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1. How many years are between the following dates, 200 BCE - 100 CE? There are 300 years between 200 BCE and 100 CE (200 years from BCE to 0, and 100 years from 0 to 100 CE). 2. What is bias? Bias is a preference or prejudice for or against something or someone, often in a way that i...

1. How many years are between the following dates, 200 BCE - 100 CE? There are 300 years between 200 BCE and 100 CE (200 years from BCE to 0, and 100 years from 0 to 100 CE). 2. What is bias? Bias is a preference or prejudice for or against something or someone, often in a way that is considered unfair. 3. What are the defining characteristics of a civilization? What does SCAAR stand for? Characteristics of a civilization include advanced cities, specialized workers, complex institutions, record-keeping, and advanced technology. SCAAR stands for Social structure, Culture, Art/Architecture, Advanced Technology, Record-keeping. 4. What is the connection between early civilizations and a surplus of agricultural goods? A surplus of agricultural goods allowed early civilizations to support larger populations, develop specialized labor, and create complex societies. 5. Why did the river valley civilizations settle along rivers? Rivers provided water for agriculture, fertile soil through annual flooding, and a means for transportation and trade. 6. What is the difference between a monarchy and a theocracy? A monarchy is ruled by a king or queen, often based on hereditary succession. A theocracy is a government ruled by religious leaders or based on religious laws. 7. What artifact can prove the Indus River civilizations participated in trade? Seals with inscriptions and symbols found in the Indus Valley suggest trade with Mesopotamia. 8. Why is Hammurabi’s Code significant in the development of law? Hammurabi’s Code is one of the earliest written legal codes, establishing rules for justice and consequences for breaking laws. 9. From the Code of Hammurabi: If a man steals goods from a temple or house, he shall be put to death; and the man that has received the stolen property will be put to death. - How can Hammurabi’s Code be described? It can be described as harsh, strict, and based on the principle of retributive justice ("an eye for an eye"). 10. Why did social hierarchies/social classes form in early civilizations? Social classes formed due to job specialization, accumulation of wealth, and the need for organized leadership. 11. Put these eras in chronological order: River Valley Civilizations, Neolithic Revolution, Paleolithic Era. ○ Paleolithic Era ○ Neolithic Revolution ○ River Valley Civilizations Unit 2: Classical Greece & Rome 12. How did Persia treat the people they conquered? Persia allowed a degree of autonomy, respecting local customs and religions, while ensuring loyalty to the central government. 13. How did geography impact both political and economic factors for Greece? The mountainous terrain led to the development of independent city-states (politically), while proximity to the sea facilitated trade and cultural exchange (economically). 14. Who were some of the famous minds from the “Golden Age” of Greece? ○ Socrates, Plato, Aristotle (philosophy) ○ Pericles (statesmanship) ○ Hippocrates (medicine) ○ Herodotus (history) 15. What were the social classes in ancient Rome? ○ Patricians: Wealthy landowners and ruling elite. ○ Plebeians: Commoners, farmers, and laborers. ○ Slaves: Non-citizens with no rights. 16. What rights were women granted in ancient Rome? Women could own property and manage businesses but had limited political rights and were expected to focus on family roles. 17. What was the outcome of the Punic Wars between Rome & Carthage? Rome defeated Carthage, gaining dominance over the western Mediterranean and destroying Carthage in the Third Punic War. 18. How did the 12 Tables affect the lives of plebeians in Rome? The 12 Tables provided written laws, protecting plebeians from arbitrary treatment by patricians. Unit 3: Classical China & India 19. What is the Mandate of Heaven? A belief that the right to rule is granted by the gods, and rulers must govern justly and wisely to maintain this mandate. 20. How does the dynastic cycle work? A dynasty rises, establishes stability, and prospers; eventually, corruption and problems arise, leading to its decline and replacement by a new dynasty. 21. What are the economic & military legacies of the Qin Dynasty? Economic: Standardized currency, weights, and measures; large infrastructure projects such as roads and the initial Great Wall. Military: Centralized military control and innovations in warfare, leading to territorial expansion. 22. How was the collapse of the Roman Empire similar to the collapse of the Han Dynasty? Explain in terms of ESPM.  