinvigorated chinese culture, expansion of chinese territory, and overseas contact emphasized - The cheap printing and papers caused a explosion in literature - Romance of the Three Kingdoms - Journey of the West - Outlaws of the Marsh - Leads to a more commercialized market - With more lit. the confusion test became centered around reading - Painting, ceramics, and opera came out during the Ming - A lot of porcelain is made in Jingdezhen which shows how specialization of certain things emerged while also there was a export - Qing (1644-1912 CE) - The modern chinese borders are built from Qing borders established in the 18th century - The Qing Golden Age (1661-1796) - Kangxi - Youngzheng - Qianlong - Lots of export not a lot of imports until the Opium trade started in 1730 - 1832-1842 First Opium War - 1856-1860 Second Opium War - The Taiping Rebellion is caused because of instability - This caused 100 day reforms to try and fix the dynasty - 1898-1901 Boxer Rebellion and then 1910 Wuhan Uprising caused the end of the Qing - The Qing was unified by the Manchus and the Manchu identity was created - The Manchu started as a tribe who put extreme pressure on the Ming - Nurhaci organized the entire tribe and society under these 8 banners - The Qing are the last dynasty and a conquering one (foreigner run) - When the empire is established the banners had a reduced autonomy and created 2 mongolian and 1 chinese additional banners - The Han, Mongols, and Machu were very separate and had a different identity - The Dynastic Cycle - A dynasty comes to power - The emperor makes reform and makes it more efficient - Life improved, taxes are reduced, farming encouraged - Problems begin (extensive wars, invasion, etc.) - Taxes increase, men are forced to work for the military, farming neglected - Govt. spending increase, corruption - Droughts, flood, famines occur - Poor lose respect for the govt. they join rebels - Rebels find strong leader and unifies them, attacks the emperor - Emperor is defeated → restarted - Exams unified cultural elite to study for exams developing similar beliefs - Makes China strong: EAST - Exams, Autocracy, Stability, Technology Century of Humiliation Essential Questions - What do we need to know about Chinese history to make sense of the PRC today? - How do the changes and cont. in modern Chinese history impact or analyze China today? - How have key figures in Modern Chinese history reconfigured what it means to be Chinese? - How has interaction with the West impacted China? Have they been positive or negative? - Why is the “century of Humiliation so central to the current narrative to the PRC? Context - Western influence - Opium War (1839-1842) - The Second Opium War (1856-1860) - Russia's territorial gains - Northeast China (1858-1860) - Northwest China (1881-1884) - Sino-French War (1883-1885) - 1st Sino-Japanese War (1894-95) - 8-nation forces (1900) - Japanese Invasion of Manchuria (1931) - 2nd Sino-Japanese War (1937-1945) - CCP view in the period - Lots of rallies to never forget the humiliation - They view it as being bullied by the west and Japan Challenges to the Qing Rule - The agricultural production did not match the their population grow - Wealthy elites were not protecting their villages and instead thinking only about themselves - Confusian ideals break down - Revenues were not enough to support the government - Early rebellions - White Lotus Rebellion 1790s - Rampant corruption throughout the government - Heshen was a favorite of the Qianlong Emperor and was quickly promoted to grand councilor - Was incharge of corruption while being the most corrupt in the region - Was untouchable while the Q Emperor was alive - His wealth after his death was able to run the dynasty for 15 years - Trade could only be taken in by Guangchou (Canton) and was set up by the Cohong System - Chinese merchants that were the inbetween the west and the Chinese people - They became very wealthy - China only accepted silver for their tea and silk which was a problem since most western countries had Mercantilism societies - This is why they started selling opium to them  - England (BEIC) gains control of the Opium trade and starts trading to make up for the trade imbalance → silver starts going out - Led to food shortages and it became a problem for the Qing dynasty - Lin Zexu goes to Guangzhou to try and end the Opium trade - Saw the western traders as pirates and takes all the opium and destroys it - Took the opium traders and imprisoned them causing a crisis - The British fleet come up and besiege the Guangzhou port - This helped China realized how behind they were in military tech - The British parliament played it off as trying to make China for capitalist - “The Sanyuanli People’s Anti-British Struggle” is a example that is pointed to as a way that present with the fuel of Chinese spirit can defeat anyone - The Opium war was ended by the Treaty of