Canada's History: A Chronology (PDF)

Canada (July 1, 1867) 2025-01-08 - Chronology of the Growth of Canada Historical foundations of Canada (broad) vs. French Revolution (narrow) Write down any historical knowledge of Canada you can ​ Factual knowledge (what, when, where, who) ​ Analytical knowledge (why and how) A sovereig...

Canada (July 1, 1867) 2025-01-08 - Chronology of the Growth of Canada Historical foundations of Canada (broad) vs. French Revolution (narrow) Write down any historical knowledge of Canada you can ​ Factual knowledge (what, when, where, who) ​ Analytical knowledge (why and how) A sovereign country can act independently without external interference A state has authority to govern, coerce, and restrict access to and from a given territory (borders) Indigenous History and Anthropology ​ Homo sapiens - 200,000 years ago ​ Everybody was a hunter or gatherer sometime in the past (12,000 - 16,000 years ago) ​ Literacy and numeracy was not until later ​ Some communities formed states and began to administer laws, build walls, and police districts, which requires revenue (extract money) Chronology - Growth of Canada ​ Indigenous migration (16,500 years ago) ○​ From somewhere near Asia initially ○​ Propagate from North America to South American (archaeological evidence) ○​ Dene language is structured similarly to Japanese ​ First European contact (1000 AD) ○​ Leif Erikson and Vikings arrived near tip of Labrador but failed to stay ○​ 1497 - John Cabot and fishing fleets - Columbus did not arrive to Canada (set sail for Spain in 1492) ○​ Zheng He (sailor/general) and Chinese government built massive boats and made it to the Indian Ocean (wanted to glorify China - tribute), but China was not competing against other countries - hegemonic power ○​ 1200s - European powers wanted to control resources to overpower competition and built oversea empires, but still recognized China as the best administered state ○​ John Cabot vanishes on his second voyage but marks British claim to land ○​ 1534 - Jacques Cartier has a series of contracts (three voyages) but fails too, marking a rivalry between France and Britain’s claim on oversea territory ○​ 1604 - Samuel de Champlain fails but ultimately succeeds, establishing Port Royale and later Quebec, leading to continuous European settlement ○​ 1630 - *Puritans came to what becomes America on the Mayflower for religious freedom (Canadian settlement predates that of the America) ​ Seven Years’ War (1756-1763)  ○​ Multiple European powers involved and many territories exchange hands not only in Europe but around the world (Europe has already established many colonies - argument for early globalization) ○​ French cede New France, which was built on the Fur Trade, to Britain (multiple battles - e.g. Battle on the Plains of Abraham) ○​ *Proclamation Act of 1763 and Quebec Act of 1774 are passed by British legislature (settlers in America are infuriated) ​ American Revolution (1776-1783) ○​ Loyalists who did not agree with radicalness of American Revolution migrate to Canada (miniscule number - 30,000) and alienate French Catholics, later demanding own territory (Ontario) ○​ *Constitutional Act of 1791 - another act of British legislature, whereas Americans are sovereign ​ War of 1812 ○​ Opportunity for Americans to seize British North America, as Britain was preoccupied with Napoleon (peak of his reign) ​ Failed Rebellions of 1837 ○​ Papineau tried to claim independence for Quebec and failed (not related) ○​ 1839 - Durham Report ○​ 1841 - Act of Union ○​ Beginning of responsible government ​ Confederation (July 1, 1867) ○​ *British North America Act ○​ Canada is now in control of its domestic affairs (control over foreign affairs comes after WWI) Readings How Raven Stole Crow’s Potlatch The Original Affluent Society by Marshall Sahlins The Origins of American Politics by Bernard Bailyn Trade and Empire by T. Barrow The Stamp Act Crisis by E.S. and H.M. Morgan The Boston Tea Party by B.W. Labaree 2025-01-13 Culture Clash ​ Hunting and gathering societies (change was incremental) ​ Agricultural societies (16,500 years ago - first evidence emerged in Mesopotamia; then found in southern China; and later in central America with Aztecs and Mayans) ​ Industrial societies (first textile factories were in Britain 250 years ago) Indigenous of the Americas vs. Indigenous of Europe ​ First agricultural societies were ones to develop “modern” administrative institutions and “formally” govern their citizens ​ Surplus can be stored to prepare for periods of famine, resulting in an administrative class who can tax commoners ​ Agricultural societies later develop domestication (consistent population growth - hierarchy) ​ Nomadic lifestyle inhibits ability to expand ​ Francis Fukuyama - religion allowed a family unit to grow beyond kin by sharing a concept or idea Zheng He ​ Overseas imperialism and colonialism started with the Chinese, who were already a hegemonic power in Asia (Napoleon tried to accomplish that in Europe but failed) ​ Tribute was paid to China by frontier states to guarantee safety against invasion First Migrations to Americas ​ Earliest evidence suggests human activity in North America between 12,000 and 16,500 years ago. ​ A vast array of cultures emerged, which were largely shaped by environmental forces. While some (Aztec, Mayan, and Inca civilizations) had become agricultural and hierarchical, most were hunting gathering in North America. First Nations of Canada ​ Today over 600 First Nation communities and over 50 First Nations based on shared language. Inuit and Metis do not fall under First Nations. Earliest Contact ​ Earliest recorded European contact took place about 1000 years ago. Viking settlement was established at L’Anse aux Meadows. Contact was not maintained. French and English Lay Claims ​ John Cbaot sailed to Newfoundland in 1497 and claimed it for England. Second voyage in 14498 was to colonize but was destroyed at sea. From this time on, various European countries came to fish off the Grand Banks. Very rudimentary trade began between natives and fishermen.  ​ Jacques Cartier made contact in 1534 and claimed the region for France. Relations were made with the Iroquois (Haudenosaunee) and by the third voyage those relations were irreparably damaged. ○​ Kidnapped the Iroquois chief to bring to the King, in hopes of convincing him to invest in colonization. Donnacona died in Europe, stirring enmity between the French and Iruoquois. ​ In terms of intent, both explorers failed. The riches sought were not to be found and colonies were not established. Samuel de Champlain ​ Made numerous voyages between France and “New France”. He was the first to establish a permanent French settlement in North America. ​ Port Royal established in 1604 and “Kebec” was established in 1608. Allied with the Huron and Algonquian against the Iroquois. ​ Champlain established the fur trade as a primary industry in North America. The search for fur expanded the territory of New France over the next 150 years. ​ Early relations between the French and their native allies were relatively good. The French were in no position to successfully dominate them. In fact, the French required native allies to successfully conduct the fur trade. Idealogues do not care about the circumstances or their environment How Raven Stole Crow’s Potlatch ​ Mankind’s tendency to say one thing and do another - opportunists take advantage of situations that align with their interest for personal gain ​ Squirrel can choose to help others since he has a surplus of food In the Time When Animals Could Talk - The Raven’s Greed 2025-01-15 Champlain, the “Father of New France” ​ Referred to a father as he successfully established a permanent settlement ​ His goal is clear, which is to find pelts - very lucrative ​ His knowledge gives an advantage over previous explorers ○​ Cartier tried to find a route to China but stumbles upon North America, and he returns with fool’s gold ​ Cabot and Cartier only laid claim on the land and had no idea about its parameters ​ Claims can be resolved through negotiation or war Port Royal ​ Located near Bay of Fundy - disadvantageous ​ Needed to rely on Indigenous people but did not enslave them ○​ Indigenous people harvest pelts in exchange for new technology and tools ○​ In some cases, these relationships were mutually beneficial ○​ The English tried to enslave the Indigenous people to help them farm in the south ​ Higher quality pelts in colder areas ​ Natural factors impede trade and many people died from scurvy (e.g. rats) ​ Eventually moves trading post to Kebec, giving him access to many river systems - easier to obtain high quality pelts New France by 1750 ​ Over the course of 150 years New France grew. The nature of the fur trade discouraged settlement. The French built numerous trading