Economic: Both empires suffered from heavy taxation and economic instability. Social: Internal unrest and inequality destabilized both societies. Political: Corruption, weak leadership, and internal conflicts weakened governments. Military: Pressure from external invasions (Germanic tribes for Rome, nomadic tribes for Han) overwhelmed their defenses. 23. Who is Ashoka Maurya? What is he most known for? Ashoka was an Indian emperor of the Maurya Dynasty, known for promoting Buddhism after the Kalinga War and spreading it through edicts carved into stone pillars. 24. What are the major achievements of the Gupta Empire? Advancements in mathematics (concept of zero, decimal system). Developments in astronomy and medicine. Flourishing of art, literature, and architecture (e.g., Ajanta caves). Unit 4: Medieval China & Mongols 25. What impact did Champa rice have on China? Champa rice, a fast-growing crop, allowed for multiple harvests annually, leading to increased food production and population growth. 26. What is the importance of the Grand Canal? The Grand Canal connected northern and southern China, enabling efficient transportation of goods and grain. 27. What impact did the magnetic compass have? The magnetic compass revolutionized navigation, enabling long-distance sea trade and exploration. 28. What was the purpose of the Civil Service Exam? The Civil Service Exam ensured that government officials were chosen based on merit and knowledge of Confucian principles, rather than family connections. 29. What is the new upper class in China called during the Medieval Era? The scholar-gentry, educated landowners who passed the Civil Service Exam. 30. What is the purpose of foot binding in Medieval China? Foot binding was a cultural practice symbolizing beauty and social status, primarily for elite women. 31. Who is Genghis Khan? Genghis Khan was the founder and leader of the Mongol Empire, known for uniting the Mongol tribes and creating the largest contiguous empire in history. 32. What advantages did the Mongol army have over their enemies? Superior horse-riding and archery skills. Use of psychological warfare and intimidation. Advanced military strategies and adaptability. 33. What impact did the Mongols have on Russia? The Mongols isolated Russia from Western Europe, imposed heavy tributes, and influenced Russian political centralization under Moscow.  34. What impact did the Mongols have on the Islamic world? The Mongols conquered parts of the Islamic world, including Baghdad in 1258, ending the Abbasid Caliphate. They later assimilated into Islamic culture. 35. What were the positive aspects of Mongolian rule? Pax Mongolica ensured safety and stability across trade routes like the Silk Road. Cultural exchange and diffusion of technologies, goods, and ideas. Tolerance of different religions and cultures within the empire. Unit 5: Islamic Empire & West African Kingdoms 36. What is the hajj? The hajj is a pilgrimage to Mecca, one of the Five Pillars of Islam, required for Muslims who are physically and financially able. 37. What led to the Sunni & Shia separation? The split arose over a disagreement about who should lead the Muslim community after Prophet Muhammad's death. Sunnis supported Abu Bakr, while Shias supported Ali. 38. Why did Islamic scholars develop the astrolabe? To determine the direction of Mecca for prayer and improve navigation. 39. What 2 cultures developed the number system still in use in the world today? Indian mathematicians developed the concept of zero and numerals. Islamic scholars adopted and spread these numerals to Europe, leading to the modern "Arabic numerals." 40. How did Europeans gain access to the knowledge of Classical Greece & Rome? Through translations of ancient texts preserved by Islamic scholars during the Middle Ages and the Crusades. Let me know if you need clarification or answers to more questions! 4o You said: and 41-75 ChatGPT said: ChatGPT Here are the answers to questions 41-75: Unit 5: Islamic Empire & West African Kingdoms (Continued)  41. What was the significance of the Trans-Saharan Trade Network? It facilitated the exchange of goods (such as gold and salt), spread Islam to West Africa, and contributed to the wealth of empires like Mali and Ghana. 42. What invention allowed traders to cross the Sahara Desert in North Africa? The domestication of camels and the development of camel caravans. Unit 6: Medieval Europe 43. What is the leader of the Catholic Church called? The Pope. 44. What is the leader of the Eastern Orthodox Church called? The Patriarch. 45. What is the significance of Justinian’s Code? It was a collection and organization of Roman laws that influenced European legal systems and preserved Roman legal traditions. 46. Which group of people made up the majority of the population in Europe during the Middle Ages? Peasants, including serfs. 47. What is feudalism? A political and social system in which land was exchanged for military service, loyalty, and protection. 