Nanjing (1842) - Hong Kong went to England - Treaty ports were opened → Xiamen, Fuzhou, Ningbo, and Shanghai - Reparations (21 million dollars) - Low tariffs on all British goods - Made it so new goods were coming in but the government was making a lot of money from it - Extraterritoriality was places (legal citizenship in greater than chinese ones) - Second Opium War starts with the Arrow incident - The British use it as an excuse to take more from China and almost take Beijing - Treaty of Tianjin - More treaty ports were opened - Foreigners can now go into the interior of the China - Now missionaries can enter as a way to try and convert the Chinese - Treaty Ports and Spheres of Influence were opened, revenue has been compromised, sovereignty has been comprimes, tech has been compromised The Taiping Rebellion and Internal Problems - Internal problems - Population increased - Administration was small and wasn't able to keep up with the population growth - Famines (1873, 1876) and ecological disasters - Rural Poverty - Military decline - Rebellions - Taiping Rebellion (1850-1864) - Most destructive rebellion (30-40 million people died or 10% of the pop disapears) - Hong Xiuquan - Says he's the ‘brother of jesus’ and almost takes out the government before dying - He fixed together elements of Christianity and traditional Chinese religions/ideas  - Main idea was that Manchus = Devils - Believed in communal property and equality for men and women - Was a middle class Hakka Chinese which were always marginalized - He had enough money to participate in the tests and after his third failures he had visions - Hongs Visions - Old men tells Hong that men are worshiping demons and he believes that the old men is God - Hong is carried to heaven and given a sword to save China and was told he was the brother of Jesus - Old women washes the filth off of his body and his old organs are replaced with heavily organs - After the vision his family claimed that he looked taller and was filled with authority - Charismatic leader - The visions combine Daoist alchemy and also Christian ideas - He converted many poor Hakkas and started to engage in iconoclasm in the region - The rebellion captured the southern capital of Nanjing and made it their own - Laws that they implemented - No Opium - No Tobacco - No Alcohol - No Foot Binding - Men and Women are equal - The rebellion started to split into internal factions and lose internal and external support - Zeng Guofang who was a Han Chinese set up a army called the Ever Victorious Army (Hunan Province) - It was built on ideas of loyalty to each other and family - He raised taxes in the province to get weapons for the army - Li Hongshang did the same thing as Zenf - Created a Huai Army (Jiangsu Province) - The Taipings were finally defeated by 1864 but because of the Tongzhi Restoration (creation of the Han armies) the Self-Strengthening Movement started - Mercenaries were higher by the Qing and a lots of Military officers were loaned to the Qing - Nian Rebellion (1851-1868) - Muslim Rebellion (1856-1877) - Boxer Rebellion (1899) The Tongzhi Restoration - By the 1860s China was facing collapse internally and externally - In response to the imminent collapse they implemented a series of reforms  - It was led by a group of regorming officials within the Qing Dynasty - The restoration failed to stop the decline of the Empire (compared to the Meiji Restoration in Japan) - As the Child emperor takes power there are two people were the power reside in - Empress Dowager Cixi → Conservative - Prince Gong → Progressives - They both believed that they need to modernize their economy and military - The Reformers - Prince Gong (Manchu) - Established the Zongli Yamen the Foreign Relations Office - He recognized the weakness of the exam system - Established schools for teaching English and Science → with the help of missionaries - 1863 he reformed the IMperial Maritime Customs Service in Shanghai - Was led by the well liked Inspector-General Sir Robert Hart - Modernized and reformed the system - Helped provide more than 30% of the total revue of the Qing Government - Zeng Guofan - Li Hongzhang - Trusted by Empress Cixi which allowed him to implement his reforms - Created a governmentally owned business that were privately owned → legacy of governmentally owned business’ (communism) - China Merchant Steamship Navigation Company - Kaiping Coal Mines - Shanghai Cotton Mill - Imperial Chinese Telegraph Administration - New docks at Lushun - China's First steam trade in 1881 - He sent students overseas to study - Established the Tianjin Beiyang Military Academy in 1885 teaching western military science - Tried to contact the west through diplomacy - Ex: Treaty of St. Petersburg (stopping Russian encroachments and established a permanent border) - Zuo Zongtang - They were all Han officials who rose to power during the Taiping Rebellion who were loyal