forts and posts, but did not have the manpower to effectively maintain it. Along the eastern seaboard English colonies were growing rapidly; they were farming communities primarily and attracted far more settlers than the French ever could. ​ European conflicts such as the War of Spanish Succession (1701-1714) and the War of Austrian Succession (1740-48) resulted in parts of New France being ceded to England. ​ English wants to cross the Appalachians into the Ohio Valley (has some of the most fertile land in the world and is well suited for farming) because their territory is becoming increasingly overpopulated The Fate of the Acadians and New France ​ Iroquois Wars or Beaver Wars (17th century - corresponds to Champlain’s arrival) ○​ Ongoing fights between Huron/Algonquin and Iroquois over access to northern pelts ○​ Hostility between Iroquois (allied with English) and Huron/Algonquin (allied with French) grows ○​ These groups become middlemen of fur trade and form alliances with French and English, giving them access to tools and weapons  ○​ When new France appears to be collapsing, Louis XIV tries to revive it by bringing over Fille de Rois ​ War of Spanish Succession (1702-1713) ○​ Treaty of Utrecht resulted in Britain taking most of Acadia, and France is only able to keep two islands - Ile Saint Jean (P.E.I.) and Ile Royal (Cape Breton) ○​ British end up governing lots of French Catholics and begin to send more settlers to Acadia ○​ *British wanted Acadians to take an oath of loyalty to the crown, and most Acadians refused; nothing happens to them (deportation is much later) and Acadia is renamed to Nova Scotia (New Scotland) ○​ French began to build Louisbourg (largest fortress at the time) on Cape Breton to block British ships from entering St. Lawrence River (entryway to heart of New France) ○​ When English claim Rupert’s land, French territory is squeezed from both sides ​ War of Austrian Succession (1740-1748) ○​ Ends with Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle ○​ English attacked Louisburg and captured it (more hostility between French and English) ○​ *Many Acadians supported the French (Britain’s initial concern) and questions of loyalty emerge; still nothing was done ○​ *British began construction of Halifax (large fortress to rival Louisburg) ○​ *In the end, Ile Royale was returned to France (why?) ​ Great Deportation of the Acadians (1755) ○​ Relates more to what is to come rather than prior events ​ Seven Years War (1756-1763) ○​ End with Treaty of Paris ○​ The French lost almost all of New France to the English (Death of New France) ○​ The French returned two small islands - St. Pierre and Miquelon ○​ Also beginning of tensions between the British and their English colonists in North America ○​ *Out of this comes the Royal Proclamation of 1763 Tuesday, December 19 The Growth of Canada Indigenous Migration 16,500 years ago Early European Contact Vikings 1000 - failed Cabot 1497 - failed Cartier 1534 - failed  Champlain 1604 - success -​ French colonization began Seven Years War 1756-1763 French cede New France to Britain *Proclamation Act 1763 *Quebec Act 1774 American Revolution 1776-1783 -​ Loyalists *Constitutional Act 1791 War of 1812 Failed Rebellion of 1837 *Durham Report *Act of Union 1840 -​ Beginning of “Responsible Government” Confederation 1867 *British North America Act BNA Act Canada was now in control of its domestic policy The Culture Clash 12,000 years ago all were: Hunting/Gathering | 1500  Clash | This emerged about 12,000 years ago: Agricultural Societies These were the first societies to develop modern administrative systems “administrative states” 250 years Industrial Societies Thursday, December 21  (Highly Mobile) (Less Mobile) Hunting Gathering Agricultural Try to accept what comes your way Try to see if in the environment has something to control + - + - ​ Varied diet ​ Smaller ​ Tend to produce ​ Government can ​ Better able to population a surplus oppress escape problem ○​ May be ​ When needed the ​ Class based ​ Not slaves to difficult surplus can be society material objects to used ​ Hard work ​ Egalitarian remain ​ Planning into the ​ Fit ​ Infaticide future is possible ​ Close knit due to ​ Senicide = development poverty ​ Lower standard ​ More time on ​ Less constrained of living their hands (free) ​ Specialization ​ Less environmentally impactful  Tuesday, January 9 Nation - Community that shares a common