48. What is manorialism? An economic system centered around self-sufficient estates (manors) where peasants worked the land for the lord. 49. What is the three-field system? A farming method where land was divided into three parts: one planted in spring, one in fall, and one left fallow, increasing productivity. 50. Describe the role of the serf. Serfs were tied to the land, working for the lord in exchange for protection and a small portion of the crops. 51. Explain what kind of power the Pope and the Catholic Church had in Medieval Europe. The Church had immense religious, political, and economic power, influencing kings, enforcing laws, and collecting taxes. 52. What caused the Great Schism of 1054? Differences in theology, practices, and political conflicts, including disputes over the use of icons and the authority of the Pope versus the Patriarch. 53. How did the Black Death spread? Through fleas on rats, carried along trade routes such as the Silk Road and by ships. 54. What were the impacts of the Black Death (think economic, social, political)? Economic: Labor shortages led to higher wages. Social: Decline in population and breakdown of feudal structures.  Political: Weakened Church authority as people questioned its inability to stop the plague. 55. What were the effects of William the Conqueror’s conquest of England? Centralization of power under the monarchy. Introduction of Norman culture. Compilation of the Domesday Book for taxation. 56. What was the military & political impact of the Hundred Years’ War? Military: Introduction of longbows and cannons, diminishing the role of knights. Political: Rise of national identities in England and France. 57. What was the political & economic impact of the Crusades in Europe? Political: Weakened feudalism and increased the power of monarchs. Economic: Stimulated trade with the Middle East and demand for exotic goods. 58. What is the significance of the Magna Carta? It limited the power of the English monarchy, established the principle of the rule of law, and protected certain rights of nobles. Major World Religions 59. Hinduism Monotheistic or Polytheistic: Polytheistic (with some monotheistic elements). Founder: No single founder. Major Beliefs: Dharma (duty), karma, reincarnation, moksha (liberation). 60. Buddhism Monotheistic or Polytheistic: Neither; focuses on enlightenment. Founder: Siddhartha Gautama (Buddha). Major Beliefs: Four Noble Truths, Eightfold Path, nirvana. 61. Judaism Monotheistic or Polytheistic: Monotheistic. Founder: Abraham. Major Beliefs: Covenant with God, Ten Commandments, Torah as sacred text. 62. Christianity Monotheistic or Polytheistic: Monotheistic. Founder: Jesus Christ. Major Beliefs: Salvation through Jesus, love and forgiveness, Bible as sacred text. 63. Islam Monotheistic or Polytheistic: Monotheistic. Founder: Prophet Muhammad. Major Beliefs: Five Pillars of Islam, Quran as sacred text, submission to Allah. Chinese Belief Systems  64. What was the effect of the war and chaos of Classical China’s Warring States Period? It led to the development of Confucianism, Daoism, and Legalism as responses to restore order and stability. 65. What are the major beliefs of Confucianism? Filial piety (respect for parents and elders). Social harmony through proper relationships. Importance of education and morality. 66. What are the major beliefs of Daoism? Harmony with nature. Following the Dao (the Way). Emphasis on simplicity and non-interference. 67. What are the major beliefs of Legalism? Strict laws and harsh punishments to maintain order. Centralized authority. Belief in the inherent selfishness of people. Types of Government 68. What is a monarchy? Name one example of a monarchy THAT WE HAVE STUDIED. A government ruled by a king or queen. Example: Ancient Egypt. 69. What is a theocracy? Name one example of a theocracy THAT WE HAVE STUDIED. A government ruled by religious leaders. Example: Ancient Mesopotamia (priests ruled in city-states). 70. What is an oligarchy? Name the only oligarchy THAT WE HAVE STUDIED. A government ruled by a small group of elites. Example: Sparta. 71. What is a direct democracy? Name the only direct democracy THAT WE HAVE STUDIED. A government where citizens directly vote on laws. Example: Athens. 72. What is a republic? Name the only republic THAT WE HAVE STUDIED. A government where citizens elect representatives. Example: Rome. Trade 73. What was the significance of monsoon winds for Indian Ocean Trade? They allowed sailors to plan predictable trade routes, facilitating the exchange of goods and ideas. 74. Who set the rules for Indian Ocean trade? Merchants and trading guilds collaboratively set informal rules and regulations. 75. Outside of goods, what else spread with Indian Ocean trade? Why?  Spread of: Religions (Islam, Hinduism, Buddhism), technologies (shipbuilding, navigation), and cultural ideas. Why: Merchants and travelers carried their beliefs and knowledge, fostering cultural diffusion.