to the Qing - Goals - They wanted to use Western ‘practical knowledge’ to make China strong but still maintain Confucian dynastic structure - Reforms failed for lots of reasons - Lack of Central Leadership - They are not unified and their is a divide between Conservative and Reformist  - Both Emperors were to young and became tools for others to control - Role of Cixi - Sometimes she was supportive of reforms but as time went on she was more conservative - She deposed Prince Gong who was the leader of the Reformers - She was a very complex historical figure → either seen as a Evil isolationist Empress or Manchu Reformer - She is blamed for the failure of the Qing and the reforms - Corruption of Officials - Corruption is still a major challenge - Regional officials were corrupt and would divert funds to benefit themselves - The lack of oversight let corruption run rampant - Conservative official resisting change and the government - Resistance of Conservative Officials - They thought that reforms would undermine the Confution government - They believed that China was the center of the role and that they didn't need to adapt to the other countries - A continuation of beliefs through Chinese history - Many were unwilling to contemplate or allow any reforms - Anti-Western sentiment - Boxer Rebellion (1899-1900) is a example - Anti-Western and Anti-Christian - Anti-Christians riots prevented other Chinese from learning about Western ideas and gaining education in missionary schools - Hostile Imperialist Powers - Western powers were constantly attacking them (+Japan) - They continued to dominate Trade - Defeated in many wars → then they would have to pay reparations of the Western aggressions - Sino-French War of 1844-45 - Sino-Japanese War in 1894-95 - Boxer Rebellion 1899-1900 The Chinese Revolution - As China grew weaker the imperialist powers took more causing China to weaken even more - After the Sino-Japanese war Japan emerges as a imperial power - The Boxer Rebellion - They were peasants in Northern China - Initially supported by high officials but the west came in and occupied Beijing - Russian troops occupied manchuria till 1905 - The Qing society is split into 4 factions - Qing court → maintaining status quo - Reforms → modern monarchy - Peasant → pre 1841 China  - Revolutionary → republic (Marxism and Nationalism factions) - The Revolution of 1911 or the Wuhan Uprising caused the Qing to be overthrown and China became a republic - The first president is Sun Yat-Sen (founder of CCP and KMT) and helped establish the republic - He can't control the army and was succeeded by Yuan Shik-k’ai a general - After his death Chiang Kai Sheck assumes leadership of the KMT till his death - Sun Yat-Sen created the three principles for all Chinese people (Nationalism, Democracy, Livelihood) - Principle of Minquan → democracy and that the people are sovereign - Principle of Minzu → Nationalism and a end to foreign imperialism - Principle of Minsheng → Livelihood and the growth industrialization, agriculture, and social welfare (the start of elements of progressivism and socialism) - As the Qing collapse warlords rise up and set up their own state Creation of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) - The CCP was created in 1929 in Shanghai by Mao Zedong + 12 others - They worked to help workers form union causing their initial urban focus - During the conquering warlords they joined with the KMT in the First United Front (Northern Expedition) - Sun Yat-sen appealed to the USSR causing the growth of communism - China received advisors. Arms communist propaganda, and loan - This caused Russia to revoke its imperial claim in China - First United Front is a attempt to unify China, Second United Front is WW2 and the fight against Japan - Working with the USSR the CCP starting focusing on the peasants and workers groups ignored by the KMT - The CCP offered land reforms to the peasants which caused it following to jump to 10 million - To combat CCP influence in Shanghai the KMT allies with the Green Gang and turns on the CCP and starts executing them (Shanghai Massacre) - Mao flees to the Jiangxi province and sets up the Jiangxi Soviet and starts setting up the CCP (reforms, military) - The CCP could hold their own by using Guerrilla warfare - After the KMT starting moving in slowly and constraining the CCP which pushes them to abandon Guerrilla warfare - They eventually have to escape their province or risk being crushed (the start of the long march) - The Zunyi Conference made Mao the leader of the CCP and also created the first generation of leaders for the PRC - The lies on The Long March united the people and brought a lot of support to the CCP and later the PRC - During The Long March the CCP army treated the peasants really nicely with brought them support during the Chinese Civil War - Lots of people were attracted to the Nationalist sentiments that the