culture Religion Language Ideology Geography ​ Dress ​ Food Wealth Race State - Have institutions designed to govern State 1 - Multicultural state State 2 - Nation state  Thursday, January 11 Key differences between H/G & Agricultural Societies Key differences between Nation & State All were nations ate some point in the past The first states were agricultural societies First Migrations to America Earliest evidence suggests human activity in North America between 12,000 and 16,500 years ago. A vast array of cultures emerged which were largely shaped by environmental forces. While some (Aztec, Mayan, and Inca civilizations) had become agricultural and hierarchical most were hunting and gathering in North America. First Nations of Canada Today over 600 First Nation communities and over 50 First Nations based on shared language. Inuit and Metis do not fall under First Nations. Earliest Contact Earliest recorded European contact took place about 1000 years ago. Viking settlement was established at L’Anse aux Meadows. Contact was not maintained. French and English Lay Claims John Cabot sailed to Newfoundland in 1497 and claimed it for England. Second voyage in 1498 was to colonize but was destroyed at sea. From this time on, various European countries came to fish off the Grand Banks. Very rudimentary trade began between natives and fishermen. Jacques Cartier made contact in 1534 and claimed the region for France. Relations were made with the Iroquois (Haudenosaunee) and by the third voyage those relations were irreparably damaged. In terms of intent, both explorers failed. The riches sought were not to be found and colonies were not established. Samuel de Champlain Made numerous voyages between France and “New France”. He was the first to establish a permanent French settlement in North America. Port Royal established in 1604 and “Kebec” was established in 1608. Allied with the Huron and Algonquian against the Iroquois. Champlain established the fur trade as a primary industry in North America. The search for fur expanded the territory of New France over the next 150 years. Early relations between the French and their native allies were relatively good. The French were in no position to successfully dominate them. In fact, the French required native allies to successfully conduct the fur trade. New France by 1750 Over the course of 150 years New France grew. The nature of the fur trade discouraged settlement. The French built numerous trading forts and posts, but did not have the manpower to effectively maintain it. Along these eastern seaboard English colonies were growing rapidly; they were farming communities primarily and attracted far more settlers than the French ever could. European conflicts such as the War of Spanish Succession (1701-1714) and the War of Austrian Succession (1740-1748) resulted in parts of New France being ceded to England. The Fate of Acadia and New France Beaver Wars 17th Century  1600-1699 -​ Fights between the Huron/Algonquian and the Iroquois -​ Fights were over access to northern pelts War of Spanish Succession 1702-1713 Treaty of Utrecht -​ Britain took over most of Acadia -​ France kept Ile Saint Jean (PEI) and Ile Royal (Cape Breton) -​ More and more British colonists arrived in Acadia *British wanted Acadians to take an oath of loyalty to the British crown *Most refused *Call it Nova Scotia *French began building a huge fortress on Cape Breton called Louisburg War of Austrian Succession 1740-1748 -​ English attacked Louisburg *Many Acadians supported the French against the British -​ In the end Ile Royal was returned to the French -​ Questions of loyalty continued but still nothing was done -​ British began construction of massive port in Halifax Deportation of the Acadians 1755 11,000 ~ 15,000 were removed Seven Years War 1756-1763 Treaty of Paris -​ The French lost almost all of New France to the English (Death of New France) -​ The French returned two small islands - St. Pierre and Miquelon -​ Also the beginning of tensions between the British and their English colonists in North America *Out of this comes the Royal Proclamation of 1763  Tuesday, January 16 Rupert’s Land The British also claimed land beyond Newfoundland, the east coast of North America. It began with the claim in 1670 that all land drained into the Hudson’s Bay belonged to England. This land was essentially administered by the Hudson’s Bay Company for 200 years.