Yan’an Soviet proposed WW2 Effects on the KMT and CCP - Japanese had a more modern army and were better equipped making them push China back - This was caused by the Marco Polo Incident which was manufactured by the Japanese - Chaing retreats to Chongqing to buy him more time for his army and tried to increase industry since Japan has all of their industry - Before the WW2 actually started Japan had all of the Chinese coast and they were almost conquered - There's three main Chinas during the 2nd Sino-Japanese War - Chiang and the KMT centered around Chongqing - Had a secret police who was headed by Da Li (Himmler of China) - Authoritarian rule - Mao and the CCP based in Yanan - Use of secret police ran by Kang Sheng - Authoritarian rule - Wang Jingwei and the collaborationist power with Japan - Created the Reorganized National Government of the Republic of China - Rival to Chaing after he lost the power struggle in the KMT - Wangs Three Principles - Pan-Asianism - Anti-communist - Opposition to Chaing Kai-Shek - Japan didn't have enough troops and resources to push into China and fight the US in the pacific so they didnt move - The KMT and CCP worked together and the CCP switched from reforms to nationalism - Japan didn't have enough troops to control all occupation so they controlled the cities/ports and the United Front controlled the country side - The CCP did not participate in any major battles and participated in a few skirmishes - They used this time to start organizing and preparing for the imminent Civil War - The Nanjing Incident is the seminal event in Chinese/Japanese relations to this day - Chaing abandons Shanghai and Nanjing - This causes the Japanese to kill and destroy Nanjing and its people - John Rabe, Minne Vautrin, and The Safety Zone - They created a westerner zone for the Chinese to protect them from the Japanese aggression - Their is a difference between the views on the massacre from Japan and China - Japan tries to downplay and continues to deny the massacre - Their also a dispute on textbooks and how the massacre is viewed - China blames WW2 on the Japanese and says that 300000 died in the massacre - Operation Ichigo was a attempt to link Japanese forces from French Indochina and push from Hong Kong and Beijing - It worked very well and shows how if Japan focused on China and didn't try and capture other places they could probably capture China - WW2 made it so the CCP could grow and maintain power - WW2 also saved the CCP since Chang had to create the 2nd United Front ending the KMT aggression against communism CCP Victory and a New Order - Japan occupied Manchuria and coastal cities - Their was communist bases within occupied lands - In the Yalta agreement Stalin invaded Manchuria and Manchuckuo collapses - The USSR took everything in the factories in Manchuria but in turn gave all the Japanese weapons (everything) to the CCP - In the Political Consultative Conference the KMT and CCP agreed on a truce and then split the occupied cities - This was followed by the Five Demands which basically was a attempt to end the communist - The Dixie Mission led by George C. Marshall was attempt by the US to negotiate with the CCP - The US put troops in the treaty ports and then kept the Japanese troops to keep order and wait to till the KMT arrives - US provides a lot of aid to the KMT and airlifts the KMT soldier to Manchuria - Moa moves into Manchuria and starts skirmishes with the KMT and continues with gorilla tactics - Chiang Kai Sheck sends all of his good troops to Manchuria leaving the countryside and other places unguarded - He also demands that everything goes through him which slowed and weakened forces and government - Summer of 1947 the PLA (from Lin Biao) launches a full on attack - They treat the captured soldiers well and everytime the KMT surrenders they get the soldiers and the equipment - By 1948 the PLA controls all of Manchuria - The industrial and resource base - Chiang Kai Sheck loses his best forces making it easy for the PLA to come crashing down south - In the Huaihai Campaign they start pushing into W China and taking the rest of the coast - Why did the CCP win? - Had a strong and excellent leadership on all levels - Faithful supporters of Mao from the Long March - Strong spirit of brotherhood and unity - The CCP generals had a lot of independence and could do a lot of things quickly - Mao wanted to destroy troops and Chiang wanted to control territories - Offers generous terms of surrender (many troops switched sides) - Initially the CCP doesn't do a lot of things when governing as to not do what Lenin did (destroy the government) - They would kill prostitutes, drug dealers, or drug users if they didnt stop The People's Republic of China: Emergence of a ‘Fragile Superpower’ Essential Questions - What do we need to know about Chinese History to make sense of the PRC today?  - How do the changes and continuities in modern Chinese history impact our analysis of China today? - Is China a communist country? - Can the current nation-state system peacefully incorporate a more powerful Chinese nation - How have key figures in Modern Chinese history reconfigured what it means to be ‘Chinese’? Mao - Early Life - Born in 1893 in Shaoshan, Hunan Province - His father was a poor peasant but was able to become a landowner and a businessman - Received a lot of education by the Qing - Learned about economy, politics, and problems in China - Mao and Communism - Moved to Beijing in 1918 and worked for a Marxist thinker - Became a strong believer of communism - Edited radical magazines - Organized labor unions - Became one of the 50 founding members of the CCP - Mao wanted to focus on the peasants because he realized that they were being taken advantage of and that they are biggest in the Chinese population - He reconfigured the movement away from factories and into agriculture - He develops a program known as the ‘mass line’ that looks at the conditions of the people and develops a plan of action based on this - Mao builds a personality cult around himself - In Yanan they started rewriting the history that made himself the center of it People's Republic of China - Mao's ideas form the basis of the governments parties - Implemented reforms that favored the peasants - Since the USSR was helping them they focused on their type of communism - Build up things that contribute to the military - Heavy industrialization but its all state-owned enterprises meaning there is no free trade - First National People’s Congress (1954) writes the PRC constitution that is similar to the US - Shou Enlai - Premier - Foreign Minister - Kind face of China (look better to other countries) - Passed the Agrarian Reform Law (1950) and sent in workers into each village to enforce it - They took land from the landlords and gave it to the peasants and set up ‘People's Courts’ were they killed many landlords - This increase support from the peasants - Mutual Aid Teams sprung up making it so the all the peasant worked together and the government gave the farmers materials - MAT → Co-operatives: land was taken away from the peasants and all peasant join into cooperatives were they worked together - Mao plans to end the economic chaos  - Ordered prices and wages to be fixed at a low rate to punish marketeer severely (inflation dropped) - Increase taxes and solely started taking over them and implemented central planning - Took over private banks and created the ‘People’s Bank’ to stabilize the currency - Railway links were repaired and nationalized to deliver coal to heavy industries - The First Five Year Plan (1953-57) - Got a lot help from the USSR to create a ambitious programme to build new industries - Lots of Russian scientist and energies supervised 700 major projects - The plan worked amazingly and helped the economy - China was better connected and goods started flowing easier - The population of cities grew as peasant moved to the jobs created in the new industries Cultural Revolutions - Mao resigns after the failures of the GLF - He remained Chairman of the CCP and now the country was controlled by 3 people - President: Liu Shaoqi - Prime Minister: Zhou En-lai - CCP General Secretary: Deng Xiaoping - The 3 main people tried to resolve problems that the GLF caused - Mao argued that a new revolution needed to happen to get away from the direction that the leaders were moving China - He uses culture and art to attack other people and turn the narrative - In 1966 Mao summoned the young people into the Tiananmen square telling them that the adult have failed and the revolution is falling apart - Mass Rallies and Dazibao - Mao motive for the CR - 1. Power Struggle: bring himself back to power after his policies were rejected - 2. Purify Communism: believed that the new CCP was bureaucratic, named the new economic policies as capitalist - 3. Education & Culture: Education was attacked as it produced the ‘bureaucratic class’, the start of the rejection of trad. Chinese culture - 4. Mao’s Comeback: gained the support of Lin Bao which in turn gave him the power of the PLA, created the ‘Red Guard’ and used propaganda to gain support - The Red Guard was formed to struggle against teachers but they took a larger role after Mao started supporting them - Mao starts denouncing the ‘Four Olds’ - Old Culture, ideas, costumes, and habits (confucianism ideals) - Build up a ‘Proletarian Culture’ were anyone that presented western or capitalist ideas the people would attack them - Mao convinces the Red Guard to move away from teachers and now to CCP officials - The CR caused massive fights between factions and grows around the country - On the cusp of a Civil War - Mao kills the president and gains control of the party and the country - The cult of Mao takes off now  - Little Red Book is mass produced to every chinese person with Mao at the center of it - The PLA was never used in the Revolution so they never fell into faction making it easy for them to restore order - ‘Re-educate’ systems started to grow were people would be sent to the countryside to learn by the peasants - Effect of the Cultural Revolution - Industry is given to the workers (equal pay), economy collapses and contracts - Education is severely disrupted causing a loss of intellect for the generation - Countryside get increased population and the land was taken away from the peasants and markets/restaurants were closed - Opponents to Mao were jailed or killed (Deng Xiaoping was removed) revolutionary councils were set up to run the countryside by the PLA Post-Mao China - With economic reforms from Deng Xiaoping created Town and Village Enterprises (TVE), Special Economic Zones (SEZ), and Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) - When Mao dies the parties splits on who should lead the country, but Deng presented the communist ideal of a continuous revolution - He was able to return after 2 purges because he was never kicked out of the CCP - He also supported the Four Modernisations of Zhou - Agriculture - Government control end in this sector and private selling of crops is allowed - Created the Responsibility System giving peasants land - If the peasants met the crops contract amount they could sell the rest which causes 500 million to come out of poverty - Food production increased by 50% - Industry - Allowed private business to thrive and relaxed controls over SOEs - People created their own businesses and were paid bonuses - Less control of the center and supply and demand started working - Foreign companies could invest into china through DFIs - Deng visits the US because of this - Incomes rose and consumer goods grew - SEZ were created and Chinese economy started growing - National Defence - Modernized the military and built nuclear weapons - Science - Invested in education, built a space program, and welcomed foreign technological ideas - The reforms from the CR were reversed and Examinations for University were restored - Trying to create exports and intellect rather than people focused on being communist  - Westernization started to occur when foreign things came in and interacted with the Chinese society - More students of the elites started going abroad to study and were exposed to western ideas and society The Path to Tiananmen - Lin Biao incident was the Chinese people's last straw because of Maos switch up - Peoples start questioning the CCP government - This is why the Deng policies came up - The 1980 National People's Congress condemned the idea that people had the right for freedom of speech (way to consolidate power) - Deng’s ruling principles - Internationally: lay low and focus on the Chinese economy - Inter-party: collective leadership way introduced to unify the party and disperse power to prevent another Mao - Development: was okay with some people getting richer than other - Rule by Law: applied inconsistently → situational → lead to corruption - People started demanding more reform especially through the Democracy Wall which lead to the idea of being more open (students started to push back even more through the wall) - Wei Jinsheng lit the match with his article that demanded democratic reforms - People read this and got the idea - He was arrested and imprisoned causing the CCP authorities to destroy the wall - People were the most mad at corruption at the time - Managers of a state-owned businesses were embezzling millions of dollars - CCP officials children were favored in universities rather than people living in villages no matter how smart they were - Student demonstrations (protests) in the universities started in the 80s - Student burned copies of local CCP newspapers and started opposing conservatives and reactionaries - The democratic movement was left alone until he felt that it was a personal attack on his power - Idea formed that if people stayed out of politics you could make as much money as you want - Created the idea that the movement was trying to go closer to the west - Students started pushing back because their meetings were being shut down and the economic reforms disappointed people - Hu Yaobang dies (supportive of democracy) which began the domino effect of Tiananmen - Students blamed the party since they believed that the pressure they put on Yaobang caused him to die - A memorial was formed in Tiananmen Square - Students send a petition to the CCP in memorial to Yaobang and also demands of reform but they were denied - Chaos from the Cultural Revolution starts to come up and students remain in the square - The CCP urged the students to call the protest off because of their fears - Gorbachev was coming to the Beijing so the students didn't think the government was going to crack down on them  - The student were getting massive international publicity making the students think that the government would be cautious - In May Deng decided that the demonstrations would have to be cracked down by force and martial law - From the decision to keep the protest going more people came to the square and joined the movement - The PLA (from Beijing) was called and then redrawn since citizens forced them back and they didnt do anything - People other students also joined the movement growing it - Deng called PLA members from everywhere except Beijing which allowed them to withstand the citizens (the army was told that the people were rebels that were causing chaos) - PLA came in and in one night the occupation was ended and students were marched away and imprisoned - Many people were killed outside of the square since they were trying to escape - The CCP imposed a news blackout but the news leaked out to the public and the world (CCP said that only 23 students were accidentally killed → most likely 3000 were killed) - They wanted to send a message to the public of what would happen if people tried to go against the government - Deng also said that the movement had western support which made the demonstration lose credibility - CCP officials that supported the Movement or Zhou were moved out and conservatives were promoted Post-Deng China - A socialist market economy (capitalist) was formed that was focused on economic development - Nationalism returned to China and the history/education was changed to favor the CCP - The government was paternal so the people weren't supposed to question the government - Guardianship and very hierarchical was very much stressed - The CCP party structure - Has a politburo standing committee were each person has a specific focus - Organization and personnel - Propaganda and education - Finance and economy - Political-legal affairs - Foreign affairs - The politburo presents the idea to the central committee and everyone votes in favor of it - The central committee has various departments and they meet every 5 years - Department Organization - Department Propaganda - Department United Front - Department International Liaison - Their is Head of States like the president which is more of a figure head and CCP General Secretary which hold the actual power - The Central Military Commision (CMC) is extremely person because who hold the military has the ultimate power  - Xi Jinping gained power of this by replacing everyone with people that were loyal to him - The National People's Congress is the highest legislative body but the party trumps anything that is said in it Xi Jinping and Today’s China - Xi though has been added to the constitution - He is very anti-corruption - Believes in patriotic loyalty come from patriotic education - Xi was the called the party princeling - He came from Guangdong so many though he was going to be a reformer - Only ruled in the government for 7 years before elected as president - His power is personal and initially didn't have many connections to the PLA - Current factional battles - Princelings (Xi) vs. Shanghai faction (Jiang Zemin) vs. Communist Youth League faction (Hu Jintao) - No more easy reforms left making the growth of China harder to maintain - Middle income trap is created → how do you get to the next level of economy (create more things in China rather than comping them) - Xi’s domestic goals - Great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation - Strengthen part and centralized state - Concentrate power in Xi’s hands - Riche nation, strong military - Deepen reform to sustain China’s rise - Economy - Rely more on the marke to allocate resources, discipline economic decision makers - Politics - More disciplined and responsive party - Judicial reform (Rule OF law v. Rule BY law) - Part discipline and inspection commission reform - Culture - Socialism, Nationalism, Confucianism - Attack sources of domestic weakness (western values) - Legitimacy stratigy - Cultural/Historical identity - Patriotism - Improve governance via “Four Comprehensives” - Build modern society - Deepen reform - Govern according to law - Strictly govern the Party - Society - Social welfare, fairness, justice - Xi Jinping's Chinese Dream - MAterial well being by 2020 - A just and moral domestic order by 2049 - Informed by Confucian/socialist values - A new era of global preeminence from 2029 - An international normatic order to China’s liking - Weakness that Xi faces - Authoritarian rule - Social controls - Ideology - Information control - Hukou system - Party controls all institutions - No autonomous civil society - Contradictions - Patry grows apart from the people - Growth imperative impedes structural reform - Angry and apathetic people - National victimhood undeserved rewards go to the elite - Intrusive controls - More social inequality and less social security - Fear of a “Color Revolutions” similar to the ones in Europe after the collapse of the USSR